사탕무씨스트선충(Heterodera schachtii)은 최근 우리나라의 배추 재배지의 문제선충이다. 본 연구는 사탕무씨스트선충의 밀도와 배추의 묘 령이 사탕무씨스트선충의 증식에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. 접종농도가 높은(4마리 유충 또는 알/g 토양) 처리에서 씨스트 수나 암컷 또는 알 수가 유의하게 높았다. 40일 묘령 배추에 고밀도 선충 접종 시 30일이나 60일 후 다른 어린 묘령 배추(파종처리, 20일묘, 30일묘)에 비하여 증식 선충 밀도가 높았다. 높은 선충 밀도 조건에 묘령이 오래 된 모종 식재 시 선충 증식율이 높기 때문에 사탕무씨스트선충 관리를 위해서 는 정식 모종의 묘령 고려가 필요하다.

연구에서는 북부 터키에서 Paranemastoma속의 통거미 1신종을 기재하였다. 본 종Paranemastoma karolianus의 다리, 등면 표피 및 생식 기의 미세구조를 제시하였다. 본 신종과 유사종과의 구별점에 대하여 고찰하였다.

일본 최초기의 阿彌陀如來像에 대해서는 7세기 중반의 작품이 확인 되지만 이 시기의 阿彌陀像은 法隆寺獻納宝物144호 불상처럼 彌勒如來圖像을 차용한 倚坐像으로 표현되었다. 이것은 당시 阿彌陀信仰이 彌勒信仰과 밀접하게 결합했던 것을 보여준다. 그러나 ７세기 말이 되 면 唐代淨土敎의 흐름을 이어가는 阿彌陀信仰을 배경으로 橘夫人念 持佛阿彌陀三尊像을 비롯한 인도식 통견・연화좌 위에서 結跏趺坐를 한 阿彌陀像이 제작되었다. 이러한 도상의 阿彌陀像은 善導流淨土敎 의 수용을 시사하고 있으며, 觀想念佛과 稱名念佛의 대상으로 기능했 다는 것을 말해준다. 이러한 종교적 기능은 ８세기 전반의 東大寺阿彌 陀堂의 淨土集會群像에 계승되는 것과 함께 善導流의례에 바탕을 둔 阿彌陀悔過가 阿彌陀堂에서 행해졌다. 그렇기 때문에 ７세기 말에서 ８세기 중반의 阿彌陀像은 彫像에서 板佛, 塼佛에 이르기까지 대륙과 반도로부터 전해진 밑그림에 의거해서 제작되었다고 생각된다. 이후 ８세기 후반에는 華嚴敎學과 雜密信仰이 높아지는 상황에서 阿 彌陀信仰이 雜密的인 색채를 띠었으며, 이와 함께 阿彌陀像의 造像法 도 외부의 밑그림에 의거한 조상에서 雜密經典인 陀羅尼集經에서 말 하는 畵像法에 바탕을 둔 造像으로 변용된다. 法隆寺傳法堂서쪽 불 상은 이렇게 제작된 雜密系阿彌陀像의 전형이라고 생각되며, 이 작품 과 같이 양 손의 엄지와 약지를 함께 구부리는 독특한 설법인을 취하는 阿彌陀像은 당시 雜密信仰이 주로 華嚴의 배경에서 전개되었다는 것 을 시사한다. 즉 陀羅尼集經에서 이야기한 阿彌陀像은 法隆寺傳法 堂서쪽 불상이나 法華寺阿彌陀淨土院본존과 같이 盧舍那佛과 밀접 하게 관련 있는 불상이라고 인식되었던 것으로 보이며, 서쪽 불상과 흡 사한 傳法堂중앙의 삼존불상은 서쪽 불상과 대칭을 이루는 盧舍那三 尊像으로 제작되었다고 추정된다.

From June 2007 to May 2008, seasonal variations of bacterial abundance and heterotrophic nanoflagellate (HNF), together with environmental factors, were investigated at weekly and monthly intervals in Kyeonggi Bay. During the study period, the water temperature and salinity varied from 1.9℃~29.0℃ and 31~35.1 psu, respectively. The concentration of ammonia, nitrate+nitrite, phosphate, and silicate ranged from 0.01 to 3.22 μM, 2.03 to 15.34 μM, 0.06 to 1.82 μM, and 0.03 to 18.3 μM, respectively. The annual average concentration of Chl. a varied from 0.86 μg L-1 to 37.70 μg L-1; the concentration was twice as much at the surface than at the deeper layers. The abundance of bacteria and HNF ranged from 0.29×106 to 7.62×106 cells mL-1 and 1.00×102 to 1.26×103 cells mL-1, respectively. In particular, there were significant correlations between bacteria and HNF abundance (p<0.05), and then the high abundance of HNF was frequently observed with an increase of bacterial abundance in summer (p<0.001). Our results therefore indicate that bacterial abundance in the bay was mainly controlled by resources supplied as organic and inorganic substances from Lake Shihwa due to the daily water exchange after dike construction. Also, the bacterial abundance was significantly controlled by HNF grazing pressure (top-down) in the warm seasons, i.e. excluding winter, in the Kyeonggi Bay.

This study was aimed to find yield prediction model of Italian ryegrass using climate big data and geographic information. After that, mapping the predicted yield results using Geographic Information System (GIS) as follows; First, forage data were collected; second, the climate information, which was matched with forage data according to year and location, was gathered from the Korean Metrology Administration (KMA) as big data; third, the climate layers used for GIS were constructed; fourth, the yield prediction equation was estimated for the climate layers. Finally, the prediction model was evaluated in aspect of fitness and accuracy. As a result, the fitness of the model (R2) was between 27% to 95% in relation to cultivated locations. In Suwon (n=321), the model was; DMY = 158.63AGD –8.82AAT +169.09SGD - 8.03SAT +184.59SRD -13,352.24 (DMY: Dry Matter Yield, AGD: Autumnal Growing Days, SGD: Spring Growing Days, SAT: Spring Accumulated Temperature, SRD: Spring Rainfall Days). Furthermore, DMY was predicted as 9,790±120 (kg/ha) for the mean DMY(9,790 kg/ha). During mapping, the yield of inland areas were relatively greater than that of coastal areas except of Jeju Island, furthermore, northeastern areas, which was mountainous, had lain no cultivations due to weak cold tolerance. In this study, even though the yield prediction modeling and mapping were only performed in several particular locations limited to the data situation as a startup research in the Republic of Korea.

주남 습지대(6.02 km 2 ) 곤충상의 다양도, 우점도, 풍부도 등을 습지대 내 3곳의 습지에서 조사하였다. 조사방법으로는 육안조사와 쓸어잡기 는 2010년, 말레이즈 트랩 조사는 2011년, 유아등 조사와 함정트랩 조사는 2012년에 실시하였다. 총 14目 141科 574種의 9,269 개체 (딱정벌레목 36.3%, 나비목 21.3%, 잠자리목 13.9%)가 조사되었다. 種數로 비교해 보면, 나비목이 31.2%로 가장 높았고, 그 다음이 딱정벌레목(28.0%) 노린 재목(12.9%) 순이었다. 우점종(총 조사개체에 대한 각 종의 개체수 비율)은 애넓적물땡땡이(Enochrus simulans, 7.9%), 꼬마줄물방개(Hydaticus grammicus, 4.3%), 일본잎벌레(Galerucella nipponensis, 4.1%), 연물명나방(Elophila interruptalis, 3.1%), 양봉꿀벌(Apis mellifera, 2.2%) 순이었 다. 세 곳의 습지에서 조사된 딱정벌레목, 나비목, 잠자리목 곤충의 수는 매우 많았지만 세 습지 간에 차이는 없었다. 주남 습지대의 곤충다양도(H’), 풍부도(RI)는 각각 5.04, 59.10이었다.

Okamura, Kana. 2017. “Korean Native Speakers’ Perception of and Responses to Interrogative Greetings”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(1). 143~165. This research examines (1) if native speakers of Korean perceive phrases such as “어디 가 (Where are you going)?” and “밥 먹었어 (Have you eaten)?” as questions or as greetings, and (2) how speakers respond to these phrases. Various expressions are used as greetings in Korean, but interrogative greetings in particular are considered to be widely favored because they express personal interest in the interlocutor. Previous studies claim that because the phrases function more as greetings than questions, it is enough to respond with a general answer rather than an honest or detailed answer. To verify this claim, a questionnaire was distributed to 144 native Korean speakers in their 20s. The degree of intimacy between the speakers and the circumstances of the interaction were used to investigate the perception of and responses to interrogative greetings. The statistical analysis of the questionnaire results found that while the phrases do function as greetings, they still retain their interrogative function, and as such, many native speakers give honest answers such as “응, 먹었어 (Yes, I ate).” Additionally, interlocutor intimacy and situation did indeed influence how the phrases are perceived and answered.

Aquatic ecosystems are receiving various harmful effects due to anthropogenic chemical pollutions. To protect wildlife, risk assessments of the chemicals are conducted using reference indexes of toxicity estimated by species-level laboratory tests and/or micro-/mesocosm community-level studies. However, the existing micro-/mesocosm communities are structurally too complicated, and it is also difficult to compare the experimental results directly with those from species-level tests. Here, we developed a procedure of a simple bi-trophic microcosm experiment which contains the common species (a green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and a cladoceran, Daphnia magna) for testing chemical toxicities. For the proper operation of bitrophic microcosm experiment, the minimum required concentration of primary producer (P. subcapitata) is 5×105 cells mL-1. The microcosm system showed higher stability when the initially introduced D. magna population was composed of neonates (<24-h old) than adults and those mixture. This simple microcosm system would be an applicable tool to estimate the disturbing impacts of pollutants on plant-herbivore interactions, and linking the species- and population-/community level risk assessments in the future studies.

Nepal is a small country (147,181㎢) located in a borderline between two bio-geographical regions, Palearctic in the north and Oriental in the south. It has wide altitudinal variation from flat plain to high Himalaya (60-8848m). Due to the unique climatic and geographical variations, it is rich in biodiversity. Altogether 211 species of mammals, 878 species of birds, 182 species of herpeto-fauna and 232 species of fishes have been recorded in Nepal. Mammalian species occupied the 4.2% species of all mammals of the world. All together 46 species of mammals are listed under the categories of threatened IUCN threatened category including one regionally extinct, eight critically endangered and 25 endangered species. Small mammals have significant part (71.6%) in total mammalian species of Nepal. It occupies 151 species under seven orders and 25 families. Two species of small mammals Himalayan Field Mouse (Apedoemus gurkha) and Mouse-eared Myotis (Myotis csorbai) are endemic to Nepal. Among the small mammals (for example, rodents) occupied the highest number (52 spp.) and Chiroptera occupies the second position (51 spp.). Field-collection and observation of small mammals has been done three times since December, 2014 to February, 2016 in three different locations Kathmandu (1,200-1,800m), Pokhara (827-2,600m) and Lumbini (65-2,000m) of Nepal. Live-traps (Sherman trap) and traditional mouse-catching live-traps in different size were used to collect small mammals. A total of 221 individuals were captured from different habitats, human settlement (129 individuals), grassland (46 individuals), forest (25 individuals) and agriculture land (21 individuals). 99 individuals were collected from Lumbini following by 83 individuals from Pokhara and 39 individuals from Kathmandu. Morphological measurement has done in each species and their biological samples were collected. Altogether, four orders, four families and 19 species of small mammals were collected and identified. In addition, three species of monkey (Macaca assamensis, Macaca mulata and Semnopithecus schistaceus) and one species of flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) were observed in their natural habitats. A total of eleven taxa of Muridae family (Bandicota bengalensis, Canomys Badius, Mus booduga, Mus musculus, Niviventer fulvescen, Rattus nitidus, Rattus norvegicus, Rattus pyctoris, Rattus rattus, Rattus tanezumi, and Tatera indica) were identified within species level but three taxa were identified within genus level (Mus spp., Niviventer spp. and Rattus spp.). Among the collections, Rattus rattus was most dominant (33.93%) and Suncus murinus (20.81%) as well as Mus musculus (12.21%) occupied second and third position, respectively. Rattus rattus, Rattus tanezumi, Rattus norvegicus and Suncus murinus were abundant in all habitats but Rattus pyctoris, Canomys badius and Tatera indica only found in wild habitats, grassland and forest. In this study Canomys badius, Niviventer fulvescen, Tatera indica and Semnopithecus schistaceus are truly wild species but remaining 19 species are urban species. This study shows that large numbers of small mammals are urban type and their habitat is associated with human beings. For more clear understanding the ecological roles of Nepalese small mammals found, further continious monitoring and comprehensive studies are required to obtain abundant information applicable to comparative analyses of intraand inter-species interaction in the wild and urban habitats of Nepal.

흔히 왜관요(倭館窯)란, 17세기에서 18세기에 걸쳐 일본 쓰시마번[對 馬藩]이 경영하던 가마를 말한다. 그 당시, 쓰시마번은 왜관(倭館)에서 다기(茶器)를 만들어 권력자들에게 바쳤다. 이 글은 고관(古館)이라고 도 하는 왜관에 1639년부터 1678년까지 설치된 가마에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 고관은 지금 부산 동구 수정동에 있었다고 하는데, 어디에 가마가 있었는지 오랫동안 의문 속에 있었다. 근대기의 기록 등을 살펴보면, 고관 공원(古館公園) 옆자리에 있었다는 기사가 있다. 이를 근거로 한 현지 답사의 결과, 가마의 위치가 지금 803번지 일대이었음을 확인할 수 있 었다. 가마터는 완전히 파괴되었으나 이 가마는 고관과 관련성이 있을 것으로 생각된다. 고관 가마에서 제작된 유물도 역시 오래된 의문점의 하나이다. 대마도 킨세키죠[金石城] 유적에서는 576점의 다완편이 출토되었다. 하한 연대는 성의 기능이 새로운 성에 옮기게 된 1678년경이 될 것이다. 이 때, 대마도에 가마는 없고 아마도 이 파편들이 고관에서 제작되었을 것 으로 생각된다. 사료에 따르면, 양산, 기장 등이 왜관요에서 일하던 사기장의 파견지 이었다. 킨세키죠에서 출토된 백자는 유태(釉胎)나 굽의 형태, 받침 등 이 양산, 기장과 상통된다. 이를 하여금, 고요에서 지방 사기장의 기술 을 바탕으로 하여 제작 활동이 이루어진 것을 증명해준 것이다. 분청사기를 모방한 파편도 있는데, 당시 일본 다른 가마에서도 분청 사기를 모방하였다. 1610년대 이후에는 고관 가마나 일본 가마나 마찬 가지로 ‘원전(原典)’에 충실하려는 의도가 높았다. 그러나 쓰시마번만 말 그대로 ‘원전’, 즉 가마 자리나 사기장까지 ‘원전’을 지향하는 것이 가 능하였던 셈이다. 많은 문제가 있음에도 불구하고 쓰시마번이 부산에서 가마를 운영하던 이유는 바로 다른 일본 藩과 달리 권력자에게 ‘원전’을 내세워 이익을 얻으려 하였기 때문일 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구에서는 평균입경 0.2, 0.5, 1,7㎛ 크기의 α-알루미나 분말을 이용하여 다공성 α-알루미나 지지체의 기공구조를 조절하고자 하였다. 다공성 α-알루미나 지지체는 슬립캐스팅공법을 이용하여 제조한 후 소결하였으며, 이 때 소결 온도가 지지체의 기공특성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 고찰하였다. 제조된 다공성 α-알루미나 지지체는 수은기공분석기를 이용하여 기공크기 및 기공률 등을 분석하였으며, 단일기체투과장치를 이용하여 기체 투과도를 측정하였다. 그 결과 평균입경 0.2, 0.5, 1.7㎛ 크기의 α-알루미나 분말을 이용하여 제조된 지지체는 각각 80, 130, 200㎚의 기공경을 가졌으며, CO2 단일기체에 대해 각각 1300, 1700, 5000GPU를 나타냈다.

This paper develops a two-echelon supply chain model with variable setup cost and environmental impact. A single-setup-multi-delivery (SSMD) policy is adopted to increase the efficiency of transportation in the supply chain in which it is assumed that the shipment lot size of each delivery is unequal and variable. Each delivered item goes through inspection process at the buyer’s end. After inspection, defective products are returned to the vendor for reworking process. Due to inspection process, end customers receives perfect quality items. Due to more transportations by SSMD policy, this model assumes carbon emission cost to help the world environment. An investment function is used to reduce total setup cost for the whole supply chain. Stackelberg leadership approach is utilized in this model to optimize the joint total cost of vendor and buyer. Finally, some numerical examples, sensitivity analysis, and graphical representations are given to illustrate more savings from existing literature.

The 1/5 scale–down model of the Bycatch Reduction Device (BRD) from an Argentinean demersal trawl was tested in a circulating water channel. The BRD is designed to help small Hake (merluza, merluccius hubbsi) to escape from a trawl. It is settled in front of a trawl codend, and is equipped with selection grids that help small fish to escape from the gear and guiding panels that help fish to meet with the grids. Bars of the grids are wires covered by the PVC and other parts of the BRD are made of net. When the velocity was less than 0.65 m/sec (2.81 Kont when translated to real towing speed) which is slow speed compared with real towing speed, position between an upper guiding panel and an upper selection grid were good to help small fish to escape. When the velocity was more than 0.8 m/sec (3.41 Knot when translated to real towing speed) which is similar to and faster than real towing speed, it was considered that small fish may have difficulties in escaping because the gap was not enough between an upper guiding panel and an upper selection grid. The lower selection grid was sat on the bottom of the tank without an angle due to the weight that it carries. Improvements were proposed to position the panels and the grids better.

Excess phosphorus in water has become a crucial aspect concerning the eutrophication. Experiments were carried out to fabricate particles of iron oxide to polymer and the beads were then calcinated. It was found that adsorption process most satisfactory fitted to Langmuir equation (R2>0.92) with maximum adsorption capacity 2.663 mg P/g adsorbent. Equilibrium of adsorption was reached after 3 h, while the initial adsorption rate increased from 0.46 mg/g-h to 3.83 mg/g-h when the bead iron content increased from 40.4 mg Fe/g to 160 mg Fe/g. This research was supported by a project (No. 2013001390002) from the Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute funded by the Ministry of Environment and the Brain Korea 21 Plus program of the Korean government.

Membrane biofouling is the major concern to be addressed in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Synergistic combinations of quorum quenching and physical cleaning methods were applied to minimize membrane fouling in MBRs. Different types of physical cleaning modes, such as relaxation, air backpulsing, and permeate backwashing were used in combination with quorum quenching. A significant improvement in fouling control was accomplished when QQ was coupled with physical cleaning methods, especially in relaxation. In addition, mixed liquor properties and treatment performances were not affected by the QQ activity. This research was supported by a grant (2012001440001) from the Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute funded by the Ministry of Environment.