목적 : 근시 교정용 (-)렌즈를 대상으로 편심 크기를 변화하면서 동일 직경으로 가공한 렌즈의 가장자리 두께와 무게를 비교하고 분석하고자 하였다. 방법 : 고굴절률(High index, 1.60) 소재의 구면 및 비구면렌즈를 굴절력(-2.00, -4.00, -6.00 D)별로 240개 를 선정하였으며, 굴절력별 편심 크기를 0, 3, 6, 9 mm로 설정하고 동일한 직경의 원형으로 평산각 가공하여 가장 자리 두께와 무게를 비교 분석하였다. 결과 : 편심별 평균 가장자리 두께는 구면렌즈일 때 –2.00 D에서는 편심이 1 mm 증가할 때 가장자리 두께가 0.02 mm 증가하는 것으로 나타났고, –4.00 D는 0.04 mm, –6.00 D는 0.05 mm 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 비구면렌즈일 때 –2.00 D에서는 0.02 mm, –4.00 D는 0.03 mm, –6.00 D는 0.04 mm 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 편심별 평균 무게는 구면렌즈일 때 –2.00 D에서는 편심이 1 mm 증가할 때 무게가 0.05 g 증가하는 것으로 나타 났고, –4.00 D는 0.09 g, –6.00 D는 0.11 g 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 비구면렌즈일 때 –2.00 D는 0.04 g, –4.00 D는 0.08 g, –6.00 D는 0.11 g 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 대상 렌즈의 굴절력별, 편심별 모두에서 굴절력 이 높아질수록 편심 크기가 커질수록 가장자리 두께와 무게가 점점 더 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 동일 굴절력의 근시 교정용 (-)렌즈를 동일 직경으로 가공하였을 때 편심의 크기가 증가하면 가장자리 두께와 무게도 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

Background: The cumulus cells (CC) play an essential role in protecting oocytes and providing molecular signals for meiotic and cytoplasmic maturation. Gonadotropins stimulate CC proliferation, promote the release of factors that resume oocyte maturation, and activate small G proteins. Among these, Ras, a GTP-binding protein, participates in signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, division, and proliferation. This study aimed to investigate the changes in the Ras subfamily and gonadotropin receptor expression during porcine CC maturation. Methods: Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were incubated in a medium supplemented with follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) for 44 hours. CCs were collected from the COCs at 0, 22, and 44 hours, and mRNA expression levels of gonadotropin and growth factor receptors (FSHR, LHR, EGFR), Ras subfamily members (H-Ras, K-Ras, N-Ras, R-Ras), and Ras GTPases (RASA1, SOS1) were analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR. Results: The results revealed that LHR and R-Ras mRNA expression significantly increased only at 44 hours compared to the 0-hour group (p < 0.05). Conversely, RASA1 mRNA levels decreased significantly at the same time points. No significant changes were observed in H-Ras, K-Ras, N-Ras , or SOS1 expression. Conclusions: In conclusion, the observed increase in LHR and R-Ras and the decrease in RASA1 provide new insights into the molecular dynamics of Ras subfamily members during porcine CC maturation, contributing to a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying oocyte development.

본 연구에서는 국내에서 처음 발견된 Aulacophoroides hoffmanni (Takahashi, 1937)를 최초로 보고한다. 2024년 야외조사에서 한국의 서부 2개 지역의 등나무(Wisteria floribunda (Willdenow))에서 심각한 피해를 주고 있는 A. hoffmanni를 확인하였다. 무시성충의 상세한 형태 기재와 계측값을 제시하였으며, 생체 및 슬라이드 표본 사진을 포함하였다. 이 종은 등나무에 심각한 피해를 주고 있어 관상용 등나무의 주요 해충이 될 것으로 예상된다.

A 13-year-old female lion underwent a simple mastectomy for a rapidly growing abdominal mass, confirmed as mammary adenocarcinoma after histopathological examination. Mammary tumors are common in domestic cats but less frequently reported in African lions. This report presents the first documented case of mammary adenocarcinoma in an African lion in South Korea. The mass was successfully excised through stable anesthesia and surgery. This report adds to the limited literature on mammary tumors in large felids and discusses the need for tailored management strategies.

This research, grounded in the extended technology acceptance model, aimed to explore the relationships among factors influencing Korean EFL learners’ acceptance of ChatGPT for English learning in a voluntary usage context. To this end, a questionnaire was distributed to college students who had used ChatGPT for language learning, utilizing a convenience sampling method. A total of 400 responses were analyzed to test hypotheses using structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings revealed that learners’ perceived usefulness significantly predicted their intention to continue using ChatGPT, while perceived ease of use did not. Moreover, learners’ result demonstrability was found to be a predictor of perceived usefulness, whereas subjective norm was not. Both playfulness and output quality significantly influenced learners’ perceived ease of use. This study identified key factors that could enhance EFL learners’ acceptance of ChatGPT by improving perceptions of usefulness and ease of use, offering valuable insights for integrating ChatGPT into English education.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different feeding levels of domesticated barnyard millet and imported Bermuda hay on the growth performance and structural development of female and male growing goats. A 4×4 Latin square design was used, involving 8 goats with an average age of 3 months: 4 females and males with an initial body weight (BW) of 10.6 kg and 16.0 kg, respectively. Goats were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments: T1 (1.5% BW barnyard millet), T2 (1.5% BW Bermuda hay), T3 (2.0% BW barnyard millet), and T4 (2.0% BW Bermuda hay) over a 22-week period. Results indicated that the highest final body weight (FBW) was significantly observed at the highest feeding level (T4), with females reaching 14.9 kg and males 20.9 kg, while the highest average daily gain (ADG) values were recorded for females in T3 at 75.7 g/d and males in T4 at 81.0 g/d (p<0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) was highest in the T4 group for both females (437.4 g/d) and males (635.9 g/d), with significant differences observed across treatments (p<0.05), whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed an improving trend, particularly with a value of 6.0 for females in T4. For structural development, the highest feeding levels led to significant increases in body length, body depth, chest width, and chest girth of both sex. Female and male in T4 achieved body lengths of 53.5 cm and 61.8 cm, and body depths of 45.2 cm and 54.8 cm, respectively. Chest width and girth reached 15.9 cm and 66.5 cm in males, and 13.5 cm and 56.5 cm in females. In conclusion, higher feeding levels, especially with Bermuda hay, may positively influence the growth performance and structural development of goats.

Background: Embryo implantation is a complex process regulated by interactions between endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. The endometrium plays a critical role in this process, providing a supportive environment for embryo attachment. However, conventional 2D cell culture models fail to fully replicate the complex 3D structure and cellular interactions of the endometrium. To overcome these limitations, 3D organoid models have been developed to better mimic the in vivo endometrial environment. Methods: In this study, a multicellular uterine organoid model was developed using porcine endometrial epithelial cells (pEECs) and porcine endometrial stromal cells (pESCs) to evaluate the effects of the endometrial environment on embryo implantation. First, single-cell endometrial organoids (pEOs) were formed by culturing pEECs in Matrigel, and their basic cellular characteristics were assessed. Then, a multicellular uterine organoid model was established by combining pEOs with pESCs. Finally, porcine embryos were co-cultured with this model to examine its effect on embryo attachment. Results: The multicellular uterine organoid model facilitated embryo attachment, demonstrating that the 3D structure and cellular interactions of the endometrium play a significant role in embryo implantation. The presence of both epithelial and stromal cells contributed to a more physiologically relevant environment that supported embryo adhesion. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a multicellular uterine organoid model can serve as a useful in vitro system for porcine embryo implantation research. This model may contribute to a better understanding of embryo development and implantation mechanisms, with potential applications in regenerative medicine and biotechnology.

The demand for automated diagnostic facilities has increased due to the rise in high-risk infectious diseases. However, small and medium-sized centers struggle to implement full automation because of limited resources. An integrated molecular diagnostics automation system addresses this issue by integrating small-scale automated facilities for each diagnostic process. Nonetheless, determining the optimal number of facilities and human resources remains challenging. This study proposes a methodology combining discrete event simulation and a genetic algorithm to optimize job-shop facility layout in the integrated molecular diagnostics automation system. A discrete event simulation model incorporates the number of facilities, processing times, and batch sizes for each step of the molecular diagnostics process. Genetic algorithm operations, such as tournament, crossover, and mutation, are applied to derive the optimal strategy for facility layout. The proposed methodology derives optimal facility layouts for various scenarios, minimizing costs while achieving the target production volume. This methodology can serve as a decision support tool when introducing job-shop production in the integrated molecular diagnostics automation system

In this study, the safety and efficacy of an spot on formulation composed of Fluralaner (40mg/kg)and Moxidectin (2mg/kg) against internal and external parasites was evaluated in Korean cats. The product was developed as a topical use in cats to prevent or control internal and external parasites including ticks, fleas, gastrointestinal parasites, ear mite and heartworm. As a result of the study, targeted for total 30 cats from 8 Korean animal hospitals, this combination of Fluralaner and Moxidectin was found to be very safe in cats, and its effectiveness against external parasites (ticks, fleas, and ear mites) was fully verified. In addition, As the animals exposed in the infective circumstances of heartworm and gastrointestinal parasites were remained negative during the study period of 12 weeks after treatment of test drug, it was determined that this product had a potential preventive effect against the heartworms and gastrointestinal parasites.

This study evaluates the determinants of Cambodia’s agricultural product exports from 2004 to 2023 across 35 major export destinations using the gravity model approach. During this period, China accounted for the largest share of export value, followed by Vietnam, France, Malaysia, and Thailand. Cambodia’s GDP and the GDP of its trading partners positively influenced the country’s agricultural exports. Moreover, the historical status of export destinations as former French colonies facilitated Cambodia’s export flows. In contrast, exchange rates and geographical distance negatively affected Cambodia’s agricultural trade. This study confirms the existence of significant untapped export potential between Cambodia and its trading partners. To optimize its agricultural exports, Cambodia can benefit from processing agricultural products before export. Therefore, the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) should actively support and promote investment in the agricultural processing industry to enhance the country’s international competitiveness. Additionally, the RGC and policymakers should strategically select export destinations through favorable trade negotiations and focus on the effective implementation of existing export policies.

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) poses a considerable threat to a diverse array of crops in global agriculture. CMV impacts commercially important cut lilies by diminishing both yield and flower quality. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate the changes in gene expression in the leaves and bulbs of four distinct cultivars of cut lily, ‘Cancun,’ ‘Brunello,’ ‘Connecticut King,’ and ‘Casa Blanca’ following CMV infection. Notably, CMV affected photosynthetic processes by significantly downregulating genes associated with photosynthesis. In addition, CMV infection was detrimental to chloroplast function and energy production. We observed differential expression of genes associated with both dominant and recessive resistance pathways that are crucial for preventing virus entry, replication, and systemic spread within the plant. Based on functional annotation and differential gene expression analysis, we identified the regulatory genes involved in triggering immune responses, modulating signal transduction, and specific host factors during CMV infection. To validate the RNA-seq findings, we selected four genes involved in resistance, virus multiplication, and virus spread and analyzed them using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) with specific primers. The qRT-PCR results aligned closely with those from RNA-seq, showing consistent fold-change responses for the genes that were differentially expressed, indicating that the RNA-seq results were reliable. These results deepen our understanding of the complex genetics behind plant-virus interactions while also providing information for breeding programs that aim to develop CMV-resistant lily cultivars.

The role of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer (CRC) development has garnered attention, highlighting probiotics as potential adjuncts in CRC prevention and treatment. In recent years, probiotics and their derivatives have demonstrated mechanisms that may contribute to anticancer properties. This study investigates the cytotoxic effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum KCTC 3357, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus KCTC 5033, Limosilactobacillus reuteri VA 103, Bacillus galactosidilyticus VA 107, and Lactococcus taiwanensis VE101 on CT-26 mouse colon carcinoma cells using live cells, heat-killed cells (paraprobiotics), and cell-free supernatants (CFS, postbiotics) through an MTT assay. The results indicate that live bacterial strains, such as KCTC 3357, VA 103, and VA 107, promoted CT-26 cell viability, while heat-killed cells and CFS exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Inactivated forms of KCTC 3357 and VE 101, as well as CFS at 10 mg/mL concentration of KCTC 5033, VA 103, and VE 101, showed the strongest antiproliferative effects. These findings suggest that non-viable probiotic derivatives, such as paraprobiotics and postbiotics, offer promising therapeutic potential for CRC, providing a safer and more stable alternative to live probiotics. However, further research is required to explore their mechanisms of action, in vivo efficacy, and potential clinical applications.

Sympathetic innervation stimulates β-adrenergic receptors, triggering cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production and enhancing protein secretion in salivary gland cells. While cAMP signaling, in conjunction with Ca2+ signaling, is essential for salivary gland function, the identified cAMP-producing G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remains limited. Here, we report the presence of cAMP-producing adenosine receptors in salivary gland cells. By reanalyzing publicly available single-cell transcriptome datasets of human and mouse submandibular glands, we identified mRNA expression of adenosine A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors. Additionally, we confirmed that 5’-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), an adenosine A2B receptor agonist, increases cAMP levels in human salivary gland cells, suggesting a physiological role for adenosine A2B receptors. Our findings enhance understanding of adenosine’s regulatory function in salivary glands and highlight new avenues for research on cAMPproducing adenosine receptors.

한반도 애호랑밑빠진버섯벌레속(Baeocera Erichson, 1845)에 대하여 논의하고 검색표를 제공하였다. 참애호랑밑빠진버섯벌레(Baeocera choi Hoshina and Park, 2011)는 배애호랑밑빠진버섯벌레[Baeocera ventralis (Löbl, 1973)]의 동물이명 임이 밝혀졌다. 이들의 수컷생식기 형질 을 도해하고 근연종과 함께 동정에 유용한 형태형질을 제시한다.

Maize (Zea mays. L) is one of the major sources of green fodder for livestock in Pakistan. Crop management plays a key role in obtaining high yields for green fodder. Fertilizer application, seed rate, and row spacing are critical components of crop management, which can significantly affect crop biomass. To determine the best production technology, a two-year (2021-2023) study was conducted at the research area of National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad. Plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, green fodder yield per acre, and green fodder yield per hectare were recorded. Various row spacing (15 cm, 30 cm, 45 cm, and 60 cm), fertilizer ratio (N: P = 55:30, 65:40, 75:50, and 85:60), and seed rates (30 kg/ac, 35 kg/ac, 40 kg/ac, and 45 kg/ac) were applied. Results obtained experiments revealed that in both growing seasons, the maximum green fodder yield was obtained when fertilizer N: P ratio was 75:50 (green fodder biomass: 74.61 t/ha and 72.56 t/ha). Similarly, the optimal seed rate was found to be 40 kg/ac, which resulted in the highest green fodder yield (73.41 t/ha and 72.88 t/ha in two seasons). Furthermore, the plant of maize at row spacing of 30 cm was found to generate the maximum green fodder yield (72.39 t/ha and 72.40 t/ha, respectively). Green fodder yield per hectare was found to be positively correlated with plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area. These findings underscore the significance of applying a fertilizer ratio of N: P = 75:50, a seed rate 40 kg/ac, and a row spacing of 45 cm for higher yields of green fodder in maize crop.

최근 국내에서는 온라인 거래를 통한 화훼류의 판매가 증가 하고 있다. 온라인 플랫폼의 종류에 따라서 각기 다양한 운송 시스템과 포장 방법을 이용하고 있지만, 품질과 관련된 정보가 부족한 실정이다. 특히, 일반 택배 배송을 이용하는 직거래 방식 은 다양한 외부 환경에 노출되기 때문에 품질에 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 절화장미는 외부의 환경에 노출되는 통기 구멍이 있는 포장 박스와 외부의 환경과 단절된 밀폐된 포장 박스가 사용되 고 있다. 포장 박스의 종류에 따른 절화장미의 품질을 조사한 결과 통기구가 있는 포장 박스를 이용하여 택배 운송한 절화장 미는 운송 중의 낮은 습도로 인해 생체중 감소가 높아 품질이 하락하였다. 밀폐된 포장 박스를 이용해서 운송한 절화장미는 통기 구멍이 있는 포장 박스를 이용해 운송한 절화장미보다 생 체중 감소는 작았지만, 포장 박스 내부의 온도가 높아져 품질이 하락하였다. 내부가 코팅된 밀폐형 포장박스 내부에 절화장미와 함께 냉매를 동봉하여 포장 후 운송하면, 운송 중 포장박스 내부 의 온도를 경감하고 품질을 보존하는 효과가 있었다.

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of elapsed time after air flow cutoff on the germination rate of Italian ryegrass seed with different moisture contents during natural drying on reclaimed land, Jangheung and Kimje of Korea from 2023 to 2024, respectively. Seeds with moisture contents of 15.3, 22.3 and 28.0% were placed in vinyl bag (30 × 40 cm) at storage thicknesses of 10, 15, and 20 cm, and air flow was cutoff for 48 h. Seed moisture content, seed temperature (℃) and germination rate were investigated at 12-h intervals. After 48 h of airflow cutoff during natural drying, seed moisture content did not significantly differ among storage thickness treatment (p>0.05). When Italian ryegrass seeds with moisture contents of 27~28% were stored under conditions with air flow cutoff at 15~20cm thickness for 48 h, the seed temperature reached up to 30℃ and the germination rate was excellent at around 70~80%.

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic effective against aerobic gram-negative bacteria and is also used in veterinary medicine, particularly in the swine and bovine industries. However, no gentamicin product is currently approved for treating equine diseases in Korea. The present study aims to examine the time-dependent residue of gentamicin in horses after intravenous injection (IV) via jugular vein. The test product was injected at 6.6 mg/kg BW via jugular vein in nine horses. Blood was collected from the horse's jugular vein at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours after injection. To purify the gentamicin in serum, 100μL of 20 mM HFBA in DW, 100 μL of 30% trichloroacetic acid and 300 μL of 20 mM heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) in acetonitrile (ACN) were added to 500 μL of serum and supernatant was applied to LC-MS/MS after centrifugation. LC-MS/MS-8050 analyzed the level of gentamicin in serum with Electrospray ionization (ESI) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) positive mode. Gentamicin C1 was 478 m/z and product ions were 322, 157 m/z. Precursor ion of Gentamicin C1a was 450 m/z and product ions were 322, 160 m/z. Precursor ion of Gentamicin C2 and C2a was 464 m/z and product ions were 322, 160 m/z. The LC column was a C18 and mobile phase composed of 20 mM HFBA in 5% ACN and 20 mM HFBA in 50% ACN. The amount of gentamicin was calculated by adding four components of gentamicin (C1, C1a, C2 and C2a). The pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin were calculated by the WinNonlin program. The Cmax of gentamicin in horse serum was 93 ± 17 μg/kg and the Tmax was 0.25 ± 0 hours. The T1/2 was 6.41 ± 2.32 hours and the CLt was 0.05 ± 0.01L/hr/kg. The Vd was shown as 0.44 ± 0.13 L/kg and the MRT was 1.98 ± 0.55 hours. In conclusion, our data provides useful pharmacokinetic parameters for gentamicin in horses following IV injection.

The swallowing reflex is modulated by multiple sensory inputs, such as bolus volume, viscosity, and taste. The interactions among different types of sensory information have been extensively studied. However, the influence of oral temperature on bolus volume perception has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of temperature on volume perception sensitivity in healthy individuals. Five volumes (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mL) of distilled water were estimated at three different temperatures, 4℃ (cold), 21℃ (room temperature), and 45℃ (warm), using a visual analogue scale. There were no significant differences in the sensitivity of oral volume perception across temperatures. These findings suggest that the ability to perceive bolus volume remains stable under temperature variation.

Background: Hybridization between closely related fish species can generate novel phenotypes that influence aquaculture performance. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological characteristics of hybrids between the two aquaculture-relevant flounder species Kareius bicoloratus and Platichthys stellatus using a hybrid index and a newly proposed resemblance p-value-based morphometric analysis, providing insights into hybrid resemblance patterns relative to their parental species. Methods: One-year-old individuals from the three genotype groups (K. bicoloratus, P. stellatus , and hybrid) were analyzed using a combination of traditional and trussbased morphometrics. From the full dataset, 77 morphological indices were extracted, including proportions, ratios, and angular measurements. The hybrid index was computed to quantify parental resemblance, while the delta resemblance value (ΔRV) was derived from Kruskal-Wallis test to assess statistical resemblance trends. One-way ANOVA and multiple comparison tests were used to determine statistical significance among groups. Results: Hybrid flounders exhibited a complex blend of parental and hybrid-specific traits, with morphological resemblance varying by trait category. Among the 77 morphological indices, 44 (57.1%) fell within the parental range, while 33 (42.9%) exceeded parental values, demonstrating transgressive segregation or heterosis in hybrid morphology. Morphometric resemblance patterns were trait-dependent: indices relative to total length or head length tended to resemble maternal species, whereas depth-related ratios and angular traits were more similar to father. Conclusions: The integration of H-index and ΔRV analysis provided a systematic and quantitative framework for assessing hybrid morphology, offering valuable insights into phenotypic expression of hybrids, with potential relevance to aquaculture.