Characteristics and immuno-modulatory effects of Enterococcus (E.) faecium JS1-8 isolated from Kimchi were investigated for potential probiotic use. We measured their acid, bile, and heat tolerances, adhesion properties in Caco-2 cells, antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, and bacteriocin-like substance-producing activity. Immuno-modulatory effects of E. faecium JS1-8 were measured by determination of nitric oxide (NO), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in RAW 264.7 cells or RAW BLUE cells. JS1-8 survived at pH 2.0 for 2 hr and showed tolerance to 0.3% oxgall bile salt, and it survived after exposure for 5 min at 80°C. JS1-8 showed high antimicrobial inhibition zones to Staphylococcus aureus (460 mm), Listeria monocytogenes (310 mm), Salmonella enteritidis (280 mm), and E. coli (150 mm). Bacteriocin-like substance produced by JS1-8 showed a broad spectrum of activity against Listeria monocytogenes KCCM 40307 and Lactobacillus sake KCCM 40264. Low concentration (1 × 107 CFU/mL) of heat-killed E. faecium JS1-8 induced statistically higher production of NO than Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), which is a well-known immuno-modulatory lactic acid bacteria. Low and high (5 × 107 CFU/mL) concentrations of JS1-8 induced statistically higher production of NF-κB than that produced by LGG. We also found that JS1-8 increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α in a concentration-dependent manner. As a result, E. faecium JSI-8 could be used as a useful probiotic for controlling pathogens and enhancing host immune responses.

HMR is a home-style food product designed for convenience and cooked outside the home leaving out cumbersome cooking process and consumed at home. The present paper aims to find out factors that influence the consumption of HMR by analyzing data on food consumption during the 3 years between December 2010 and November 2013. Following the classification of Costa et al. (2001), this study categorized HMR products as 3 types as follows: C1 (ready to eat), C2 (ready to heat) and C3 (ready to cook), and examined factors affecting purchase rate and per capita purchase price for each type of HMR product. The results of our analysis show that only the purchase rate of C3 products was influenced by whether the purchaser was housewife with job or not. For those who do not live together with parents, per capita purchase price for HMR was high; and the more they ate out, the higher the purchase rate of HMR was.

To address greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping, the International Maritime Organization has adopted technical and operational measures, and discussed the possibility of adopting market-based measures. China, Japan and South Korea are major shipbuilding nations in the world, and have differing responses towards the IMO’s regulatory initiatives. This paper conducts a comparative assessment of these three countries’ positions on regulatory principles of the greenhouse gas issue, and concludes that their differentiated perspectives on this matter reflect their different regulatory interests. It is significant to take their differentiated interests into account in the developing regulatory regime to avoid disproportionate burdens being placed on certain countries, in particular developing countries.

Population growth is increasing rapidly, worldwide. The world is becoming more urban as well. Increased population growth in metropolitan areas has intensified burdens on landscapes to accommodate our daily needs for food, work, shelter, and recreation. Rapid urbanization influences ecological conditions by altering the physical mosaic of the landscape. One noticeable effect, landscape fragmentation (the division of large parcels of land into smaller lots), separates, degrades, and homogenizes habitats; in turn, affecting biogeochemical cycling and resulting in the erosion of biodiversity. Sprawl and climate change (severe and unpredictable weather events) exacerbate the negative ecological effects of urban development. Despite an impressive array of urban spatial forms and structures, the complexity of these problems associated with rapid urbanization and climate change has made solutions increasingly difficult to attain. I offer a complementary spatial framework comprised of a set of principles to facilitate meaning dialogue in addressing these problems. At the core of these principles is the search for a pathway aimed at creating and maintaining adaptive and regenerative urban places. I explore supportive principles for creating such places. The principles include the design imperatives for change and uncertainty grounded on ecological science especially resiliency theory; affirmation of regional thinking and action; conservation of ecosystem services; purposeful adaptation and mitigation of climate change impacts; adoption of regenerative practices, as well as adaptive re-use, revitalization, and conservation. I conclude by affirming that the effectiveness of these principles in managing growth in urban landscapes lies in their synergistic effects.

This study investigated the effects of changes to the pulsation factor of pulsed direct currents on wound healing. Patients with a pressure ulcer at a care hospital for the elderly were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 involved the application of 100㎲ in pulse duration, 10 ㎳ in pulse period, 100 pps in a pulsation factor, 15 ㎃ in pulse amplitude, and polarity red+ by using pulsed direct currents; Group 2 involved a change of pulse period to 8 ms; and Group 3 received general wound management. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the changing stages of pressure ulcers among the groups, all the groups dropped in numerical stages. In the two groups to which pulsed direct currents were applied, there was a statistically significant reduction in the stages of pressure ulcers from the initial assessment to the 12-week assessment (p<.05). Even though there were no statistically significant differences in changes to the area of pressure ulcers among the groups, a statistically significant decrease was found in pulsed direct current group 2 whose pulse period was shortened (p<.05). There was no difference in the healing rate of pressure ulcers among the groups, but it made a numerical increase in pulsed direct current group 1 and group 2 and a numerical decrease in group 3. There were no significant differences in the characteristics of those who had a full recovery among the groups. Those findings indicate that pulsed direct currents have positive effects on the wound healing of patients with a pressure ulcer and that a treatment with pulsed direct currents whose pulsation factor is raised by reducing the pulse duration is especially effective.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of FES and ankle mobilization on the ankle motion and the quality of gait of chronic hemiplegic patients with limited ankle joint motions. As research subjects, 24 chronic hemiplegic patients who could walk independently, regardless of assistive aids, were selected. Then, 8 subjects received mobilization randomly and 8 subjects received FES and 8 subjects received mobilization and FES, at the same time. The dorsiflexion PROM significantly increased in the group of mobilization therapy, mobilization and FES all together(p<.01). There were statistically significant differences among the three groups(p<.01). The 10m walking test significantly decreased in the group of mobilization therapy, mobilization and FES all together(p<.05). There were statistically significant differences among the three groups(p<.01). The gait velocity significantly increased in the group of mobilization therapy, FES therapy, mobilization and FES all together(p<.05). There were statistically significant differences among the three groups(p<.01). The stride length significantly increased in the group of mobilization therapy, mobilization and FES all together(p<.05). There were statistically significant differences among the three groups(p<.05). In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that rather than only using one treatment technique, applying mobilization and FES together brings a more satisfactory result to hemiplegic patients with limited ankle joint motions.

소나무재선충에 대하여 살선충 활성을 가지는 물질을 탐색하기 위하여 베트남 에서 구입한 90종의 한약재를 이용하여 메탄올 추출한 뒤 소나무재선충에 대한 살 선충 활성을 검정하였다. 10,000ppm 농도로 DMSO에 녹인 시료를 100ppm 농도 로 물에 희석한 후 소나무재선충 감염목에서 분리한 소나무재선충을 24시간 직접 노출시키고, 치사 여부를 조사하였다. 그 결과 대부분의 식물체 추출물 처리에서 낮은 살선충 활성을 보이거나 살선충 효과가 없었으나 한련초(Eclipta prostrata) 에서는 100%의 보정사충률을 보였다. 한련초 메탄올 추출물의 농도별 처리 시 25ppm농도까지 소나무재선충이 생존하지 못하였으며 12.5ppm과 6.25ppm에서 는 각각 28.8%와 85.3%의 생충율을 보였다. 한련초 추출물의 나무주사 효과의 검 토와 함께 한련초 추출물에서 항균 및 항세균 작용이 확인 된 바 있고, 살충작용도 보고되고 있어 소나무재선충에 대한 살선충 물질의 탐색에 관한 연구가 필요할 것 으로 생각된다.

The influence of three temperatures, 20℃, 25℃ and 35℃ and four relative humidities (RH), 30-35%, 50-55%, 70-75%, and 90-95% on oviposition and development of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on azuki bean seeds was investigated. One day old five males and five females of C. chinensis were introduced to 30 gm azuki bean seeds for each combination of temperature and RH, and replicated ten times. The introduced adults were allowed to lay eggs for 72 hours. Temperature significantly influenced on oviposition with increased number of eggs at 30℃, relative humidity, however, had no effect on egg laying. Development time was affected by both temperature and relative humidity. Development time was shortest at 30℃ and 70-75% RH. Adult emergence success rate was affected by both temperature and RH; increased level of temperature and RH increased emergence rate of adults. The results suggest that C. chinensis is much likely to cause greater damage to azuki bean seeds stored at 30℃ and 70-75% RH.

본 연구는 아크릴로 자체 제작한 사면체 및 육면체 실험장치와 특수 주문제작한 3종의 LED기판을 이용하여 375nm에서 630nm 사이의 다양한 LED광 파장에 대 한 콩 진딧물과 목화진딧물의 유인 및 기피 행동반응을 조사코자 수행하였다. 콩진 딧물의 유인반응은 육면체 실험장치 중앙에 진딧물 발생밀도가 높은 포트재배 콩 식물체를 놓고, 동심원상에 진딧물이 전혀 발생되지 않은 콩 식물체와 각 파장별 LED광을 배치하고 72시간 동안 전원을 켠 후에 각 파장대로 이동한 콩진딧물의 이 동수를 조사하였다. 그 결과, 530nm 파장에서 이동률이 74% (152마리)로 가장 높 았고, 550nm, 570nm, 610nm 순으로 파장이 길어질수록 이동률이 낮았다. 기피 행 동반응은 초기 콩진딧물 밀도가 포트재배 콩 식물체당 각각 113.7, 84.3, 76.7 마리 인 530nm, 570nm, 610nm 영역의 LED광을 동심원상에 배치하고 3일 동안 전원을 켠 후 각 파장별 식물체로 이동한 콩진딧물 수를 조사하였다. 그 결과, 530nm에서 콩진딧물이 135.3마리로 초기 밀도보다 19.8% 많았다. 570nm 및 610nm는 각각 1.7마리 및 20마리가 530nm로 이동하여 초기 밀도보다 감소하였다. 목화진딧물의 LED광 파장별 행동반응은 포트재배 배추에 발생된 진딧물을 이용하여 육면체 및 사면체 실험상치에서 수행하였다. 육면체 실험장치 중앙에 진딧물 밀도가 높은 배 추를 놓고, 각 파장별로 이동한 진딧물 수를 조사한 결과, 진딧물이 가장 많이 이동 한 파장은 530nm로 62.7% (104.5마리) 이동하였다, 자외선 영역인 375nm에도 24.7%가 이동되었으나 550nm 이상의 장파장에서는 대부분 5% 이하의 낮은 이동 률을 보였다. 375nm, 560nm, 590nm 및 630nm 4파장에 대한 배추진딧물의 유인수 는 560nm에 가장 많았으나 처리 후 기간에 따라 각 파장별 이동수에 차이가 많았 다. 530nm로 콩진딧물과 목화진딧물이 많이 이동한 것은 콩 및 배추 식물체의 색 깔과 관련이 많은 것으로 여겨진다.

Aphis gossypii was widely distributed throughout the tropical, subtropical and temperate zone. The chemical control of A. gossypii is becoming problem because it was rapidly appeared resistance expression to chemicals. We will attempt to resolve the this problem using RNAi technique. Besides, RNAi technology can be helpful to study the target genes of A. gossypii. In this study we produce cDNA library construction using gateway cloning system for selecting target gene in order to control of A. gossypii using RNAi. As a result, the 100-400bp of insert size, which is appropriate for RNAi was confirmed. Most of insert gene is associated with A. gossypii, after that insert sequence was compared with DNA databases and EST databases using NCBI blast search. Consequentially, A. gossypii of cDNA library with the titer of 3.15x105 clones were completed. And we will perform the LR recombination to transfer cDNA library into TRV2 (tobacco rattle virus) vector with att site. Then, after performing transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens (GV 2260), we inoculated to cucumber with A. tumefaciens. An insecticidal effect or a repellent activity against A. gossypii by changing behavior in transgenic cucumber plants were conformed. Also, the selecting target gene in order to control A. gossypii using RNAi may be provided.

As a result of investigation on the larvae attacking leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. and causing serious damage on the plant in Seoul, Chungnam and Jeonbuk Province in Korea during summer in 2013, Protegira songi Chen & Zhang of the family Noctuidae was identified. In this study, we report the host plants of it for the first time from Korea, with larval damage and taxonomic information by illustrating the characteristics of male and female genitalia. Also we will conduct to extract and analyse the DNA barcode for correct identification in forest pest monitoring in near future.

A new set of basis functions was constructed using the Rossby-Haurwitz waves, which are the eigenfunctions of nondivergent barotropic vorticity equations on the sphere. The basis functions were designed to be non-separable, that is, not factored into functions of either the longitude or the latitude. Due to this property, the nodal lines of the functions are aligned neither along with the meridian nor the parallel. The basis functions can be categorized into groups of which members have the same degree or the total wavenumber-like index on the sphere. The orthonormality of the basis functions were found to be close to the machine roundoffs, giving the error of O(10-15) or O(10-16) for double-precision computation (64 bit arithmetic). It was demonstrated through time-stepping procedure that the basis functions were also the eigenfunctions of the non-divergent barotropic vorticity equations. The projection of the basis functions was carried out onto the low-resolution geopotential field of Gaussian bell, and compared with the theory. The same projections were performed for the observed atmospheric-geopotential height field of 500 hPa surface to demonstrate decomposition into the fields that contain disturbance of certain range of horizontal scales. The usefulness of the new basis functions was thus addressed for application to the eigenmode analysis of the atmospheric motions on the global domain.