The subfamily Sterictiphorinae which include 324 species from 26 genera is widespread group of sawfly. Most recorded species of Sterictiphorinae distributed in the Palaearctic, Nearactic, Oriental and Afrotropic regions. Among them, only 20 species have been reported from the Eastern Palaearctic region. Unfortunately, this group is very poorly studied in Korea. In the Korean fauna were reported only one species, Sterictiphora tanoi Togashi 1997(Togashi, 1997). The larvae of genus Sterictiphora feed on cherry and serviceberry (Smith, 1979). The adults of genus Sterictiphora are easily distinguished from the other genera of Sterictiphorinae by following characters: convex anterior margin of the head in dorsal view, hind wing with very long anal cell. As a result of this study, we report five new species, Sterictiphora rugosa sp. nov., S. gapjangensis sp. nov., S. flavicollis sp. nov., S. koreana sp. nov. and S. daeguensis sp. nov. and provide a key to Korean species and diagnosis with photos of five new species.

The genera Aproceros and Yasumatsua have not been recorded in Korea previousely. Genus Aproceros is small genus among genera of subfamily Sterictiphorinae with 10 described species. Almost species of this genus recorded in Eastern Palaearctic region except A. scutellis Wei & Nie, 1998 from Oriental region. Also, genus Yasumatsua has been reported only two species: Y. albitibia Togashi, 1990 and Y. nigra Togashi, 1970 in the world. Key characters of the genera Aproceros and Yasumatsua as following: (1) Aproceros: anal cell of hind wing absent; head narrowed behind eyes; basal anal cell of fore wing open, (2) Yasumatsua: anal cell of Hind wing closed; claw with a basal lobe; face between antennal sockets narrow with sharp median carina (Meicai, 1997). Biology and ecology of these two genera are poorly studied. In this study we record one unrecorded species of genus Aproceros and described one new species of genus Yasumatsua from Korea. Also, key to korean genera of subfamily Sterictiphorinae, diagnoses of Aproceros and Yasumatsua and photos of morphological characters are provided.

The genus Thomsonina is a small group of Proctotrupidae, with two described species in Palaearctic region: T. boops from Europe; T. scymni from Japan. These species are parasitoids of Scymnus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Genus Nothoserphus was erected on the single species N. mirabilis Brues (1940) from Taiwan (Oriental). Since then two genera, Thomsonina Hellén (1941) from Europe (Western-Palaearctic) and Watanabeia Masner (1958) from Japan (Eastern-Palaearctic), proposed and the taxonomy was revised by Townes (1981) who synonymized Thomsonina and Watanabeia, including three species groups (boops- group, afissae-group and mirabilis-group). At present one genus classification Nothoserphus, is universally accepted. But, Masner (1958) suggested that Thomsonina and Watanabeia should be separated in two distinct genera from the Nothoserphus. This is supported by the different characters and biological data. In this study, the Authors are also agree to the Masner’s proposal and first report the genus Thomsonina from South Korea based on T. scymni. Also, we provide comparison of main different characters and host data for three genera.

Spherical harmonics power spectrum of the geopotential field of Gaussian-bell type on the sphere was investigated using integral formula that is associated with Legendre polynomials. The geopotential field of Gaussian-bell type is defined as a function of sine of angular distance from the bell's center in order to guarantee the continuity on the global domain. Since the integral-formula associated with the Legendre polynomials was represented with infinite series of polynomial, an estimation method was developed to make the procedure computationally efficient while preserving the accuracy. The spherical harmonics power spectrum was shown to vary significantly depending on the scale parameter of the Gaussian bell. Due to the accurate procedure of the new method, the power (degree variance) spanning over orders that were far higher than machine roundoff was well explored. When the scale parameter (or width) of the Gaussian bell is large, the spectrum drops sharply with the total wavenumber. On the other hand, in case of small scale parameter the spectrum tends to be flat, showing very slow decaying with the total wavenumber. The accuracy of the new method was compared with theoretical values for various scale parameters. The new method was found advantageous over discrete numerical methods, such as Gaussian quadrature and Fourier method, in that it can produce the power spectrum with accuracy and computational efficiency for all range of total wavenumber. The results of present study help to determine the allowable maximum scale parameter of the geopotential field when a Gaussian-bell type is adopted as a localized function.

The iron oxides nanoparticles and iron oxide with other compounds are of importance in fields including biomedicine, clinical and bio-sensing applications, corrosion resistance, and magnetic properties of materials, catalyst, and geochemical processes etc. In this work we describe the preparation and investigation of the properties of coated magnetic nanoparticles consisting of the iron oxide core and organic modification of the residue. These fine iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared in air environment by the co-precipitation method using of Fe2+ : Fe3+ where chemical pre- cipitation was achieved by adding ammonia aqueous solution with vigorous stirring. During the synthesis of nanoparti- cles with a narrow size distribution, the techniques of separation and powdering of nanoparticles into rather monodisperse fractions are observed. This is done using controlled precipitation of particles from surfactant stabilized solutions in the form organic components. It is desirable to maintain the particle size within pH range, temperature, solution ratio wherein the particle growth is held at a minimum. The iron oxide nanoparticles can be well dispersed in an aqueous solution were prepared by the mentioned co-precipitation method. Besides the iron oxide nanowires were prepared by using similar method. These iron oxide nanoparticles and nanowires have controlled average size and the obtained products were investigated by X-ray diffraction, FESEM and other methods.

Worldwide there is concern about the continuing release of a broad range of environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals, including polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and other halogenated organochlorines persistent organic pollutants (POPs) into the environment. They are condemned for health adverse effects such as cancer, reproductive defects, neurobehavioral abnormalities, endocrine and immunological toxicity. These effects can be elicited via a number of mechanisms among others include disruption of endocrine system, oxidation stress and epigenetic. However, most of the mechanisms are not clear, thus several number of studies are ongoing trying to elucidate them in order to protect the public by reducing these adverse effects. In this review, we briefly limited review the process, the impacts, and the potential mechanisms of dioxin/dioxin like compound, particularly, their possible roles in adverse developmental and reproductive processes, diseases, and gene expression and associated molecular pathways in cells.

The purpose of this quantitative research was to examine whether there were statistically significant differences in Islamic elementary public school teachers’ curriculum orientation and teaching conception across demographic variables of gender, age, and teaching experience. Data were collected through questionnaires from 65 Islamic elementary public school teachers. Data were analysed through Rasch analysis and tests of inferential statistics. The results of the data analysis show that, over all: 1) the teachers’ curriculum orientation tended to be “technological” and “academic” rather than “social reconstructionistic”; and 2) the teachers tended to conceptualize teaching as “apprenticeshipdevelopmental” and “knowledge transmission” rather than “nurturing” or “social reform”. Tests of inferential statistics revealed a significant difference between male and female teachers’ conception of teaching. A significant difference was also found in the teachers’ curriculum orientation across the demographic variable of teaching experience. No significant difference was found across the variable of age. Correlations were identified between the teachers’ curriculum orientation and teaching conception. The findings of this study provide evidence for policy makers, school leaders, researchers, parents, and teacher educators that the curriculum orientation and teaching conception of the majority of the teachers seems to be incompatible with the nature of character education that necessitates teachers to be “nurturing” and “social reconstructionistic”. In addition, evaluation and reorientation of paradigms and approaches in teacher education and educational objectives and further research are suggested.

The debate on whether antidumping law should be integrated into competition law is a relatively new but very significant one. Building on prior scholarship, this paper attempts to contribute to the debate by reexamining the fundamental justification of antidumping law. An exploration into the economic theories of dumping and the evolution of antidumping law indicates that the current antidumping system neither serves the broad goal of preventing ‘unfair trade’ nor functions as a ‘quasi-safeguard’ mechanism. The only rationale for antidumping law is that it deals with international predatory dumping. Modern competition rules target the same predatory conduct but they are more meticulous than antidumping law and are less susceptible to protectionist abuse. In light of this, the paper advocates the substitution of antidumping law by competition law. To achieve this, the paper suggests a gradual approach. Substitution could first be achieved in bilateral and regional trade areas before being implemented at the level of WTO.

The purpose of this study is to analysis of muscle fatigue in the upper trapezius and splenius capitis muscles according to therapy table height variation. The subjects were consisted of 15 healthy adults(10 males, 5 females) who had no medical history of neurological and musculoskeletal problems. In experiment, wireless electrode EMG system was measured for each the upper trapezius and splenius capitis muscles during the treatment performed on table. the differences in the muscle fatigue was compared for 4 types of table height(-6cm, -3cm, 0, +3cm from elbow in 90° flexion position). Muscle fatigue according to therapy table height were significant difference except for left upper trapezius. And muscle fatigue of right upper trapezius and splenius capitis showed significant decrease in +3cm table height compared to -6cm table height(p<.05). Muscle fatigue of right upper trapezius and splenius capitis were the highest in -6cm table height, but those were the lowest in +3cm table height. This study propose to change therapy table height higher than +3cm from elbow in 90° flexion position, if you hope to reduce muscle fatigue.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of chronic shoulder pain on the muscle tone in trunk muscles. The study's subjects were 40 men and women in their 30 to 50s, which were divided into two groups. A chronic shoulder pain group consisted of 20 subjects who had been diagnosed with chronic shoulder pain by doctors, and a painless group consisted of 20 subjects who had experienced no such pain. An analysis was performed using electromyography on the muscle tone in the rectus abdominalis, external oblique, internal oblique, and erector spinae muscles under the same conditions between the two groups. The analysis results were as follows. The chronic shoulder pain group exhibited an overall high level of trunk muscle tone than the painless group, along with a statistically significant difference in the rectus abdominalis(p<.05). Moreover, the chronic shoulder pain group showed differences in the trunk muscle tone depending on the affected side. The chronic left shoulder pain group yielded higher levels of muscle tone in the right-side trunk muscles. In particular, the group revealed statistically significant differences in the rectus abdominalis and internal oblique(p<.05). The chronic right shoulder pain group exhibited higher levels of muscle tone in the left-side trunk muscles with a statistically significant difference in the internal oblique(p<.05). The above results suggested that chronic shoulder pain influences increases in the muscle tone in the trunk muscles on the opposite side to the affected shoulder.

In Hymenoptera, thanks to its haplodiploid sex determination, arrhenotokous parasitoid females are able to control offspring sex ratio by determining whether to use sperm or not at the time of oviposition. However, the offspring sex ratio may also be influenced by the mating behavior of a male. When a male searches females, he will have more chances to encounter with other males in a high male density population than low male density population. If the male is competitive, the male can find females faster and may have longer copulation time, and eventually transfer more sperm than other males. In this study, we investigated mate searching time, copulation duration and offspring sex ratio as a function of the male density. Although the results show difference between searching time and copulation duration, they are not statistically significant. We will discuss the statistical consequence, male density dependent offspring sex ratio and its evolutionary implications.

In Korea, twelve species in genus Myrmica have been described. Some of them are morphologically similar and this makes their identification difficult. For this reason, we collected several Myrmica species in question and inferred their phylogenetic relationship using the 418bp partial COI (cytochrome C oxidase 1) region from a total of 33 individuals. We found that the CO1 haplotypes are effectively grouped into three clusters that match well to their external morphological characters. Although this three species could be distinguished by the only small part of the COI region, the two individual sample of the M. kotokuii and one sample of the M. carinata are included in the M. kurokii group. The results indicate that the morphological identification could be obscure in the three species and it requires a close examination for this phenomenon.

The brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is native to Korea, Japan, and China. H. halys is one of the major polyphagous pentatomids with a wide host range encompassing ornamental shrubs, trees, and cultivated crops such as millet, sesame, soybean, apple, yuzu, pear, cherry, and peach and inflicting losses of several crops in Korea. However, study on dietary importance of these hosts on the development rate of H. halys is sparse. We evaluated fruits of apple and orange with or without soybean plus peanuts as food sources to investigate development rate, mortality and fecundity of the stink bug. Not apple but orange only diet could support development up to adult stage but with higher mortality. First instars were found to molt into second instars without feeding. The longest time H. halys took to develop was in its fifth instar. Overall shortest developmental period (39.82) days was recorded on those fed on orange+soybean and peanut whereas those fed on orange only diet had longest development period (78.92 days). Generational mortality of those fed on diets consisting of soybean and peanuts ranged from 43 to 53%. Those only fed on water could not develop into third instars. H. halys could not develop into fourth instar in apple only diet. However, on orange only diet 20% H. halys could emerge as adults. Fecundity was measured for the first day of oviposition per female. Fecundity was recorded highest (28 eggs) on orange+soybean and peanut diets. The results suggest that H. halys require leguminous seeds in order to develop fully and lay fertile eggs.

2010년부터 2012년까지 밀양, 괴산, 원주의 잡곡포장에 성페로몬트랩을 설치하 여 5월부터 10월까지 조명나방, 담배거세미나방 등 나방류 6종의 유인량을 조사하 였다. 지역간 나방류의 발생량은 밀양에서 총 5,520마리로 원주 및 괴산보다 각각 11.7배 및 8.2배 많았다. 밀양에서 담배거세미나방의 발생비율은 72.1%로 다른 나 방류 및 지역보다 월등히 높았으며, 그 다음은 파밤나방(12.9%) 이었으나, 멸강나 방은 0.4%로 매우 낮았다. 괴산에서 담배거세미나방의 발생비율(39.5%)이 가장 높았고, 그 다음은 담배나방(28.9%) 및 파밤나방(11.9%)의 순서 이었으며, 멸강나 방은 1.7%로 매우 낮았다. 원주에서 담배거세미나방의 발생비율(33.2%)이 가장 높았고, 그 다음은 담배나방(25.4%) 및 왕담배나방(15.9%)의 순서 이었고, 멸강나 방 발생비율은 0.7%로 매우 낮았다. 담배거세미나방의 발생최성기는 지역에 따라 차이가 있었으나, 대체로 9월 상순∼9월 하순까지로 나타났고, 밀양에서 담배거세 미나방은 10월 하순까지도 발생량이 매우 많았다. 파밤나방의 발생최성기는 지역 에 따른 차이가 심하였는데, 밀양은 8월 하순∼9월 중순, 괴산은 9월 중순∼10월 상 순, 원주는 9월 상순∼9월 중순까지로 나타났다. 조명나방의 발생최성기는 지역에 따른 큰 차이 없이 6월 상순∼6월 중순까지로 나타났다. 멸강나방의 발생최성기도 지역간 차이 없이 5월 중·하순 이었으나, 다른 나방류에 비해 발생량은 매우 적었 다. 왕담배나방의 발생최성기는 지역별 차이가 매우 심하였는데, 밀양은 9월 상순 ∼9월 중순, 괴산은 8월 상순∼8월 하순, 원주는 6월 상순∼6월 중순까지로 나타났 다. 담배나방의 발생최성기는 밀양에서 8월 상순∼8월 하순, 괴산에서 7월 하순∼8 월 중순, 원주에서 8월 하순∼9월 상순으로 지역에 따른 차이가 있었다. 이처럼 지 역별 나방류 발생량과 발생최성기의 차이는 나방류의 생물적 특성, 지역별 기상, 재배작물의 면적, 작부양식 및 체계와 관련이 있는 것으로 여겨진다.

Wolbachia is one of the most common endosymbionts best known to induce several reproductive alterations in its insect hosts. In some cases, the insect hosts harbor more than two strains of the bacterium. The Vollenhovia emeryi ant lives in dead trees and is morphologically subdivided into the long-winged and the short-winged. Interestingly the short-winged morph is free of Wolbachia, but only the long-winged morph is multiple- infected with the Wolbachia bacterium. We sampled four populations of the long-winged morph in Korea and performed pyrosequencing in Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), to determine the bacterial strain diversity. Six different gene regions (coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, hcpA and wsp gene) were targeted and amplified. However, the result shows that diversity of haplotypes is very high. The pyrosequencing approach in MLST, a new method of discriminating Wolbachia strains, is promising to effectively detect multiple infections and rare haplotypes.