The concept of „Sustainability‟ has become as major concern and it used by consumers and corporations to convey the concept of taking care of the environment. Environmental concern has led to sustainable consumption in a variety of product categories, such as electricity, textiles, apparel, food, and grocery products (Chan, 2001; Harrison, Newholm, & Shaw, 2005; Vermeir & Verbeke, 2006a, 2006b). Interest of the negative environmental impacts are rapidly increasing in present fashion business and consumer behavior has become a rising concern of the consumption and fashion supply chain to apply sustainable consumption (Birtwistle & Moore, 2007; Fineman, 2001). The environmental and social concern recognized in fashion industry from 1990‟s. However, the complexity of conceptual definition of sustainability and ecologically responsible consumer generates different and mistaken perception to consumer. In addition, in fashion industry, the terms of „eco-fashion‟, „environmentally friendly fashion‟,„green fashion‟, „ethical fashion‟, and „sustainable fashion‟ are frequently used interchangeably to describe the same concept. These interchangeable terminology is leading to confusion of the readers by the non-unified terminology (Choi et al., 2012). Also, consumers seem to have narrow scope and little understanding of sustainable fashion. In general, consumers focuses on environmental aspect not the wide-range of complexity of environment, social, and economical concern (Cervellon, Hjerth, Ricard, & Carey, 2010). The growing number of fashion brands are leveraging on green branding initiatives. Green marketing is increasing rapidly in corporate aspects and for a consumer perspective, global consumers are recognizing a personal accountability to take responsibility for social and environmental issues. Despite the fact many of individuals‟ willingness to purchase green products has increased in the last few years, however, there is limited studies suggest that purchase of green or sustainable products. Consumer research on sustainable fashion has mainly focused on consumer behaviors towards sustainable fashion products (SFPs); however, relevant studies that examined the whole process of the predicting proenvironmental behavior cross nationally value and the eWOM are still scarce. The purposes of research model are 1) to identify the determinants of eWOM intention on consumers' purchase intentions, 2) to examine the information adoption process as precursors of purchase intention of sustainable fashion, and 3) to testify different message types effects to information adoption process.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 여러 산업의 선행연구들을 통하여 고객에게 제공되는 관계효익의 개념을 경제적 효익, 고객화효익, 사회적효익, 심리적효익으로 구분하여 전환장벽과 재구매의도에 미치는 영향에 대하여 확인하고자 하였다. 방법: 본 연구는 안경원에서 안경테, 안경렌즈, 콘택트렌즈를 구입하였던 347명의 고객을 대상으로 설문 조사하고 그 데이터를 분석하였다. 데이터 분석은 SPSS 18.0 통계프로그램을 이용하여 빈도분석, 요인분석, 회귀분석을 실시하여 안경원의 관계효익과 전환장벽, 재구매의도에 관한 연구 가설을 검증하였다. 결과: 첫째, 관계효익 중 심리적효익과 고객화효익이 전환장벽 형성에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 관 계효익 중 세 요인, 즉 심리적효익, 경제적효익, 고객화효익이 재구매의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 전환장벽이 재구매의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 본 연구에서는 안경원의 관계효익 중에서 심리적효익이 전환장벽과 재구매의도에 중요한 역할을 하 는 것과 관계효익의 네 요인 중 고객화효익이 전환장벽 형성과 재구매의도에 영향을 주는 것을 발견하였다. 경제적효익은 재구매의도 형성에만 영향을 미치므로 안경원 경영자는 안경사의 장기 근무를 위한 노력과 재 교육을 제공하여 고객관계관리를 통한 전환장벽 형성과 재구매의도를 높이려는 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다.

Alginate lyase from Streptomyces violaceoruber was purified by DEAE sephacel chromatography and SP sepharose chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 14.6 units/mg protein, representing a 40.6-fold purification of the crude extract. The final preparation thus obtained showed a single band on Tricine-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis whose molecular weight was determined to be 23.3 kDa. The polyMG block of sodium alginate was hydrolyzed by the purified alginate lyase and then separated by activated carbon column chromatography and bio gel P-2 gel filtration. The main hydrolysates were composed of hetero type M/G-oligosaccharides with the degrees of polymerization (D.P.) being 6 and 8. To investigate the effects of hetero type M/Goligosaccharides from the sodium alginate on the growth of some intestinal bacteria, cells were cultivated individually on the modified-MRS medium containing D.P. 6 and 8 M/G-oligosaccharides. B. longumgrew 4.25-fold and 6.44-fold more effectively by the treatment of D.P. 6 and 8 M/G-oligosaccharides compared with those of standard MRS medium. In addition, B. bifidumgrew 3.3-fold and 5.4-fold more effectively by the treatment of D.P. 6 and 8 M/G-oligosaccharides. In conclusion, D.P. 8 was more effective than D.P. 6 hetero M/G-oligosaccharides as regards the growth of Bifidobacteriumspp. and Lactobacillus spp

Colorectal cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality that accounts for over 9% of all incidences of cancer. Additionally, colorectal cancer is widely recognized as an environmental disease related to ill-defined cultural, social and lifestyle factors including physical activity, obesity, cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol consumption. Accordingly, natural phytochemicals and extracts have attracted attention because of their beneficial biological effects. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a common supplementary medicine applied to increase bioenergetic capacity in various diseases. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether CoQ10 treatment has any inhibitory effects and its related cellular mechanisms in human colon cancer HCT116 cells. A MTT assay revealed that CoQ10 slightly decreased the proliferation of HCT116 cells; however, glutathione- and superoxide dismutase- activity were unchanged in response to CoQ10 treatment. A DCF-DA assay revealed that CoQ10 slightly increased ROS release of HCT116 cells. However, in a nitric oxide (NO) assay, CoQ10 significantly increased NO production in a dose-dependent manner. The results of western blot analysis revealed that the protein levels of Bax, p21 and p53 were increased, whereas the protein level of Bcl2 was decreased suggesting that the CoQ10-mediated inhibitory mechanism is associated with apoptotic signaling. Taken together, our findings indicate that CoQ10 has an inhibitory effect on the growth of colon cancer cells via NO production that is associated with regulation of factors involved in apoptotic signaling including Bax, Bcl2, p21 and p53.

We report on the dispersion state of partially reduced graphene oxide (PRGO) in organic solvents, namely methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, toluene, and xylene, by controlling the carbon to oxygen (C/O) atomic ratio of the PRGOs. A two-phase solvent exchange method is also proposed to transfer PRGO from water to an aprotic solvent, such as methyl ethyl ketone. We achieve relatively good dispersion in aprotic and non-polar solvents by controlling the C/O atomic ratio of the PRGOs and applying the two-phase solvent exchange method. There is an increase in the glass transition temperatures with the dispersion of PRGOs into amorphous polymers, in particular a 4.4°C increase for poly(methyl methacrylate) and 3.0°C increase for polycarbonate. Good dispersion of PRGO in a nonpolar polymer, such as linear low density polyethylene, is also obtained.

Rubus coreanus is known to have diverse biological properties, such as free radical scavenging activity and antibacterial activity. In the present study, Rubus coreanus leaf and stem extract (RLSE) was used in boar semen preservation whether it has a beneficial effect on assisted reproductive technology (ART) in mammals. Boar spermatozoa were preserved in Beltsville thawing solution (BTS) in the presence of varying concentrations of RLSE (0-10 μg/mL). Sperm motility, sperm viability, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were examined after 2 days of preservation. The percentage of total motile spermatozoa and progressive motile spermatozoa improved in the spermatozoa preserved with 0.5 μg/mL RLSE. Higher proportions of viable spermatozoa were seen in the presence of 0.5 and 1 μg/mL RLSE than in the control. Intracellular ROS levels decreased when the spermatozoa were preserved in BTS with 0.1–1 μg/mL RLSE. In order to examine the bacterial growth, E. coli was added to liquid semen diluted with antibiotics-free BTS in the presence or absence of RLSE. No anti-bacterial activity of RLSE against E. coli was observed during liquid semen preservation. Although there was no inhibition of E. coli growth, the addition of RLSE might help improve sperm motility and viability during boar semen preservation, suggesting it as a potential reagent for ART in mammals.

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. is a perennial herb found widely distributed in various regions of Korea, Europe, and New Zealand. The root of A. sylvestris have been extensively used in the treatment for antitussive, antipyretic, cough remedy in Oriental medicine, but the physiologically active function of the leaf of A. sylvestris is as yet unknown. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer activity and the mechanism of cell death of water extracts of leaf of Anthriscus sylvestris (WELAS), on human FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Our data showed that WELAS treatment inhibited cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In addition, the treatment of WELAS markedly induced apoptosis in FaDu cells, as determined by the viability assay, DAPI stain and FACS analysis. WELAS also increased the proteolytic cleavage of procaspase-3, -9 and PARP (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase). In addition, exposure to WELAS decreased the expression of Bcl-2 (an anti-apoptotic factor), but increased the expression of Bax (a pro-apoptotic factor), suggesting that mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathways are mediated in WELAS-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate that water extracts of leaf of A. sylvestris inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway in FaDu human hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Therefore, we propose that the water extracts of leaf of A. sylvestris is a novel chemotherapeutic drug, having growth inhibitory properties and induction of apoptosis in human oral cancer cells.

in vitro studies on salt torerance was carried out with Salix gracilistyla. Shoot growth of plants treated with NaCl showed statistically significances among different levels of concentration(0~200 mM) on 1/2MS medium. Plant growth was not grown at in higher concentration than 75 mM and plants were dead over 150 mM Nacl Browned leaf was observed from 14 days at higher concentration than then 75 mM NaCl, and chlorophyll content was dramatically decreased. Main roots and rootlet in same concentrates(75 mM) or high NaCl treatment were changed the color to black. The proline and sugar contents were dramatically increased in the higher than 75 mM NaCl treatments after 14 - 15 days. To determine NaCl and minerals in salt stressed plants, leaf, stem and root of in vitro plant were subjected to ICP analysis. Na content was increased with culture days in all three parts. These results suggest that S. gracilistyla can be used vegetative restoration in coastal wetlands reclaimed.

The OPU technology has been largely used in order to enhance genetic improvement in domestic animals. This study demonstrated that OPU in Hanwoo can be used for the effective technique to improve the reproductive efficiency. This experiment showed the longest times of OPU ever carried out in Hanwoo. In this study four donors were selected from Hanwoo by using DNA extraction and SNP maker. Individual donors have genes which are CAPN1, CAST and FASN and that contain dominant position. CAPN1, CAST genes are often thought to be related with tenderness and FASN gene is thought to be associated with oleic acid which is identified a monounsaturated fatty acid found naturally in many plant and animal products. In experiment 1, OPU technique was used to evaluate the influence of the number of oocytes recovery rate per session. Totally 50 times OPU sessions were performed and oocytes recovery at every 10 times session was evaluated. In case of H4, the OPU session could be done around 30 times after her calving. Compared to the average number of oocytes recovery, H1 was more efficient than H3. Considering this results, the current study showed that animals have considerable individual variation in numbers of oocytes. In this study, the average recovery rate in Hanwoo is similar to the recovery rate of the Bos Taurus. Individual donors have no significant difference among group for recovery rate during 30 sessions. However, Thoese showed significant decrease in the number of oocytes recovery rate after 40 session of OPU treatment. Therefore we conclude that the Hanwoo donor is considered to be suitable for 30 times of OPU treatment. In experiment 2, OPU technique was used to evaluate the influence of the number of recovery rate monthly. The average number of oocytes recovery rate showed no significantly difference for five months. However, the number of oocytes recovery rate decreased significantly during three months after first five months experiments. In experiment 3, whether donors are parity or non-parity, the average number of oocytes recovery rate was checked. However, we could not find any significant result from this experiment. In experiment 4, the developmental rate of in vitro produced embryos from OPU was compared with that from slaughterhouse. From this, cleavage rate of oocytes from OPU is significantly less than that from slaughterhouse. In conclusion, this study included a thorough analysis of oocytes and embryo production by OPU from Hanwoo. OPU can be successfully performed under a continuous regime for 8 month in Hanwoo. The current study shows the clear proof that OPU could be adopted to produce oocytes and embryos of better quality as an advanced technique replacing the usage of MOET in Korea. Finally, elucidation the basis for numerous oocytes obtained from Hanwoo may contribute to a better understanding of reproductive physiology in cattle.

Ochratoxin A, which is frequently detected in cereals and infant diets worldwidely, is a mycotoxin to damage mainly the kidney and liver. Because ochratoxin A is highly thermostable compound. it is necessary to study ways of reducing level of ochratoxin A by controling processing steps. However, food processes, including extrusion, expansion, roasting, and steam cooking, which are used in order to mitigate the contents of ochratoxin A, are known to produce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are generated from radicals decomposed by pyrolysis. Therefore, this study analyzed the levels of 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benz (a) anthracene, chrysene, benzo (b) fluoranthene and benzo (a) pyrene in rice-based products made in high pressure and heating process. Rice samples were finely ground, and homogenized samples were alkaline treatement with 1 M KOH/EtOH and extracted with liquid-liquid extraction method using n-hexane. The extracted solution was pretreated with a silica cartridge. The purified solution was dried with nitrogen gas and dissolved in 1 mL of dichloromethane and injected into GC/MSD. We had overall recoveries for 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons spiked into rice samples ranging from 92.8 to 110.2%. The limit of quantitations of benz (a) anthracene, chrysene, benzo (b) fluoranthene and benzo (a) pyrene in rice-based product were 0.19 ng/g, 0.38 ng/g, 0.51 ng/g, and 0.31 ng/g, respectively. However, these 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in all processed rice samples were not detected.

그래핀 기반 소재는 높은 가공성과 초박성으로 인하여 분리막 소재로서 각광받고 있다. 본 연구에서는, 스핀 코팅 법을 이용하여 제조된 산화그래핀 분리막의 기체 투과 거동을 평가하였다. 산화그래핀 분리막의 구조는 산화그래핀의 크기와 산화그래핀 용액의 pH 조절을 통하여 조절될 수 있다. 산화그래핀의 크기가 작을수록 굴곡률이 작아짐에 따라 분리막의 기 체 투과도 및 선택도가 증가하는 경향을 보인다. 또한 산화그래핀에서의 기체 투과 거동은 적층된 산화그래핀 사이의 채널 크기에 따라 영향을 받는다. 특히 산화그래핀 분리막의 좁은 기공과 이산화탄소 선택적인 산화그래핀 자체의 특성으로 인하 여 산화그래핀 분리막은 이산화탄소에 대한 높은 투과도 및 선택성을 가지며, 이는 이산화탄소 포집에 적합한 특성을 가진다. 이러한 산화그래핀 분리막의 특이한 기체 투과 거동은 흡착-촉진 확산 거동(표면 확산 기작)으로 설명될 수 있다. 본 연구를 통하여 이산화탄소 선택성 분리막 소재 설계와 슬릿 형태의 기공과 적층 구조를 가진 분리막을 통한 기체 투과 거동 연구가 활발히 이루어질 것으로 기대한다.

식품 포장, 전자 기기 등에 활용되고 있는 고분자 기반 기체 차단성 필름은 경량성, 낮은 제조 원가, 높은 가공성 으로 인하여 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 특히 전자기기에 활용되기 위하여, 기체 차단 필름은 매우 높은 수준의 기체 차단성을 요구받고 있다. 하지만 현재 수준의 고분자 기반 기체 차단 필름은 다른 소재와 비교하여 상대적으로 높은 수준의 기체 투과 유량을 보이고 있다. 따라서 기존의 고분자 필름이 가지고 있는 장점을 유지하면서 더 높은 수준의 기체 차단성을 부여하기 위한 요구가 증대되고 있다. 최근 그래핀 소재는 기체 차단을 위한 2차원 소재로서 각광받고 있다. 그러나 그래핀 소재의 낮 은 가공성과 어려운 대면적화 문제 때문에 산화그래핀이 그 대안으로서 떠오르고 있다. 산화그래핀은 높은 종횡비를 가지는 2차원 층상구조의 그래핀에 산소관능기를 함유한 형태로서, 수용성 혹은 극성 용매에 잘 분산되는 성질을 가지며, 따라서 대 량 생산에 용이한 특성을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는, 산화그래핀이 함유된 폴리이미드 나노복합막을 제조하였다. 폴리이미 드는 현재 널리 이용되고 있는 기체 차단성 고분자 중의 하나로서 높은 기계적 강도, 열적 안정성 및 내화학성을 가지고 있 다. 본 연구를 통하여 산화그래핀이 함유된 폴리이미드 나노복합막이 기체 차단성을 가지고 있음을 확인하였다. 더 나아가, Triton X-100이나 sodium deoxycholate (SDC) 등의 계면활성제를 나노복합막에 도입함으로써 산화그래핀의 고분자 매트릭스 내에서의 분산성을 향상시켜 기체 차단성을 높이고자 하였다. 그 결과로서, Triton X-100이 도입된 나노복합막이 예상치와 유 사한, 향상된 기체 차단성을 보임을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 기반으로 고분자 기반 나노복합막의 기체 차단성 분야로의 활용성 이 증대될 것으로 기대한다.

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is one of the most important pests of vegetable crops worldwide. This species cause direct damage by feeding on plant nutrients and indirect damage as transmits many virus vectors. The control of aphid has relied on the use of chemical insecticides and their intensive use over many years has led to the development of resistance. To surmount or avoid these problems, we screened the entomopathogenic fungi against green peach aphid and evaluated their virulences. Several entomopathogenic fungal isolates were selected with high virulence to green peach aphid. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of the selected fungal isolates was tested and analyzed to phytopathogens. Consequently, these entomopathogenic fungi would be used effectively for dual control agents for the green peach aphid and phytopathogen.

RNA interference (RNAi) is an universal gene-knockdown mechanism in eukaryotic organisms including insects. RNAi has been considered as an alternative strategy to control agricultural pests whereby double-stranded RNA triggers a potent and specific inhibition of its homologous mRNA. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a spore-forming bacterium that produces a copious amount of crystal proteins δ-endotoxins under the control of sporulation-dependent promoter. In order to develop dsRNA mass-production platform utilizing recombinant Bt, the pHT1K-EGFP which expresses dsRNA against EGFP under the control of Cyt1-Aa sporulation-dependent promoter was constructed and the expression level of transgene (EGFP) was confirmed by qPCR analysis. These results suggested that Bt’s potential of becoming a new platform in dsRNA production.

A total of nine Korean indigenous goats were used in a cross-over arrangement to give nine replicates per treatment, and they were housed individually assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments. Nine treatments were 0, 500, and 1000 ppm of quercetin supplementation in diets by mixing roughage and concentrate with different ratios (RC ratio) of 3:7 (RC 30), 5:5 (RC 50) and 7:3 (RC 70). Nutrient utilizations of dry matter, crude fat and NDF were not affected by neither RC ratio nor dietary quercetin (p>0.05), but the rate of crude protein and ADF increased in animals in RC 70 group regardless of quercetin supplementation (p<0.05). In addition, higher RC ratio increased (p<0.05) N retention and N retention rate. Total VFA, acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, iso-valeric acid and valeric acid contents were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary quercetin. Meanwhile, lower total cholesterol level exhibited in animals in RC 70 group compared to RC 30 or 50 groups, unrelated to dietary quercetin (p<0.05), however other plasma parameters were not influenced (p>0.05) by RC ratio and dietary quercetin. Our results indicated that both RC ratio and dietary quercetin may not directly affect the production indices and immune responses in Korean indigenous goat

In all mammalian species, progesterone is essential to both the preparation for, and maintenance of, pregnancy. The 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD) enzyme predominantly converts progesterone into its biologically inactive form 20α-hydroxyprogesterone, thereby regulating its activity. Thus, to directly assess sexual maturation in the MediKinetics micropig®, we analyzed the concentration of the steroid hormones progesterone and estradiol during the estrous cycle.Our results show that the progesterone level exhibited by the analyzed micorpig® was low at the beginning of the estrous cycle, and then abruptly increased to 30.32±10.0 ng/mL and 46.37±11.0 ng/mL by days 9 and 11 of the cycle, respectively. It reached the highest level 55.87±3.5 ng/mL on day 13 of the estrous cycle, before decreasing to 46.58±13.1 ng/mL and 10.0±7.6 ng/mL by days 15 and 17 of the cycle, respectively. In contrast, the estradiol level was shown to be highest (27.13±11.2 ng/mL) at the initiation of the estrous cycle, after which point it decreased to 13.29±6.5 ng/mL and 10.94±5.9 ng/mL by days 4 and 5 of the estrous cycle, respectively. By day 17 of the estrous cycle, the estradiol level decreased to 4.13±7.6 ng/mL.We anticipate that these results will provide useful information to enable the study of human ovulation and reproductive physiology using the MediKinetics micoripig® as a model system. We recommend further investigation to elucidate the functional mechanisms underlying the regulation of sexual maturation in the MediKinetics micropig®.

The release profiles of nisin from nisin-incorporating gel foods and the antimicrobial activities of the gels on the growth of Brochothrix thermosphacta in an aqueous system containing the gels have been investigated. A linear regression model was applied to determine the diffusion coefficient (D) for the diffusion of nisin in the gel. The antimicrobial activities of nisin released from 1, 2 and 3% (w/v) agar gels on the growth of B. thermosphacta in a broth medium with and without nisin were investigated. The D decreased from 1.2×10 -2 to 8.2×10 -3 and 6.4×10 -3 cm 2 /s as the agar concentration in the gel increased from 1 to 2 and 3% (w/v), demonstrating the diffusion rate in the gels can be controlled by the agar concentration in gel. The agar gel incorporating nisin inhibited the B. thermosphacta growth in the broth medium by prolonging the lag phase. The growth inhibition was enhanced by the addition of nisin in the medium. The results of this study exhibited that the gel food is a feasible nisin delivery system with a controlled release achieved by the adjustment of agar concentration in the system, demonstrating the potential of nisin-incorporating gel for preserving particulate-containing drinks.

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of harvesting time of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam; IRG) in spring on dry matter (DM) yield. IRG cultivars ‘Kowinearly’ and ‘Greenfarm’ were seeded at 50 kg/ha and grown on rice paddy fields. There was no difference in growth characteristics between both varieties before winter. However, cold tolerance of Kowinearly was higher than that of Greenfarm, as demonstrated by post-wintering growth characteristics. The heading date of both varieties was affected by the spring weather. The IRG was harvested three times at 5-day intervals beginning from 9 May. The DM yield of Greenfarm was 6,306; 7,335; and 8,109 kg/ha, and that of Kowinearly was 7,498; 9,196; and 10,449 kg/ha at the three consecutive harvests. The delay of the harvesting time for 5 and 10 days increased the DM yield of Greenfarm by 16% and 29% and that of Kowinearly by 23% and 39%, respectively, compared to the yield at first harvest (p < 0.05). Therefore, IRG harvest later than early to mid-May is expected to increase productivity. The feed values of Greenfarm were: 12.2% of crude protein (CP), 34.5% of acid detergent fiber (ADF), 57.7% of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 61.6% of total digestible nutrients (TDN), and 72.3% of in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD). For Kowinearly, these values were 16.4% of CP, 30.4% of ADF, 52.7% of NDF, 64.9% of TDN and 79.0% of IVDMD.

The present study investigated the effects of different seeding rates on growth characteristics and seed productivity of the “Kowinearly” cultivar of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in paddy fields. Sowing Kowinearly in paddy fields under growing rice at the rates of 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg/ha resulted in seed yields of 1.57, 1.92, 2.06, and 2.09 ton/ha, respectively. Seed yield of Kowinearly was the highest at a seeding rate of 50 kg/ha (p<0.05), at which the cultivar was able to survive in winter and the weed ratio was low. Under these conditions, most growth characteristics such as winter survival (85%), weed ratio (10%), stems per square meter (1,006) were superior than those sown at other seeding rates (p<0.05). In addition, it has been reported that the economic efficiency of the 50 kg/ha seeding rate was higher than that of the other seeding rates.