A test was conducted using two high density discharge lamps, the H2D and the structurally new H4D. They were tested for luminous illumination and luminous temperature in the day and night time. The test was conducted without crippling the performance of the H2D by adding a magnetic actuator, enabling it to move left to right, and up and down. By making these modifications we constructed a sample of the H4D. We compared the H2D and the H4D sample's luminous illumination and luminous temperature by using a photometer and a digital thermometer in the day and night time. We discovered that the H2D and H4D performed similarly from the data we gathered. Now we know the H4D has potential use and extensive research needs to be made to gather more detailed data.

GRAS (generally recognized as safe) 하며 열에 민감한 기능성 물질의 전달체로 이용될 수 있는 beta-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) 나노입자 연구는 건강 기능성 유식품 개발에 기여 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 protein self-assembly 방법을 이용하여 β-Lg나노입자를 제조하고, 투과 전자 현미경과 분광광도계를 이용하여 β-Lg나노입자 제조 공정요인에 따른 나노입자의 구조 형태 및 화학적 특성 연구가 수행 되었다. 65℃ 열처리 온도와 1mM CaCl₂에서는 β-Lg나노입자가 형성 되지 않았다. 그러나 CaCl₂농도가 2mM에서 5mM로 증가 함 에 따라 나노입자 형성이 관찰 되었고 그 입자 크기도 점차 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 CaCl₂농도가 증가 할수록 turbidity 값이 증가하였다. 이러한 CaCl₂농도 증가에 따른 나노입자의 구조적 변화는 β-Lg와 Ca² 사이의 정전기적 상호작용이 중요한 요인임을 알 수 있었다. 열처리 온도가 55℃에서 85℃로 증가함에 따라 β-Lg나노입자 크기가 증가 하였고, 이러한 열처리 온도 증가에 따른 나노입자의 구조적 변화는 β-Lg의 내부 free sulfhydryl 기와 관련된 분자간의 disulfide 결합이 입자형성에 관여함 을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 나노입자 형성과 입자크기 조절에는 CaCl₂농도와 열처리 온도가 중요한 요인임을 알 수 있었다.

Three-story Stone pagodas in Gameunsa Temple site, one of the early staged stone pagodas, has been known as a standard of Silla stone pagodas. A stone pagoda is not only a stone art work and but also a stone architecture. In understanding the stone pagoda it is very important to be approached with technological side in which we can investigate the stone pagoda deeply and as well as to have been approached with art historical view. Also it needs that we should see the stone pagoda in view of structural safety. We can get many high technique from our ancestors who made Gameunsajiseoktap. 1. To reduce any deformation such as relaxation and sinking of members which is caused by a heavy load the members such as the lower tier of the base is made up of the foundation stone and side stone in each, comprising one stone. 2. A special construction method for connection between wall stone and column stone in stereobates was invented. It is to make column stone projected partially and wall stone be caved in that two members should be jointed well. This unique method is not used any longer after the three-story Stone pagodas in Gameunsa Temple Site. 3. In each side upper and lower member are not engaged as the size of roof stones and support stones of roof stones are different. It can be done for a distribution of perpendicular load and a prevention for relaxation of members. 4. It makes sure that to make upper ends of support stones 10mm lower was to be avoid upper loads to it judging from survey in disassemblying east pagoda. It proves that ancestors who made this stone pagoda had a technique to understand the structural matters to make small members as big as possible, not to engage in joint, to avoid in ends of members from upper load.

내진설계기준이 반영되지 않은 기존 구조물의 경우 내진보강에 의하여 구조물의 내진성능을 향상시킬 수 있다. 내진보강의 수준을 합리적으로 결정하기 위해서는 구조물의 사용기간 동안에 예상되는 지진피해 관련 손실이 최소화되도록 하여야 하는데, 이를 위해서는 구조물이 위치한 지역에 대한 지진의 강도별 발생빈도, 지진에 의한 구조물의 기능상실 및 직접/간접 피해를 복합적으로 고려하여 구조물의 예상 손실비용을 산정하여야 하며 이는 구조물 손상에 대한 지진위험도 해석을 통해서 그 해석을 수행할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 확률적 지진요구모델을 이용한 위험도 평가를 통하여 구조물의 지진에 대한 피해 손실을 정량적으로 산정하고 이를 바탕으로 초기비용과 예상손실비용을 포함한 총 손실비용을 최소화시킬 수 있도록 내진보강 수준을 최적화하는 절차를 제시하였다. 구조물과 관련된 지진피해 산정에 있어서 지진하중의 강도별 발생확률 및 구조물의 손상확률을 동시에 고려하여 구조물 생애주기에 대한 구조물의 지진손상 확률밀도함수 및 누적분포함수를 수식화하였으며 수식의 유효성을 유지하기 위한 확률변수의 유효범위를 정의하였다. 또한 여기에 사회적, 경제적 손실을 정량화하기 위한 손실함수를 결부시켜 구조물과 관련된 지진 피해 손실의 기댓값을 정량적으로 산정할 수 있도록 하였다. 제시된 해석기법은 기존의 시뮬레이션에 의한 손실산정법과 비교하여 해석의 정확도는 잃지 않으면서 구조해석의 반복횟수를 대폭 줄일 수 있다는 장점이 있으며 빌딩과 교량을 비롯한 구조물의 내진성능 평가 및 개선을 위한 의사결정 시에 효율적으로 적용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Elongated CdSe nanoparticles with a diameter of 3-7nm have been successfully synthesized using two surfactants of trioctylphospine (TOP) and hexadecylamine (HDA) at . The formation of elongated CdSe nanoparticles is possibly due to the cooperative effects from both the different binding capability of two surfactants (TOP and HDA) and intrinsically anisotropic crystal structure of the CdSe. The electron diffraction pattern of CdSe nanoparticles revealed the formation of wurzite phase. The CdSe samples showed red-shifted wavelength from 560 to 580nm with increasing the refluxing time due to the gradual growth of CdSe nanoparticles. The relatively broad absorption band can be attributed to the surface state of CdSe nanoparticles. The possible formation mechanism of elongated CdSe nanoparticles was proposed and the characteristics of CdSe have been discussed as well.

The purpose of this study is to develop the jellyfish separator system(JSS) for reducing fishery damage by the increase of jellyfish in the sea area of Korea in summer. First of all, to find the optimum structure of a JSS, six types of JSS in trawl fishery were designed and manufactured, the underwater shape of JSS and the separating process by JSS were observed in the circulating water channel(CWC). And the field experiments were carried out in July and September 2004 in the southern sea of Korea. For the moving path of the jellyfish model in the CWC, in case that the model was larger than the mesh size of the separator net, it was guided toward the lower part of the separator net by the guiding net and discharged through the outlet. In case that the model was smaller than the mesh size of the separator net, some models which passed through the upper part of the guiding net were smaller than the mesh size of the guiding net and discharged through the outlet and most of the model which passed through the lower part of the guiding net moved to the codend passing through the separator net. According to the field experiment result, the optimum tilt angle of separator net was inferred 20˚ that the discharge rate of jellyfish was higher than the other tilt angle of separator net and the optimum structure of JSS was inferred GS type(consists of guiding net and separator net) that the discharge rate of jellyfish was higher than S type(consists of separator net). It was demamded to carry out more study for the countermeasure to reduce loss of fish.

In this study, BaTiO3 thin films were grown by RF-magnetron sputtering, and the effects of a post-annealing process on the structural characteristics of the BaTiO3 thin films were investigated. For the crystallization of the grown thin films, post-annealing was carried out in air at an annealing temperature that varied from 500-1000˚C. XRD results showed that the highest crystal quality was obtained from the samples annealed at 600-700˚C. From the SEM analysis, no crystal grains were observed after annealing at temperatures ranging from 500 to 600˚C; and 80 nm grains were obtained at 700˚C. The surface roughness of the BaTiO3 thin films from AFM measurements and the crystal quality from Raman analysis also showed that the optimum annealing temperature was 700˚C. XPS results demonstrated that the binding energy of each element of the thin-film-type BaTiO3 in this study shifted with the annealing temperature. Additionally, a Ti-rich phenomenon was observed for samples annealed at 1000˚C. Depth-profiling analysis through a GDS (glow discharge spectrometer) showed that a stoichiometric composition could be obtained when the annealing temperature was in the range of 500 to 700˚C. All of the results obtained in this study clearly demonstrate that an annealing temperature of 700˚C results in optimal structural properties of BaTiO3 thin films in terms of their crystal quality, surface roughness, and composition.

본 연구는 오대산국립공원 월정사 일주문에서 금강교 사이에 분포하는 전나무 숲의 식생구조를 파악하기 위하여 진행되었다. 대상지내 흉고직경(DBH) 20cm이상 전나무는 총 977주이었으며, 2006년 조사당시 생육이 불량하거나 고사한 수목은 96주로 전체의 9.8%이었다. 전나무 수령은 41~135년(DBH 11~82cm)이었으며, DBH 100cm이상 대경목은 8주이었고 가장 큰 전나무는 DBH 175cm, 수고 31m이었다. 전나무 밀도는 400m2(20×20m)당 6.1개체이었으며, DBH 20~70cm까지의 개체가 400m2당 5.1개체로 가장 많았다. TWINSPAN을 이용하여 식물군집구조를 분석한 결과 4개의 군집으로 분류되었고 소나무전나무군집은 전나무군집으로 변화가 예상되었으며 나머지 3개 군집은 전나무 군집으로써 피나무, 고로쇠나무 등 낙엽활엽수와의 경쟁이 예상되었다. 오대산국립공원 월정사 주변 전나무 숲은 지속 가능한 문화경관관광자원으로서 가치가 높기 때문에 보전 및 관리를 위해 전체 전나무 중 생육불량 수목과 고사목 발생 원인을 규명하고 대책을 마련해야 할 것이다 또한 전나무 숲 내 아교목층 또는 관목층에 출현하는 피나무, 고로쇠나무 등 낙엽활엽수는 전나무와 지속적으로 경쟁할 가능성이 높으므로 제거 등의 적극적 관리를 해야 하며, 발아 후 초기 생장이 매우 느려 주변 수목에 의한 피압 우려가 있는 전나무 치수는 지속적인 관리가 필요하다.

The structural and electrical properties of amorphous BaSm2Ti4O12 (BSmT) films on a TiN/SiO2/Si substrate deposited using a RF magnetron sputtering method were investigated. The deposition of BSmT films was carried out at 300˚C in a mixed oxygen and argon (O2 : Ar = 1 : 4) atmosphere with a total pressure of 8.0 mTorr. In particular, a 45 nm-thick amorphous BSmT film exhibited a high capacitance density and low dissipation factor of 7.60 fF/μm2 and 1.3%, respectively, with a dielectric constant of 38 at 100 kHz. Its capacitance showed very little change, even in GHz ranges from 1.0 GHz to 6.0 GHz. The quality factor of the BSmT film was as high as 67 at 6 GHz. The leakage current density of the BSmT film was also very low, at approximately 5.11 nA/cm2 at 2 V; its conduction mechanism was explained by the the Poole-Frenkel emission. The quadratic voltage coefficient of capacitance of the BSmT film was approximately 698 ppm/V2, which is higher than the required value (<100 ppm/V2) for RF application. This could be reduced by improving the process condition. The temperature coefficient of capacitance of the film was low at nearly 296 ppm/˚C at 100 kHz. Therefore, amorphous BSmT grown on a TiN substrate is a viable candidate material for a metal-insulator-metal capacitor.