Park, Yong-han. 2012. A Study on the usage aspects of Korean Honorifics. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 20(1). pp. 57-77. The purpose of this research is to investigate the usage of “contracted honorifics” in Korean language, and to explain the result in relation to socio-cultural property of the military society. Generally, the military society used to focus on vertical relationships which emphasized on social positions and ranks; however, in these days, the society is changing its focus on parallel relationships which stresses freedom and equality. Thus, the usage of “contracted honorifics” in Korean is gradually decreasing. In comparison with the civil society, the military society still uses the “contracted honorifics” very thoroughly. When one talks in a military society, he/she considers the personnel of the highest rank and addresses others without the honorific title. The usage of “contracted honorifics” in the military is closely related to the special property of the military society. The “contracted honorifics" is consistently used in the military with the focus on the relative ranking order rather than the speaker him/herself due to the special features of the ranking system and the conservativeness of the military. Hence, newly enlisted soldiers have difficulty in adapting themselves to the culture and the language in the military. Although the military is a special community executing national defense, it has to recognize the usage of the general honorifics in the civil society, and make efforts to develop an atmosphere which considers the language used in the civil society.

This paper discusses the rationale for establishing the interval from the Gabo Reforms (1895) to the liberation from Japan (1945) as the modern Korean language period for teaching the history of Korean language or the life history of Korean language. Such setting of this period arose from the critical awareness regarding the school grammar curriculum which defines modern Korean language as the language developed during the era between the Imjin War and the end of the Gaehwa period. The issue of differentiating by period the history of Korean language in the school grammar curriculum is seen as a problem that arose from a simplistic use of the term “modern” as it is applied in the life history of Korean language. To properly establish the modern period of Korean language, a balanced perspective is required regarding the concept of history which is affected by opposing approaches, such as those of positivist and relativist historical views and micro and macro histories. In addition, since the modernity in modern history has freedom and equality language life inequality in the history of language should become the key perspective. From this standpoint, the establishment of modern Korean language must be looked at of the human agent as its basic attributes, the overcoming of contradictions such as from the basis of written language rather than spoken, and the identity of spoken and written language which holds the issue of equality in language life should become the key yardstick for establishing the period of modern Korean language. Hence the Gabo-Reforms which occasioned King Gojong’s Royal Decree on Korean Language (1895) and the publication of the DoknipShinmun(1896) should be set as the starting point of modern Korean language .Moreover, since Koreans fully became the principal agents of Korean language and the Hangeul-only Law was enacted in the wake of the liberation from Japan(1945), the liberation should be taken as the line that divides modern Korean from contemporary Korean language

본 연구는 1,2학년 국어와 수학 교과서의 한자어를 구성하는 한자를 조사하여 그 실태를 파악한다. 한자어 조사 방법은 학년별로 국어와 수학 교과서에 나타난 한자어 총수를 조사한다. 그리고 1음절 한자어, 2음절 한자어, 3음절 한자어, 그 이상 음절 한자어의 수와 종류를 분류한다. 그 다음은 한자어를 구성하는 한자의 난이도를 조사하는데, 그 기준은 교육부 선정 한문교육용 중학교 900자와 고등학 교 1,800자, 이 1,800자를 벗어난 한자로 구분한다.

Language is often described as a mirror reflecting the contemporary world, and since Meiji era, there have been many twists and turns in Japanese language policy for the last 130 years throughout the modern history. Especially the relationship between the dialects and the standard language, which has repeatedly experienced confrontations and conflicts, has been a major issue of Japanese language policy. Before the middle of Meiji era in the late 19th century, dialects were the only language used in daily lives of the ordinary people. Also, the ordinary people did not feel comfortable with the standard language. After the middle of Meiji era, dialects became the target to exterminate, as the government in the mood of the strong nationalism started promoting the standard language. After the defeat of World WarⅡ in the middle of the 20th century, dialects were losing their grounds as the common language has rapidly spread as the awareness of citizenship grew. Also, the dialect used to transmit ideas has become one of the linguistic choices based on the styles. This article is an overview of Japanese language policy in Japan, especially on the relationship between Japanese dialects and standard language and the advent of the common language.

This study conducts a sociolinguistic analysis of coordinate word order in Korean. The results can be summarized as follows: (i) Word placement (P1, P2) of coordinate word order is determined by the elements of lexical hierarchy, basic vocabulary, word frequency and sociocultural meaning. The elements of lexical hierarchy, basic vocabulary, and word frequency designate the status along the familiar-estranged and superior-inferior axes. (ii) The primary types of coordinate word order are divided into right order (pattern A) types and counter order (pattern B) types. Further, these are based on the arrangement of affirmative meaning (Af) and negative meaning (Ne), which are in accordance with word placement and the sociolinguistic rules of the alternative rule and co-occurrence rule. (iii) The environment types of coordinate word order include natural word order, social word order, and belief word order. The types of word order use include freezing word order and situational order. Therefore freezing word order and situational order, combined with right order and counter order, constitute the formation rule of word order. Based on our saram/horaŋi (man and tiger) example, we describe the input and output of word order. (iv) Coordinate word order comprises different types of word order use, which are influenced by gender variety. Further, the pooling of word order types forms a sociolinguistic pattern and a V-shaped curve. There is also generation variety, which also allows for sociolinguistic patterns to be formed through pooling. The criteria for a W-shaped curve are bi-order, right word order, and counter word order, which combine to form an age-grading and undulating pattern. Finally, there is class variety. In rural dialects class references are used. High classes use the right word order of new types, while low classes use the right word order of old types.

This paper aims to study the linguistic aspects of advertisements from 1950 to 1959. I compiled and analysed the copies of advertisements from newspapers published during that period. The brief summary of this study is as follows: Many of the copies were written in Chinese characters (漢字) with a mixture of Hangeul (한글). Chinese characters were most frequently used in advertisements. Compared with current advertisements, words from foreign languages were less found in those of 1950s. Domestic products were so few in 1950s that sellers didn't have to compete with others to sell their goods. Thus the linguistic expressions of advertisements were stylistically and strategically simple. But after the Korean War, many kinds of Korean products began to be launched to the market. Then the advertisement language became sophisticated to appeal to the consumers. There was a change in the meaning of the word satang during that period. Originally satang meant "sugar", and "candy" was called al􀂳satang ("egg-shaped sugar"). But when the domestic manufacturer made sugar and named it seoltang ("snowy sugar"), consumers began to call "sugar" seoltang. As a result, the meaning of satang changes from "sugar" to "candy".

Politeness is an important feature in Korean language and it has been studied actively. But it can be said that the study of Politeness in the sixteenth century does not exist because the century has often been tied with the fifteenth century, so that research on this field has followed that way. Nevertheless, there are many differences between the fifteenth century and the sixteenth century. Thus it is necessary to study each field separately. Focusing on this view, this investigation is to divide the forms of Politeness and these are the results. The degrees of Politeness in the sixteenth century are: polite formal style―polite informal style, and impolite formal style―impolite informal style. Considering each style with certain examples, firstly, 'nayida, nayitga, showshyeo' forms are the 'polite formal style' and these were used between people in different social ranks, such as 'servant to king, apprentice to master, offspring to parent'. Secondly, 'naengyida, naengyitga/ naengda, nitga/ nae, singa, so' forms are the 'polite informal style' and these were used to express intimacy. In more detail, 'nae, singa, so' forms were used in family relations, not in social relations. Thirdly, '-da/-nda/-ra' forms are the 'impoliteformal style' and these were used to make differences of social ranks definitely. Lastly, '-ra/-ga(go) pattern, -(ni)ri' forms are the 'impolite-informal style' and these were used to make more amiable relations in different social ranks and narrow the emotional distance.

The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 14(2). The purpose of this study is to reconsider the existing views on concord of appellation term with a final ending. In general, it has been considered that there is a consistent system to accord 'the object not expressed with pronoun' with 'hashowsheo' form, 'geudui' with 'hayassheo' form, and 'neo' with 'hara' form. There are, however, many examples from actual use which cannot be explained in this framework. Here, the concord of appellation term with final ending in middle Korean is classified into 'conforming model on rule' and 'strategic model of speaker'. The former is sub-classified into 'authoritative type' and 'bonding type', the latter 'appellation type' and 'final ending type'. Considering the fact that the appellation term and the final ending are related to the honorific system, such features as dialogue, personal feelings between interlocutors among others should be included in an analysis. It has been understood that some pronouns are used only with some appellations according to previous research regardless of these facts. The basic approach of this study is to provide an analysis distinctive from prevailing explanations.

This research explores the linguistic modes of animated cartoon programs focusing on such areas as program titles, subtitles, character names, theme song verses and dialogues in the programs aired by three major broadcasters. Among those that surface prominently are the use of foreign languages and unnecessary foreign borrowings in all research areas; the uses of language of explicit violence and sexuality in theme songs; and violations of linguistic norms involving slang or substandard expressions and grammatical errors. Some issues include the use of an inordinate level of violent and pejorative language, excessive occurrence of foreign words and/or foreign borrowings and foreign-sounding non-words (i.e. nonce words), grammatical violations, and the use of lexis inappropriate for the target audience. These aspects are related to the current state of affairs in the broadcasting industry: the separation of production and broadcasting (i.e., most programs are produced by external program-manufacturers, whose major concerns are marketability and viewer interest rather than the inherent quality of the programs). This research calls for concern over the good of young viewers and of regulation and supervision over broadcasting contents.

This study attempts to analyze the honorific system in Middle Age Korean through a sociolinguistic approach. Although this area has been researched from many viewpoints so that mentioning the status or necessity of the honorary hierarchy in Korean is unnecessary, it is not an exaggeration to state that there has not been any previous research to explain it from a sociolinguistic perspective. The reason is that it is difficult to explain the speaking environment and the relationship to listeners dearly because the language data in the fifteenth century exist in the form of literature. Considering the aspects of use or characteristics of the honor hierarchy, in roost cases a sociolinguistic perspective is necessary and should be applied to Middle Age Korean. This study defines the honorific system in Middle Age Korean as an 'absolute honor hierarchy' as opposed to a 'relative honor hierarchy' and aims to show the reason why there was a 'language step change' at that time. Furthermore, the importance of the 'solidarity' relationship in the real situation of society where the principle of 'power' dominated was explored.