This paper observes how the third grade elementary English textbook does not provide target-like balanced language input. It proposes that the unbalance is attributed to the usefulness-based listing of communicative function expressions in the 7th National English Curriculum. The paper concludes that the problem is hard to resolve unless due and proper attention is paid to formal and structural aspects of the target language in designing national English curriculum and developing English textbooks.

Kim, Jun-Geun(Gisan) was a late 19th century Chosen dynasty painter who created numerous genre paintings for West European clients in the newly opened treaty ports of Wonsan, Busan and Inchon. The treaty ports in the late 19th century Chosen represented of the crossroads the economy, values, and the institutions of the West European powers. In particular, the agriculture-based economy, Confucianism, and land-owner noble class started being eroded by a commerce-based economy, the values of Christianity, West European institution, and a new class of people who amassed wealth from commerce. As Kim, Jun-Geun’s paintings were created for sale to West European clients, they exhibit characteristics that are distinct from the traditional genre paintings in terms of presentation style and the selection of the subject matters. The export genre painting originated in the 18th century around Guangdong, China. Broadly, there are two styles of genre paintings: the Guangzhou style and Ningbo style. Kim, Jun- Geun's paintings resemble the Ningbo style. The Ningbo style tends to highlight the main subjects, form an album of small paintings, and provide a simple treatment of the scenes without the background. Kim, Jun-Geun's paintings cover most aspects of life of common people of his time, ranging well beyond the subjects matters of the traditional genre paintings. His subject matters include the scenes of funeral, folk games, Buddhist and ancestor worship, prison and punishment, shaman custom, debauchees, government officials' formal trips, beggars and handicapped, etc. Many of the subjects are the neglected and the oppressed of the society. And he presents in detail the dress and its ornament that the subjects wear, and all the utensils and things around them. Besides, his subjects' faces are generally expressionless, and their postures are stiff; as such, the feeling of liveliness or movement is lacking. It may be the results of Kim, Jun-Geun's taking the other perspective, namely of his West European clients, rather than his own. The adoption of the other perspective may in turn be a product of the Social Darwinism and the new sense of values that accompanied the infusion of Christianity and West European institutions. Kim, Jun-Geun's portrayals of his subjects appear to reflect the attributes with which the West European Orientalists' of the period characterized the people of the Far East, namely, backwardness, barbarity, irrationality, violence, and mysticism.

Safety is totally established through not only legal regulations and system but the establishment of safety culture. As a foundation of safety culture, safety and health communication is the essential condition. Therefore, in the case of researching safety culture the communication network of a organization is a crucial factor. This study has analysed the structure of occupational safety and health communication between domestic and foreign corporations comparatively by the statistical analysis. The occupational safety and health communication is composed of four sub-dimensions: general communication in working site, using safety information communication, communication with the board of directors, and communication with labor union. The nationality of corporations influences the safety communication significantly except for communication with labor union. Consequently it is possible to infer that the nationality of corporations is a significant factor for safety communication network.

邵雍의 觀物 사상은 그가 우주만물과 인류역사를 연구하는 인식방식 이고, 또한 그의 시에서 중요한 창작 사유이다. 본고는 그가 철학과 시에서 언급한 관물 내용에 근거해서, 그의 관물사상을 以物觀物, 因靜照 物과 因閑觀時, 通物, 以物喜物과 以物悲物 네 가지 범주로 분류하였다. 이 네 가지 관물 방식을 통해 그의 산수자연시의 내용 특징 및 그의 시가에 나타나는 시적화자와 자연의 관계를 설명하고자 하였다. '이물관물'은 인간의 주관의식으로 자연의 현상을 관찰하는 것이 아니라, 자연의 본성으로 자연현상을 관찰하는 인식방식이고, 산수자연현상을 관찰하는 기본인식태도로 그의 시가에 나타난다. '인정조물'과 '인한관시'는 만물 의 근원이 현현되는 조건으로서 그의 시가에 나타난다. '통물'은 인간의 본성과 만물의 본성이 서로 융합되는 인식태도로 그의 시가에 나타난 다. 소옹은 상술한 세 가지 관물방식으로 산수자연현상을 관찰하여 존재의 근원을 체득하고 心性의 근원을 발견하고, 人生自樂의 흥취를 발 견한다. 본고는 그의 관물사상이 현대사회에서 자주 보이는 인간과 자연의 모순 관계를 해결할 수 있고, 또한 자연에 대한 그의 관물사상의 인식방식이 인간과 자연의 관계를 상호 소통과 융합의 관계로 변화시킬 수 있다고 제기하고자 한다.

이미지의 재현은 미디어의 스키마(schema)를 통한 현실의 재편집된 형태의 전달 또는 환영의 생산이었다. 미디어의 초기 매체인 사진 이미지는 실재를 증거로 하기 위한 주요 특성으로부터 출발하였고 그러한 특성이 사실이든 아니든 그것은 사진 이미지가 가지고 있는 사실이라는 유사성에 기여하는 힘을 제공하였다. 미디어 환경 변화 이후, 웹을 기반으로 하는 소통구조는 이미지를 소통의 언어로 세상을 ‘보는’방식과 ‘보여주는’ 방식에 대해 적극적인 자아-제시적 콘텐츠로 디지털 이전의 시각체계(재현과 소통구조 안에서 대상을 어떻게 볼 것인가(Ways of seeing)?)에서 드러났던 대상성의 재현 방식과는 다른 그들의 풍부하고 재미있는 실체의 시각적 환영을 미디어 놀이 문화에서 재현하고 있다.

Thepurposeofthisstudy isto examinetheproblemsofmiscommunication in military organizationsand to suggest some ways in educating military personnel for better communication.Indoingthis,thepresenceofthebarrierandobstaclesin the military communication was closely examined and diagnosed in various ways: how the communicative obstacles affect the flow of information in the military and how each dimension of obstacles is associated with various identities of military personnelsuch as rank, gender,and age.The results reveal three factors in communication problems:first,thebarriersofinformationflow incommunicationprocess; second,the conflictdue to the complex identities ofmilitary members; third,the changes in attitude ofthe communication participants.Along with these findings, suggestions for some directions of effective communication education in military organization arealsodiscussed.The communicationeducationpolicymustconsidertheaspectsofmilitary job specificationsandpriorityofmiddle-gradeoffices,Itshouldbenotedthat continuing education is also important to deliver correctness, appropriateness,andeffectivenessofcommunication

본 연구는 청소년의 부모자녀 의사소통이 그들의 인터넷게임 중독에 어느 정도 영향을 끼치는가를 알아보고자 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 제시된 구체적인 문제들에 대한 이론적 배경은 문헌자료에 대한 내용분석을 하였고, 실증분석은 설문지로 수집된 자료에 대하여 빈도분석(frequencies), 요인분석(factor analysis), 신뢰도(reliability), 그리고 단계적 회귀분석(hierarchial regression)을 적용하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하여 제시하면 다음과 같다. 즉, 부모-자녀(청소년)간 의사소통이 수용적일수록 청소년의 인터넷 중독에 낮게 하는데 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 부모-자녀간 의사소통의 하위변수인 대화수용성과 배려성은 높을수록 청소년의 인터넷 중독은 더 낮아진다고 할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 성별, 인터넷 이용시간, 그리고 부모와의 대화시간을 통제변수로 하여 변수간 관계를 분석한 결과는 대화수용성이 높을수록 청소년의 인터넷게임 중독은 더 낮아진다고 할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과를 통하여, 청소년이 지각하는 부모-자녀간 의사소통을 활발하게 하는 것이 청소년의 인터넷게임 중독을 예방하거나 감소시키는데 기여할 수 있음을 알 수 있다.

This study was designed to analyse the performance and the mechanisms of workers' participation and communications in industrial accident prevention activities leading to the reduction of industrial accidents. This study also aimed to find out the causal relationship influencing the promotion of prevention activities of industrial accidents. Of the manufacturing businesses with more than 5 workers as the population of the survey, a questionnaire was conducted with 2,500 workspaces chosen by stratified sampling. Out of 2500 workspaces, 971 workspaces equipped with industrial safety and health committee were analysed in this study. According to the results of this study, the primary influential factors on safety activities were the management of industrial accidents and the cooperations between supervisors and workers on site. The secondary influential factor was the establishment of industrial safety and health committee. Regarding the effectiveness of industrial accident reduction, -0.01 was shown by workplace safety activities by themselves and -0.09 was shown by participation and communications through indirect safety activities. This indicated workers' participation and communications play an important role in the reduction of industrial accidents. By discovering the clue to the mechanism of the workers' participation and communications, this study is expected to stimulate the reduction of industrial accidents by emphasizing the importance of workers' participation and communications in resolving the safety and health problem in the workplaces.

Today, Advertisement affects the daily consumption life of consumers because of the features and advantages of advertisement. In particular, and so does the TV advertisement. Therefore, customer education is required for the consumers so that they can lead a rational consumption through TV advertisement quality. In addition, with the introduction of the many new-born distribution channels, the recent market environment in apparel industry is changing, and the service and image of store types consumers can choose are increasing. The purpose of this research is to offer basic data which can help consumers to acquire necessary information and conduct rational consumption through TV advertisement. Also purchasing behavior of consumers communicate, feels of consumers about store image, TV advertisement quality of what is the attitude of the relative influence presents.

Main theme of this paper is the evaluation of the historical significance of Luciano Baldessari's exhibition works mainly during the Fifties. In order to understand the formal and logical basis of those project, his relationship with the historical Avant-gardes and the consequences expressed in his pavilion projects for the Breda Industrial Company are analyzed. The first part focuses on the influence of Italian Futurism, German Expressionism and Italian Rationalism on the formation and experience of Baldessari during the interwar years. The encounter with these movements determine the interest but also the principles along which Baldessari represents his idea of object, space and place. Specially his professional activities during Fascism would determine his attitude toward political power and the necessity of autonomy in artistic sphere. In the second part, different themes that Baldessari affronted in each project of Breda Pavilions is analyzed. Another important issue regard the historiography of the contemporary architecture. Often, many important works that lies in the threshold of the disciplines such as painting and sculpture and media art were excluded in the history of architecture just because they do not deal with the architectural object. Recently, many elements such as theatrical project and temporary objects are considered as part of urban reality and architecture with acknowledgment of their capacity to create event and situations. Along this thought, not just the reconfiguration on the territory of architecture in present but also the criterion to evaluate the past history of architecture is changing drastically. This study on the pavilions of Baldessari intends to contribute indirectly on the current issue of dominion of architecture, but also to evaluate objectively recent architecture. Consequently, architectural protagonists such as Baldessari and their ephemeral projects would be evaluated compressively in their multiplicity of significance.

부산 신항과 낙동강 하구역의 접점인 연결잔교를 통해 소통되는 해수수송 특성을 파악하기 위해 수치모형실험을 통해 대상해역의 해수유동장을 재현하고 연결잔교 주변의 해저수심변화를 가지는 3가지 시나리오를 설정하여 각 시나리오별 연결잔교부를 통한 해수소통 변화를 예측하였다. 수치모의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 신항만 지역에 항내매몰로 수심이 저감된 경우(수심 10 m 가정)에는 약 0.7~18.4% 해수소통량이 저감되었다. 2) 해수소통을 위해 낙동강 하구역 지역에 수로준설(수심 5 m 가정)을 할 경우 약 3.5~21.9%의 해수소통량이 증가하였다.

신항과 낙동강 하구역의 접점인 연결잔교를 통해 소통되는 해수의 수리적인 특성을 파악하기 위하여 연결잔교부에서 현장관측을 실시하고 두 해역간의 상호작용을 해석하고자 하였다. 현장조사 결과로서 연결잔교상의 최대 유속은 1차관측시 13.18 cm/sec, 2차관측시 30.80 cm/sec를 나타내었다. 해수소통량 계산결과는 1차 관측기간 동안 단위시간당 해수소통량은 184.71 m3/sce이고, 잔차해수소통량은 59.74 m3/sec로 신항만에서 낙동강 하구역 방향으로 유출되었다. 또한 2차 관측기간 동안 단위시간당 해수소통량은 331.15 m3/sec이고, 잔차해수소통량은 28.88 m3/sec로 낙동강 하구역에서 신항만 방향으로 유출되었다.

지속적인 도로 건설에도 불구하고 이용차량의 급증으로 인해 도로에서 발생하는 혼잡은 만성적인 수준에 도달했으며, 도로에서의 이동성 및 정시성 저하를 초래하는 등 심각한 교통문제를 유발하고 있다. 이러한 교통문제를 해결하기 위해서는 소통상태 추이 및 혼잡 징후 파악, 혼잡 원인 및 영향범위 분석 등을 통해 혼잡관리 방안을 수립 시행하는 일련의 과정이 필요한데, 이를 위해서는 교통상태를 모니터링 할 수 있는 지표의 개발이 가장 선행되어야 할 중요한 사항이다. 이러한 이유로 미국을 비롯한 여러 나라들에서는 다양한 형태의 혼잡판단기준 및 혼잡지표를 개발하여 왔다. 본 연구에서는 국내 실정에 부합하고 실효성 있는 교통소통관리를 위해 기존 혼잡지표들의 특징 및 국내 적용 가능성을 검토하여 향후 새로운 혼잡지표의 기능 및 요구사항 등에 대한 개발방향을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not ‘focus on form’ instructions can be applied to 7 year old children"s communication classes and how many uptakes are observed from each class. And if it works, what types of ‘focus on form’ will be observed and which types of ‘focus on form’ are most useful for learners" uptakes. This study observed 9 different kinds of ‘focus on form’ types and divided into two higher types: Reactive Focus on Form and Preemptive Focus on Form. From this study, there were 103 ‘focus on form’ episodes which were recorded in order to identify occasions where there was attention to linguistic form. After 98 times, learners’ uptakes were examined from 103 ‘focus on form’ episodes. Learner uptake was generally higher and successful, to a much greater extent than has been reported for ESL adult classrooms. Uptake was higher in ‘reactive focus on form’ than in ‘preemptive focus on form’, in teacher-initiated ‘focus on form’ than in student-initiated ‘focus on form’, and also higher when blended with reactive and preemptive focus on form. Having accomplished this research I conclude it is necessary when attempting to examine young learner uptakes during ‘focus on form’ instructions in a communication class, the teacher should plan to use the most effective types of focus on form ‘recast’ and teacher-initiated episodes as possible, rather than student-initiated episodes.

MBL은 학생들에게 정확하고 효율적인 데이터 수집과 실시간 그래프를 제공함으로써 실험 시간을 단축시켜, 실험 결과에 대한 깊이 있는 토론을 가능하게 함으로 탐구의 본질적 특징인 의사소통과정을 강조한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 과학 탐구와 탐구의 본질적 특징인 의사소통의 관점에서 중등학교 지구과학 MBL수업의 양상을 살펴보았다. 3개의 MBL수업을 녹화한 비디오 테잎을 주된 자료원으로 하였으며, 수업 녹화물과 전사본을 교실탐구 기본요소와 논의 요소틀을 이용하여 분석하였다. 교실탐구의 기본요소는 "문제제기", "증거수집", "설명형성", "과학지식과의 연결", "이론의 발표"의 5가지이다. 연구 결과로 첫째, 세 수업은 각 진행 단계별로 탐구 요소와 그 수준에서 유사한 양상을 보여주었다. 학생들은 교사 주도적 문제 제기로부터, 절차에 따른 증거 수집을 하고, 교사의 지도에 따라 설명을 형성하며, 특정 과학지식을 사용하도록 안내되었다. 하지만, 이론의 발표 요소는 1개의 수업에서만 관찰되었다. 둘째, 탐구의 본질적 측면으로서 논의적 의사소통은 매우 드물게 나타났다. 논의 과정을 포함한 담화 에피소드는 과학적 현상을 다루기보다 실험 과정이나 절차적 측면에 관해 이루어졌다 이론의 발표가 진행된 수업에서 1개의 에피소드만이 과학현상과 관련된 활발한 논의적 의사소통을 보여주었다. 결론적으로 MBL자료가 탐구의 본질적 특징인 의사소통을 강조한다 하더라도, 실제 수업에서 진정한 탐구의 모습을 구현하는 일은 쉽지 않다는 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서 MBL수업에서 탐구 및 논의적 의사소통을 구현하기 위해서는 학생들에게 논의의 기회 제공과 더불어 논의를 유의미하게 개진할 수 있는 교사의 적절한 도움이 필요하다.

The aim of foreign language learning is to develop the communicative competence, it can be said that speakers might communicate their own ideas with each other according to the appropriate linguistic context and condition. Surely considering this ability is deeply related with culture, it has been focusing on the importance of learning culture. Language is part of a culture, so we have to accept naturally to program the teaching culture as a part of teaching language. Actually, such that thinking is apparently not proper. In other words, we need the education of the incorporating both culture and language. Currently, it has been growing the importance of teaching culture in Korean educational context influenced by the movement of teaching foreign language, as reflecting of that above, most of the textbooks published since 2000 have included the cultural content and materials specially with the emphasis on the communicative competence. After looking into the situation in teaching language of culture about such that textbooks, this study tries to present the educational way on the basis of the result of those facts. To do so, as the aspect of the communication in language teaching, this research intends to examine whether the cultural content in the textbooks has played a critical role in the real communicative situations where participants from the different culture and language will be able to communicate with one another effectively. This point of analysis depending on the criteria of the cultural content, the origin of culture, and the cultural activities is to distinguish three parts briefly, the pragmatical part, the area of cultural information and the learning of culture.