Background : Development of new real-time PCR diagnosis method for simultaneous diagnosis of Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani, causative fungi of ginseng root rot disease. C. destructans and F. solani are known to be the major pathogens of ginseng root rot disease. Root rot caused by these pathogens is a disease that is difficult to control because the disease progresses slowly and it is difficult to diagnose early and even when symptoms of plant seeding are present, the disease is already spread in the roots. Diagnostic methods to detect the presence or absence of ginseng roots rot fungi in soil before ginseng cultivation are currently being used as a method for controlling. However, commercialized soil extraction kits and PCR diagnostics have cost, diagnostic time, and single diagnostic problems, and need to develop new diagnostic methods. Methods and Results : Primers and probes in the beta-tubulin 2 gene were designed for species-specific detection. In silico analysis, the detection rate of C. destructans was 100% and the detection rate of F. solani was 95%. The multiplex real time PCR optimization conditions including the internal control were established. The analytical sensitivity using positive samples was 10 copies/㎕ for C. destructans and 10 copies/㎕ for F. solani. As a result of performance comparison test with conventional PCR diagnosis methods, it was confirmed that the developed multiplex real time PCR method has the same or better performance in terms of sensitivity. In the developed soil extraction kit, the extraction time was reduced and the extracted DNA quality was improved, compared to the used soil extraction kit. Conclusion : From the above results, we expect that the developed C. destructans / F. solani multiplex real time PCR diagnosis method and soil extraction kit will be useful for real-time monitoring of ginseng root rot pathogenic fungi in the soil of ginseng cultivation area and diagnosis of suitability of ginseng cultivation area.

Background : Turmeric is a subtropical plant, which has a high temperature for growing, but if it continues to be high temperature, it will be turned into heat degradation phenomenon. In order to mitigate damage caused by high temperature, we investigate the damage caused by high temperature. Methods and Results : This study was carried out in the experimental packaging (April 2018 seeding) of the Gyeongnam provincial medicinal resource research institute and eight systems of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) As the main research items, temperature characteristics of treatment distinction and high temperature damage rate were investigated. From July to August 2018, the main weather condition was over 35℃ for more than 21 days and showed abnormal high temperature. CUR11 showed the highest mortality rate (9.1%), and CUR10 (44.8%) showed the highest mortality rate. The average number of CUR11 strain was 23.2%. The mortality rate was 4.9% at the 60 th day of the emergence period and 40.2% at the 75 th day after 2 weeks. The higher the loss rate, the higher the damage rate. When the coating was maintained, the coating surface showed a high temperature of 50℃ or higher. A test was conducted to confirm the heat-reducing effect by coating, as a result of the test, there was no significant difference in the removal rate compared to the control. Conclusion : In order to alleviate the effect of high temperatures on the growth of turmeric, it was found that the heat loss caused by the coating did not appear much in case of turmeric.

This study is to analyze the causes of damage on additional facilities in road. In this study, lab test was performed using field core sample. The result of The compressive strength of concrete is met with the design regulations. However, the chloride content of in concrete increased up to 2cm. The microstructure and reactant analysis identified an expanding substance on the surface. However, as the time increases, the depth is expected to be deep.

This study analyzes the error factors of cable tension estimation method using linear regression and suggests the upper and lower limits of tension error. The tension estimation method using linear regression is affected by errors such as boundary condition, natural frequency, cable length, and mass density. The boundary condition error analyzes the error rate for the case where the error occurs the greatest. The error of mass density and length is analytically derived, and the error of measurement natural frequency is analyzed by Monte Carlo simulation. Among these errors, the boundary condition error and the measurement natural frequency error are expected to be able to present the upper and lower limits of the error that can be caused to the estimated tension by the corresponding error factor.

In this study various investigations were carried out to analyze the causes of leakage for 20 years on the slope of the downstream side of the dam during the ○○ dam precision safety diagnosis. Analysis showed that the possibility of underground water flowing through the valley section of the mountain area extremely low, and that direct leakage of the reservoir's freshwater was confirmed as the main leakage path.

The volatile odor compounds emitted form a stuffing agent production process were quantified by ATD and GC-MS, and then odor causing compounds were identified by the method of EOI using each TLV. As the results, 72 odor compounds were detected and total concentration was turned up 87.6 ppmv level. In these compounds, aldehyde group is higher 45.49 ppmv than others group, the next is turn up the order of aliphatics, alcohols, esters, ketones. The EOA of aldehyde group show up 101,720 and 97.2%, respectively, the odor causing compounds were identified each of odor 2-Octenal 28.31%, Hexanal 24.06%, Valeraldehyde 16.07%, Butyraldehyde 9.69%, Heptanal 4.97%, Propionaldehyde 4.64%, Acetaldehyde 3.31%. The TLVs of 7 major odor compounds are lower value level of 0.001∼0.0001 ppmv, odor causing even in trace level. We need to be concerned with reduction of aldehyde compounds in the odor problem by a stuffing agent production process or ironing process of the textile containing a stuffing agent.

This study was performed to investigate and measure the antimicrobial activity of evergreen woody species extracts on Trichophyton mentagrophytes. To do this, leaves and stems were collected from Wando and Jeju islands, and were used for the extraction with different solvents (i.e., distilled water, 80% ethanol, and 100% methanol), and at different ultrasonic extracting times (i.e., 15, 30, and 45 minutes). The experiment was conducted by using the agar diffusion method. The clear zone was measured after incubating the paper disc containing the plant extract in a bacterial culture medium. The controls were synthetic antimicrobials, methylparaben and phenoxyethanol, at concentrations of 0.4, 1, 2, and 4 mg/disc. Altogether, extracts of 56 out of 64 species used in this study had inhibitory activity, which confirmed their antimicrobial activity against Athlete’s foot. Among them, the crude ethanolic extract of Elaeocarpus sylvestris in 45 min showed a zone of inhibition < 20.2 ㎜, while the clear zone of Actinodaphne lancifolia ethanolic extraction for 30 min was 23.5 ㎜. Also, Quercus acuta, Dendropanax morbiferus and Daphne odora showed clear zones of 28.0 ㎜ (45 minutes ethanolic extraction), 20.5 ㎜ (45 minutes crude methanolic extraction) and 19.7 ㎜ (45 minutes methanolic extraction), respectively. Thus, these results confirm that the extracts of evergreen woody species have therapeutic potential against Athlete’s foot, and suggest that in order to extract adequate amounts of antimicrobial substance from the plant sources, ideal extraction condition has to be considered.

본 연구는 왕우렁이의 생리․생태적 특성 및 논 잡초방제를 위하여 투입된 왕우렁이들의 집단패사 원인을 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 1983년 국내에 도입되어 양식과 논 잡초방제를 위하여 활용되고 있는 왕우렁이의 종(species)은 연체동물문(Mollusca), 복족강(Gastropoda), 중복족목(Mesogastropoda), Ampulariidae과, Pomacea속에 속하는 Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck이다. 왕우렁이의 생리․생태적 특성조사 결과 왕우렁이 성체들이 국내에서 월동되고 있으나 왕우렁이 알로는 월동되지 못하고 있다. 수컷과 암컷의 비율은 1:1.99~2.33배로 암컷의 구성비가 높았다. 생장량은 1일에 87.7 mg이었으며, 껍질은 각고가 0.31 mm, 각경이 0.33 mm씩 자랐다. 왕우렁이의 생장은 먹이의 조건 등에 따라서 차이가 있을 수 있으며, 매우 빠른 생장량을 나타내었다. 한편, 건조에 대한 저항성은 매우 강하여 3개월까지 생존율이 약 80%에 달하였다. 왕우렁이 서식에 따른 수질에 미치는 영향을 평가한 결과 다량의 서식 밀도에서는 약간의 영향을 줄 수는 있겠으나, 잡초방제를 위하여 투입되는 밀도에서는 전혀 영향이 없었다. 논 잡초방제를 위하여 벼 이앙초기에 투입되는 왕우렁이가 2~3일이내에 일시에 집단 패사되는 직접적인 원인은 미소생물인 패충류(참씨벌레)에 의하여 발생되지 않는 것으로 판명되었다. 다만 패충류 (참씨벌레)에 의하여 패사되는 비율은 밀도에 따라 2.86%와 5.71%로 매우 미미하였고, 통계적인 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 논 잡초방제를 위하여 투입된 왕우렁이들은 벼 이앙시기가 빨라지고, 일교차가 커지면서 추운 저온의 날씨로 인하여 논의 흙속으로 들어가서 죽거나 일부는 새의 먹이가 되어 사라지기 때문에 다량이 죽은 것으로 오해되었다.

원양어선 제501 오룡호는 황천 중인 베링해에서 조업 후 피항하던 중 개구부를 통한 침수로 인하여 침몰하였으며 많은 선원들이 사망하고 실종되었다. 본 연구에서는 유체-구조 연성(Fluid-Structure Interaction, FSI) 해석기법의 고도 정밀 M&S(highly advanced Modeling & Simulation) 시스템을 사용하여 실선 침수․침몰 시뮬레이션을 수행하여 침몰사고의 과정을 정확하고 과학적으로 분석하고자 하 였다. 베링해 침몰사고 시의 기상 및 해상상태를 객관적으로 확보하기 위하여 침몰사고 지역의 시간대별 기상 및 해상 시뮬레이션을 수행하 여 침몰사고 당시 파랑과 강풍 등을 분석하고, 불규칙 파랑과 강풍 스펙트럼을 사용하여 구현하였다. 사고선박의 선체 도면 등을 통하여 선박 의 선형, 배치 및 중량 분포와 외부 해수 침수 개구부 및 선내 침수 경로를 분석하고 주요 탱크들의 용적과 그들의 중량 분포를 추정하여 침 수․침몰 시뮬레이션을 위한 시나리오를 작성하고, 사고선박의 전선과 유체(공기 및 해수)를 상세 모델링을 하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 침수․ 침몰사고는 단순한 복원성의 부족으로 인한 일반적인 전복․침몰사고와는 다소 차이가 있다는 것도 확인할 수 있었다.

생활폐기물 고형연료(Solid refuse fuel, SRF)는 생활폐기물에서 재활용 가능한 자원을 회수하고, 가연물을 이용하여 연료화한 친환경에너지이다. 2014년 기준 국내 발생 생활폐기물의 15.7%가 매립되었으며, 25.3%가 소각처리 되었다. 폐기물 관리에 있어서 발생억제, 재이용, 재활용, 에너지생산, 처분의 순으로 우선순위를 적용하여 관련 정책이 발전되어왔다. 생활폐기물을 연료화하여 발전용으로 사용하면 매립되는 폐기물의 양을 줄이고, 화석연료의 사용을 저감하는 효과가 있다. 이를 장려하기 위하여 폐기물관리법, 자원재활용촉진법, 산림조성관리법 등의 법령을 준수하여 제조 및 유통되는 경우 신재생에너지 연료로써 인정하고 있다. 순환유동층 연소보일러는 저품질의 연료를 효과적으로 활용할 수 있기 때문에 열병합 발전 및 중소 규모의 발전용으로 많이 보급되어 왔다. 하지만 폐기물을 연료로 투입하는 경우 일반적으로 응집현상이 발생하고 공정의 효율이 저하된다. 연료 중 알칼리 성분, 주로 칼륨과 나트륨이 응집작용의 원인으로 작용하며, 이에 원료 중 알칼리계 저비점 금속이 존재하는 경우 보일러 내 응집현상이 발생한다. 이러한 응집현상은 슬래깅과 파울링 현상을 유도하여 보일러의 열전달 효율을 감소시키며, 유동층 내 알칼리금속에 의한 응집이 발생한 후 주기적인 정비를 진행하지 않으면, 최종적으로 비유동화가 발생하고 운전이 중단되는 현상이 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 국내 생활폐기물 연료화 발전시설의 순환유동층 보일러에서 발생한 클링커의 생성원인을 규명하여, 향후 방지대책을 수립하는데 활용하고자 한다.

The bridge coping part may cause cracking due to over-loading of superstructures. And the external prestressing method is a typical reinforcement method for a crack of coping. However, in case of design and construction error, it is difficult to expect sufficient reinforcement effect and reinforcement coping part may be damaged. For this reason, in this paper, The damage case of the coping with external prestressing method was introduced and the cause of the damage of anchorage zone was analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the cause of the damage of the anchorage zone was due to the shortage of bolt anchorage length. Also, as a result of simple calculation, the anchorage length of the bolt did not satisfy the pullout force that was occurred by the moment.

This study introduces abnormal noise phenomenon of steel deck plate bridge which have not been mentioned in the literature or reports. The abnormal noise occurred from the time when the girder was installed and the welding was completed. And it had continued after the bridge opened. In this study, firstly, the characteristics of abnormal noise is analyzed. Also it presents the mechanism of noise generation.

In this study, We have carried out 2D & 3D numerical analysis is to find the cracking causes of fixed cantilever wall during transverse pre-stressing after construction of the reaction bed. The material properties, which are used to numerical analysis, are the results of the core specimens analysis of casting bed. And we have checked the design codes in case of the concrete core specimen strength is less than the design strength.

A fatigue crack occurred in the vicinity of the center-stay area is generated. Therefore, the stress and caused of occurrence of each member are analyzed by measurement. When similar cases occur in the future, they shall be utilized as basic data such as research methods and establishment of mesures for maintenance.

본 논문은 성화상 논쟁에 대하여 역사(historiography)와 사상(philosophy and methodology)이라는 두 개의 주제를 동시에 다룬 연구이다. 이러한 점 에서 성화상 논쟁에 대한 기존의 연구와 차별되는 독특성을 띠고 있다. 본 연구는 ‘이미지 이데올로기(image ideology)’ 측면에서 8세기 비잔틴 시대의 성화상 논쟁의 발단 원인을 규명하는 데 목적을 두고 진행하였다. 지금까지 대부분의 성화상 논쟁에 관한 연구는 논쟁 발단의 외면적 요인을 중점적으로 다룬 반면, 본 논문은 그 내면적 요인을 밝히는데 초점을 맞췄다. 연구의 내실을 기하기 위해 독자적으로 ‘이미지 이데올로기’라는 새로운 개념을 정립하여 해석의 툴(tool)로 사용하였다. ‘이미지 이데올로기’는 이 미지의 속성으로서의 이데올로기(ideology as an attribute of image)와 ‘이 미지의 이미지’의 속성으로서의 이데올로기(ideology as an attribute of image of image)를 동시에 지닌 해석체계를 의미한다. 이것은 이미지가 본 래적으로 이데올로기를 내포하고 있다는 사상에 근거하고 있다. 이미지 이데올로기 측면에서 성화상 논쟁의 발단 원인을 조명해 본 결 과, 8세기 비잔틴 시대의 성화상 논쟁은 성화상 파괴를 주도하였던 황제 레오 3세(Leo Ⅲ, 717-41 재위)와 성화상 숭배를 옹호하였던 교황 그레고 리우스 2세(Gregorius Ⅱ, 715-31 재위)간의 이미지 이데올로기 충돌로 인해 발생한 사건임이 드러났다. 레오 3세는 ‘황제-교황주의’를, 그레고리우스 2세 는 ‘교황-황제주의’ 라는 정치적 목적을 실현하기 위해 성화상(icon)이라는 이미지를 이데올로기적 수단으로 이용하였던 것이다. 8세기 비잔틴 시대의 성화상 논쟁을 기점으로 시작된 그리스도교의 이 미지 담론은 오늘날에 이르러 단순히 신학적 담론에 머물지 않고 정치, 경 제, 사회, 문화, 예술, 사상 등 다양한 영역에서 이데올로기와 연결되어 거 대담론이 되고 있다. 이것은 이데올로기가 이미지의 속성이라는 본 연구의 관점에서 볼 때, 당연한 논리적 귀결이라고 할 수 있다. 이러한 시대적 상 황에서 본 논문이 이론적으로는 성화상 논쟁 연구에 대한 새로운 해석의 틀을 제시하고, 정책적으로는 한국교회를 향하여 이미지 이데올로기에 대 한 경각심을 제공한다는 점에서 중요한 의미를 갖는다고 할 수 있다.

주제어(key word, KW)는 해양사고의 주요한 원인을 간단하게 표현하기 위한 단어들의 집합으로 해양안전심판원의 심판관들이 작 성한다. KW는 심판관들의 서로 다른 주관적인 견해 때문에 일관성 유지가 어렵고, KW의 수가 너무 많은 문제점이 있다. 이러한 문제를 해 결하기 위해서는 최적화된 최소의 공통단어(common word, CW)를 이용한 체계적인 KW 구축 프레임이 필요하다. 본 연구의 목적은 체계적 인 KW 구축 프레임 개발에 필요한 CW을 도출하는데 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 파레토(Pareto) 분포함수와 파레 토 지수를 이용한 최적의 최소 CW 도출방법을 제안하였다. 총 2,642개의 KW을 수집한 후, 수집한 KW의 세부 단어와 이들의 빈도를 갖는 데이터 세트에서 총 56개의 특징적인 CW를 식별하였다. 56개의 특징적인 CW를 이용한 단어 축소실험을 통해서 평균 58.5%의 축소율을 획 득하였고, 축소율에 따라서 추정한 CW는 파레토 차트로 검증하였다. 이를 통해서 체계적인 KW 구축 프레임 개발이 가능할 것으로 기대된 다.

Background : Acreage of rain-shelter plastic greenhouse to prevent anthrax is being gradually increased according to growing importance of safe Boxthorn production. But When Boxthorn is grown in the hot season in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse, Fertility decreases. The fertilization rate tends to be different according to cultivated variety and ventilation type of rain-shelter plastic greenhouse. Therefore it is necessary to identify cause and look for a solution. Methods and Results : In the experiment, ‘Cheongun’ cultivar was grown in the rain-shelter plastic greenhouses for the tests. Environment of rain-shelter plastic greenhouses, fertilization rate and density of flower visiting insect were investigated according to ventilation type. Pollen germination and pollen tube elongation on stigma were investigated according to temperature. In mid-July, the temperature on a clear day rose to 45℃ in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of side vents. Pollen germination and pollen tube elongation on stigma were normal for 3 hours on 30, 35℃. Fertilization rate was somewhat reduced on 40℃ but Pollen germination and pollen tube elongation was good. On 45℃, fertilization rate was very poor and There was no pollen germination. Density of flower visiting insect in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of roof and side vents was higher than that in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of side vents. The fertilization rate on high temperature did not show any difference regardless of ventilation type. The rate of artificial cross-fertilization and airborne fertilization were high in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of roof and side vents. It was necessary to improve airborne fertilization rate because airborne fertilization rate was significantly lower than artificial cross-fertilization regardless of ventilation type. Conclusion : When it was cultivated in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse, the reasons for the lowering of the fertilization rate were as follows. Density of flower visiting insect was low. Boxthorn, which was insect pollination crop, was needed sufficient flower visiting insect on flowering period. But it was insufficiency especially in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of side vents. Another reason was decrease in pollen germination and pollen tube elongation. Pollen germination was suppressed in the high temperature.

This study has focused on identifying the cause of agglomeration that occurred in a domestic commercial-scale circulating fluidized bed boiler. Solid refuse fuel (SRF) was fed into the target facility to produce electricity. Agglomeration occurred in the combustor and cyclone during commercial operation. The bed material, clinkers produced in the combustor and cyclone, and boiler ash were collected, and components that are known to cause agglomeration were analyzed. Additionally, the possibility of slagging and fouling formation was predicted using components obtained by XRF analysis. The melting temperature of the bed material was decreased by complex reactions of low-boiling-point metal, alkaline metal and sulfur, and chlorine components. Then, agglomeration was generated because the bed material and ash were melted and combined. Basicity (B/A), which can lead to slagging, was estimated to be above 1.0 (reference 0.5 < B/A < 1.0). The boiler ash had a basicity of 1.83. The slag viscosity index (SVI) was estimated to be between 18.83 and 49.78 (reference 65 < SVI < 72). The boiler ash and combustor clinker had 3.30 and 4.40 total alkali (TA) values, respectively (reference 0.3 < TA < 0.4). This condition determined that slagging and fouling formation easily progressed. This result is expected to be utilized as data for preventing agglomeration formation and clinker generation.