Based on its geographical and climatic characteristics, Gang-won area is exposed to poor freezing environment such as many snow and freezing days, so several problems occur in the maintenance of lining and roads. Therefore, it is essential to develop a technology to reduce the freezing damage of road tunnel entrance and exit in cold region. In order to secure the quality and performance of the new technology and to improve the understanding of practitioners, it is necessary to establish construction guidelines and maintenance plans for continuous condition and performance management. In this study, to develop construction manual and maintenance manual, Delphi survey was conducted for experts in tunnel field to derive construction and maintenance indices. And its results will be used to develop a process for safety management and rehabilitation considering the characteristics of cold region.

The study was conducted to determine the structural optimization method through the estimation of the structure of the floor and the amounts of reinforcement in the apartment building and the amounts of reinforcement depending on the area. The purpose of this study is to examine the comparison of the comparison factors by comparing the comparison factors of the jointly constructed apartment house with each of the conditions.

This study was conducted to determine correlations and similarity between the ozone and PM10 data of 19 air quality monitoring stations in Busan from 2013 to 2016, using correlation and cluster analyses. Ozone concentrations ranged from 0.0278±0.0148 ppm at Gwangbok to 0.0378±0.017 ppm at Taejongdae and were high in suburban areas, such as Yongsuri and Gijang, as well as in coastal areas, such as Jaw, Gwangan, Taejongdae and Noksan. PM10 concentrations ranged from 37.2±25.0 ug/m3 at Gijang to 58.3±32.2 ug/m3 at and Jangrim. PM10 concentrations were high in the west, exceeding the annual ambient air quality standard of 50 ug/m3. Positive correlations were observed for ozone at most stations, ranging from 0.61 between Taejongdae and Sujeong to 0.92 between Bugok and Myeongjang. The correlation coefficients of PM10 between stations ranged from 0.62 between Jangrim and Jaw to 0.9 between Gwangbok and Sujeong. Yeonsan, Daeyeon, and Myeongjang were highly correlated with other stations, so they needed to be reviewed for redundancy. Ozone monitoring stations were initially divided into two sections, north-western areas and suburban-coastal areas. The suburban-coastal areas were subsequently divided into three sections. PM10 monitoring stations were initially divided into western and remaining areas, and then the remaining areas were subsequently divided into three sections.

본 연구는 부산, 울산지역에 근무하는 초음파 검사자 150명을 대상으로 일반적인 특성 및 직무 스트레스 와 직무만족도 간의 관계를 분석하고 이를 통해서 직무만족의 예측 요인을 규명하기 위해 실시되었다. 결 과적으로 연령이 높을수록, 이직경험이 있을수록 직무만족도는 증가하였으며 직무 스트레스 하부요인과 직무만족과의 상관관계는 조직체계, 보상부적절, 직장문화, 직무 불안정, 직무자율성 결여, 직무요구 순으로 유의 한 부적 상관관계를 보였다. 또한 직무만족에 가장 영향력 있는 변수는 조직체계와 보상의 부적절로 나타났다. 따라서 초음파 검사자의 직무만족도를 높이기 위해서는 직무스트레스를 줄일 수 있는 효율적인 조직 및 인력관리, 보상과 관련된 적절한 제도적 장치를 마련하는 것이 중요하다고 사료된다.

This research investigates the characteristics of metallic and ionic elements in PM10 and PM2.5 on haze day and non-haze day in Busan. PM10 concentration on haze day and non-haze day were 85.75 and 33.52 ㎍/m³ , respectively, and PM2.5 on haze day and non-haze day were 68.24 and 23.86 ㎍/m³ , respectively. Contribution rate of total inorganic water-soluble ion to PM10 mass on haze day and non haze day were 58.2% and 61.5%, respectively, and contribution rate of total water-soluble ion to PM2.5 mass on haze day and non haze day were 58.7% and 64.7%, respectively. Also, contribution rate of secondary ion to PM10 mass on haze day and non haze day were 52.1% and 47.5%, respectively, and contribution rate of secondary ion to PM2.5 mass on haze day and non haze day were 54.4% and 53.6%, respectively. AC (anion equivalents)/CE (cation equivalents) ratio of PM10 mass on haze day and non haze day were 1.09 and 1.0, respectively, and AC/CE ratios of PM2.5 mass on haze day and non haze day were 1.12 and 1.04, respectively. Also, SOR (Sulfur Oxidation Ratio) of PM10 mass on haze day and non haze day were 0.32 and 0.17, respectively, and SOR of PM2.5 on haze day and non haze day were 0.30 and 0.15, respectively. Lastly, NOR (Nitrogen Oxidation Ratio) of PM10 on haze day and non haze day were 0.17 and 0.08, respectively, and NOR of PM2.5 on haze day and non haze day were 0.13 and 0.06, respectively.

This research investigates the characteristics of meteorological variation and fine particles (PM10 and PM2.5) for case related to the haze occurrence (Asian dust, long range transport, stationary) in Busan. Haze occurrence day was 559 days for 20 years (from 1996 to 2015), haze occurrence frequency was 82 days (14.7%) in March, followed by 67 days (12.0%) in February and 56 days (10.0%) in May. Asian dust occurred most frequently in spring and least in winter, whereas haze occurrence frequency was 31.5% in spring, 29.7% in winter, 21.1% in fall, and 17.7% in summer. PM10 concentration was highest in the occurrence of Asian dust, followed by haze and haze + mist, whereas PM2.5 concentration was highest in the occurrence of haze. These results indicate that understanding the relation between meteorological phenomena and fine particle concentration can provide insight into establishing a strategy to control urban air quality.

A model coupling a meteorological predictive model and a vegetation photosynthesis and respiration model was used to simulate CO2 concentrations over coastal basin areas, and modeling results were estimated with aircraft observations during a massive sampling campaign. Along with the flight tracks, the model captured the meteorological variables of potential temperature and wind speed with mean bias results of 0.8℃, and 0.2 m/s, respectively. These results were statistically robust, which allowed for further estimation of the model’s performance for CO2 simulations. Two high-resolution emission data sets were adopted to determine CO2 concentrations, and the results show that the model underestimated by 1.8 ppm and 0.9 ppm at higher altitude over the study areas during daytime and nighttime, respectively, on average. Overall, it was concluded that the model’s CO2 performance was fairly good at higher altitude over the study areas during the study period.

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (VPRM) were coupled to simulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The performance of the WRF-VPRM to simulate regional scale CO2 concentration was estimated over coastal basin areas. Either Hestia 2011(HST) or Vulcan 2002(VUL) anthropogenic CO2 emission data were used in two numerical experiments for the study regions. Simulated meteorological variables were validated with ground and background CO2 measurement data, and the results show that the model captured temporal variations of CO2 concentration on a daily basis. CO2 directional analysis revealed that the dominant CO2 emission sources are located S and SW. The simulated Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) agreed relatively well with measured CO2 fluxes at each vegetation class site, showing approximately 40% at max improvement at shrub areas.

인구와 자산이 밀집된 도시에서 침수가 발생할 경우 농촌과 달리 관거월류에 의한 건축물 피해가 지배적이기 때문에 이를 고려한 피해액산정기 법의 적용이 필요하다. 본 연구는 도림천 유역의 도림1 배수분구를 대상으로 침수예측을 다차원 홍수피해산정방법을 통한 침수피해액 분석을 실 시하였다. 과거 침수가 발생한 강우사상을 활용하여 XP-SWMM 모형을 통한 도시유출해석 및 침수해석을 실시하였고, 침수구역의 행정구역별 기 초자료와 유출해석 결과를 활용하여 건물 피해액을 산정하였다. 침수범위를 예측하기 위한 XP-SWMM모형 구동 결과, 관거 월류에 의한 침수 발 생 4시간 후인 16시 30분에 침수면적이 가장 넓게 나타났고, 계산된 침수심 별 침수면적을 다차원법과 연계하여 건물 피해액을 산정하였다. 연구 결과, 최대 침수면적은 305,955 m2으로 나타났으며, 0~0.5 m의 경우 305,190 m2, 0.5 m 이상은 765 m2으로 나타났으며, 침수해석 결과를 활 용한 도림1 배수분구의 건물피해액은 약 155억 원, 건물 내용물 피해액은 약 70억 원으로 산정되었고, 0~0.5 m 이하의 건물 및 건물 내용물 피해 액은 약 224억 원, 0.5 m 이상 약 1억 원으로 산정되었다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 할 때, 도시지역의 침수피해액 산정을 위해 침수심 및 침수시간과 같은 다양한 피해양상에 따라 세분화된 피해액 산정기법이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

The concerns about potential risks and hazards in children’s playgrounds are increasing and the restrictions for environmental harmful substances in playgrounds have been reinforced in many countries. In this study, the concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed in 142 samples including 105 of sand flooring and 37 playing equipment such as swing, slide, sporting equipment, bench and fence in 18 children’s playgrounds. Heavy metals in sand flooring were investigated and categorized by natural environmental factors such as season, rainfall, post-rainy day, and artificial factors as road, type, and material of nearby play equipment. The concentration of heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, Cu, and Zn were significantly higher in sand flooring near the play equipment than at places away from the playing equipment (p < 0.05). Spearman’s rank correlation analysis showed that play equipment had a positive correlation with the sand flooring with regard to the concentration of Pb (r = 0.42, p < 0.01) and Cu (r = 0.39, p < 0.01). The concentration of heavy metals in the sand flooring showed a statistically significant difference depending on the season, post-rainy day, the distance from a roadway, type of equipment, and the material. The play equipment’s heavy metal concentration and other environmental factors contributed to the heavy metal concentration in the sand flooring’s surface in playgrounds.

We investigated on the proper combination of physical parameterization schemes of RegCM4.0 for the simulation of regional climate over CORDEX-East Asia Phase 2 domain. Based on the Lee(2016)’s sensitivity experiments for the four combination using two land surface schemes and two cumulus parameterization schemes during 5 years (1979-1983), we selected the two combinations (CE: CLM+Emanuel and BG: BATS+Grell). The ERA-Interim was used as lateral boundary data of RegCM4.0 for the two experiments during 25 years (1981-2005). Simulation skills of temperature were similar in the two combination of physical processes irrespective of seasons and locations. However, there were a substantial differences in the simulation skills of precipitation according to the combination of physical processes, which were better in CE than BG combination. In general, the CE combination better simulated the precipitation characteristics in July and August over South Korea than BG combination, in terms of frequency and amount of precipitation according to the intensity. The superior skills of CE in simulating precipitation over South Korea can be related to the better simulation of seasonal march of the East Asian summer monsoon including the location and intensity of the North Pacific high pressure system than BG. The results suggested that the CE combination can simulate the climate characteristics in the CORDEX East Asia Phase 2 region better than the BG combination.

Regional climate simulations for the CORDEX East Asia domain were conducted between 1981 and 2100 using five models to project future climate change based on RCP2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 scenarios. By using the ensemble mean of five model results, future changes in climate zones and four extreme temperature events of South Korea were investigated according to Köppen-Trewartha’s classification criteria. The four temporal periods of historical (1981-2005), early future (2021-2040), middle future (2041-2070), and late future (2071-2100) were defined to examine future changes. The analysis domain was divided into 230 administrative districts of South Korea. In historical (1981-2005) period, the subtropical zones are only dominant in the southern coastal regions and Jeju island, while those tend to expand in the future periods. Depending on the RCP scenarios, the more radiative forcing results in the larger subtropical zone over South Korea in the future. The expansion of the subtropical zone in metropolitan areas is more evident than that in rural areas. In addition, the enlargement of the subtropical zone in coastal regions is more prominent than that of in inland regions. Particularly, the subtropical climate zone for the late future period of RCP8.5 scenario is significantly dominant in most South Korea. All scenarios show that cold related extreme temperature events are expected to decrease and hot related extreme temperature events to increase in late future. This study can be utilized by administrative districts for the strategic plan of responses to future climate change.

오늘날 지역 캐릭터는 지역의 상징이자 지역브랜드를 대표하는 강력한 마케팅 수단이 되고 있다. 본 연구는 일본 구마모토 현의 지역 캐릭터인 구마몬의 디자인 통합 사례를 연구하고 있다. 구마몬은 탄생 5년 만에 1000억엔 이상의 경제 유발 효 과와 관광 홍보 효과를 거두고 있다. 이는 구마몬 캐릭터를 구마모토 현의 브랜드 가치 향상 추구를 위해 사용하고자 한 목적과 이를 위해 구마몬 캐릭터의 정체성을 위한 디자인 통합 전략 등에 의한 것이라 분석된다. 구마모토 현의 역사, 문화 자원과 특산물을 상징하는 검정과 빨강의 단순한 색상, 둥근 얼굴, 그리고 퉁퉁한 몸매의 구마몬 캐릭터에 명쾌한 표정과 풍부한 동작표현으로 생명력을 주어 다양한 디자인 적용 가능성을 줌과 동시에 화제를 불러일으키는 스토리텔링의 전개는 구마몬 캐릭터의 인기 비결이라 할 수 있다. 구마몬의 사례에서 볼 수 있듯, 오늘날과 같은 글로벌 시대에 차별화된 지역의 고유성을 지닌 캐릭터의 활용은 고부가가치 산업으로의 성장 가능성이 더욱 높이고 있다. 국내 지자체에서도 지역의 가치 를 재창조할 수 있는 창의적인 지역캐릭터를 발굴이 요구되고 있는 이 시점에 본 연구가 성공적인 국내 캐릭터 창출의 기 초 자료가 될 것으로 기대한다.