To extend the shelf-life of chicken breast meat, samples were treated with gel-packs containing slow-released ClO2 gas at 7-15 ppm for 8 days at 4℃. And the changes in lipid oxidation and taste compounds of the samples were investigated. TBARS value of the chicken breast was slightly increased during storage. TBARS value of gas treatments was similar to the control during storage. There were 14 fatty acids in the chicken breast. And there was no change in the fatty acid composition during storage, and there was no significant difference between the control and gas treatments. The content of free amino acids was gradually increased during storage. The content of free amino acids were not significantly different between the control and gas treatments during storage. The content of GMP in the control and gas treatments were decreased during storage. However, gas treatments showed slightly higher content than that of control. AMP was not significantly different between the control and gas treatments. IMP gradually decreased during storage and the content of inosine and hypoxanthine was increased. IMP, inosine and hypoxanthine contents of gas treatment were similar to control, but the control tended to change more rapidly than those of gas treatments.

본 연구에서는 사과 과육과 사과 주스제조시의 부산물인 사과박 그리고 사과 껍질을 건조한 후 용매별로 추출하고, polyphenol 화합물, flavonoid, ascorbic acid 및 ursolic acid 등의 항산화 물질의 함량과 항산화 활성을 측정하여 최적의 용매 및 부위를 선정하고 제품개발의 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. Polyphenol 화합물의 함량은 100%의 ethanol로 추출하였을 때 가장 함량이 높았고, 특히 사과 껍질에서의 함량이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. Flavonoid 화합물의 함량은 사과 껍질에서가 과육 또는 사과박에 비해 약 3~8배가량 그 함량이 높았으며, 70% ethanol을 용매로 하였을 때가 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. Ascorbic acid 함량은 사과 껍질에서 가장 많은 함량을 나타내었고, 사과박, 과육의 순이었다. Ascorbic acid의 추출 용매로는 물보다는 70% ethanol로 추출하였을 때가 ascorbic acid의 함량이 높은 것으로 나타났다. Ursolic acid의 함량에서는 사과 과육에서는 물과 ethanol 추출 시 ursolic acid 가 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 그러나 사과박 및 사과 껍질의 경우, 물 추출물에서는 검출되지 않았지만, ethanol로 추출하였을 때 검출되었으며, 그 함량은 껍질에서가 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 항산화 활성의 경우, DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거능에서 70%의 ethanol 추출 시 가장 높은 소거능을 보이는 것으로 나타났으나, 금속이온 제거능에서는 라디칼 소거능에 비하여 약한 활성을 나타내어 사과에서의 항산화 활성은 금속이온 제거능보다는 라디칼 소거능이 높고 사과 껍질이 활성이 가장 우수한 것으로 판단되었다

To prolong the shelf-life of chicken breast meat, samples were treated with gel packs containing slow-released chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at 7~15 ppm for eight days at 4℃. The microbial, physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation of the treated samples were investigated. The total number of bacteria in the control increased during storage and showed 6.78 log CFU/g on the 8th day of storage, but ClO2 gas treatments showed 6.24~6.58 log CFU/g at the same time. The initial pH of chicken breast meat was 6.00 and gradually increased during storage. And ClO2 gas treatments did not show any significant difference from the control during storage period, but maintained a generally lower pH than that of the control. The lightness, redness, and yellowness during storage were not significantly different between the control and the 7~10 ppm ClO2 gas treatments. However, as the storage period was increased, the redness of 15 ppm ClO2 gas treatment was reduced. The cooking loss and shear force were not different between the control and ClO2 gas treatments during the storage period. Volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) increased in the control from the 6th day of storage and 23.80 mg% in the 8th day of storage. However, VBN of ClO2 treatments showed lower than that of the control. In the change of sensory evaluation during storage, 10 ppm ClO2 treatment showed the highest preference in odor, appearance and overall acceptance during storage period.

To increase the shelf-life of strawberry, samples were treated with two gel packs containing slow-released chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at 3~5 ppm for 6 days at room temperature and the changes in the major chemical components (ascorbic acid, polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanin) contents and antioxidative activities (DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging and metal chelating activity) were investigated. The content of ascorbic acid of control was 40.38 mg% and contained 35.67~44.75 mg% during 6 days. There was no tendency to increase or decrease during storage period. The contents of ascorbic acid of control and 3~5 ppm ClO2 gas treated samples were not significantly different during storage period. The content of polyphenol compounds of initial stage was 111.23 mg% and contained 117.78~132.40 mg% during 6 days. The contents of polyphenol compounds of 3~5 ppm ClO2 gas treated samples were 103.51~130.25 mg%. There were no significant different between them during storage. The flavonoids and anthocyanin contents were not different from the control during storage period regardless of 3~5 ppm ClO2 gas treatment. Furthermore, antioxidative activities were not different among the control and ClO2 gas treatments during storage.

To prolong the shelf-life of strawberry, samples were treated with gel packs containing slow-released chlorine dioxide(ClO2) gas at 3~7 ppm for 6 days at room temperature. The weight loss and decay ratio as well as changes in pH, color and texture properties of the treated samples were investigated. The weight of the control and ClO2 gas treated samples decreased slightly, but the weight of the control changed faster than those of the ClO2 gas treated samples during the storage period. The decay ratio of control was higher than those of the ClO2 gas treatments since 4 days of storage. The pH and acidity in the control and in the ClO2 gas treated samples were no differences during storage period. The lightness of strawberry decreased during storage, but there was no difference in lightness among the treatments even when storage time was extended. The redness and yellowness of the control showed higher change than those of the ClO2 gas treatments during 6 days. The firmness of the control changed more rapidly than those of the ClO2 gas treatments during 6 days. Especially, the samples treated 3 and 5 ppm ClO2 gas were the least changed. And the scores for appearance, firmness and overall acceptance control and 7 ppm ClO2 gas treatment decreased more rapidly than those of 3 and 5 ppm treatment.

To improve the shelf-life of mushrooms, Lentinula edodes GNA01 mushrooms were treated with gel packs containing slow-released chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at 5~10 ppm for 5 days at 20℃ and the weight loss rate as well as the changes in pH, color and texture properties of the treated samples were investigated. The weight of the control and ClO2 gas treated samples were decreased slightly, and there were no differences during the storage period. However, the weight of the control changed faster than those of the ClO2 gas treated samples during storage period. The pH in the control and in the ClO2 gas treated samples were decreased during storage period, but the samples treated with 5 and 7 ppm ClO2 gas were the least changed. On the other hand, the samples treated with 10 ppm ClO2 gas showed no difference from the other treatments during 4 days, but the pH was lower than that of the control on the fifth day. The lightness of inside and outside in mushroom were decreased whereas redness and yellowness were increased during storage period. However, color changes in the ClO2 gas treated samples were lower than those of the control. Especially, the samples treated with 5 and 7 ppm ClO2 gas were the least changed. The texture of the mushroom were decreased consistently during storage period. The texture of the control changed faster than those of the ClO2 gas treatments during 5 days. Especially, the samples treated 5 ppm ClO2 gas were the least changed.

Background : Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. meyer) is a medicinal herb which has been used for prevention and treatment of diseases in Korea, China and Japan for a long time. Ginseng is well known to have effects such as immunity enhancement, anticancer, antioxidative effect and blood circulation improvement. These pharmacological effects of ginseng have been reported to be due to various ginsenoside components. Recently, many studies have been actively conducted to identify the major components and functionalities of ginseng berry. Ginsenoside, a representative active ingredient of ginseng, is distributed in various parts of ginseng. However, contents of certain ingredient such as ginsenoside Re which have antidiabetic effect is higher in ginseng berry. This study was conducted to compare ginsenoside content and UV blocking effect according to the color of ginseng berry. Methods and Results : The ginseng berry extracts for the component analysis and UV-blocking effect test were obtained by harvesting the ginseng berry by color in 4-years-old ginseng cultivated, and then removing the seeds and extracting only the flesh of the ginseng berry and the peel with methanol. Ginsenosides analysis was carried out by dissolving 100 ㎎ of the extract in 2 ㎖ of methanol, filtering it with a 0.50 ㎛ filter and using it as a sample for HPLC analysis. Analysis of ginsenoside content showed that the total ginsenoside and ginsenoside Rb2 content of yellow ginseng berry were 23.9 and 2.9 ㎎/g, while those of red berry was 19.6 and 2.3 ㎎/g, respectively. The UV blocking effect of yellow ginseng berry was 17.4%, which was higher than that of red berry. Conclusion : The ginsenoside content and UV blocking effect of yellow ginseng berry were superior to those of red berry. These results suggested that yellow berry is more useful as cosmetic material for UV protection.

Background : This study was carried out to introduce Atractylodes macrocephala as a new income element in Gangwon area and to develop the technology necessary for stable quality seedling production. Methods and Results : For the production of high quality seedlings of Atractylodes macrocephala, seedling growth characteristics were investigated according to the types of plug cell size and seedling raising period. Atractylodes macrocephala seeds were sown on February 14, 2018 in 72, 105, 128, 162, and 200 plug trays. The emergence period after sowing was March 2, and the final occurrence rate was 76.6 - 79.5%. The number of days of emergence took 18 to 20 days from sowing date. Growth of seedlings tended to be better with less number of plug trays, such as seedling height, seedling width, leaf length, leaf width and leaf number. On the other hand, roots (net formation) increased rapidly as the number of plug trays increased. After 60 days, the matured seedling rate was good at 75.5 ± 8.4% for the 200 plug tray and 72.5 ± 4.1% for the 162 plug tray. The net formation ratio of matured seedling was the best in 60 days of seeding in 162 plug trays. The rooting rate was 98.0 ± 2.1 - 99.3 ± 1.2% when seeded for 60 days or more regardless of the type of plug tray. Conclusion : In order to produce efficient and stable seedlings in the cultivation of Atractylodes macrocephala in Gangwon area, it was considered to be advantageous for 60 days of seedling settling in the plug trays of more than 162 and less than 200.

Background : Atractylodes macrocephala is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Asteraceae and should be cultivated in field soils with good water dripping due to plant characteristics. However, cultivating farmers mainly have recently been cultivated in paddy soil due to their regional characteristics, which causes the decrease in yield due to poor drainage. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the cultivation in high ridge and subsoil breaking effect for stable paddy soils cultivation technology of A. macrocephala. Methods and Results : Soil was paddy soils in the fall of 2017, and the pH (1 : 5) was 6.61 ± 0.15 as a result of chemical and physical properties. EC was 0.49 ± 0.05 dS/m, and organic matter content was 28.69 ± 69 g/㎏ and effective phosphoric acid was 306 ± 17.8 ㎎/㎏. As a result of the soil layering survey, the surface layer was 0 - 26 ㎝ deep as paddy soil mounded with sandy loam in the past. In the surface layer, there was a light layer after 17 ㎝ depth, and volume density was 1.71 ± 1.3 g/㎤. The porosity of the plow pan was 33.41 ± 2.34%. The cultivation methods were cultivation in high ridge (30 ㎝ or more) and level row (10 ㎝ or less) at 2 levels and 3 repetitions. In subsoil breaking, the depth of the plow pan was increased from 17.1 ± 0.5 ㎝ before treatment to 31.1 ± 3.6 ㎝ after treatment and the hardness was 24.8 ± 1.5 ㎜. In the case of rotary plowing, the depth of the plow pan was 17.1 ± 1.9 ㎝ before treatment and 26 ± 2.4 ㎝ after treatment and the hardness was 25.8 ± 2.9 ㎜. The medium growth characteristics of A. macrocephala per treatment showed the tendency of increase in plant length, culm length, number of nodes, number of leaves, and fresh weight in level row cultivation after subsoil breaking. Root growth of cultivation in high ridge after subsoil breaking tended to be good with rhizome weight of 11.6 g per hill. The survival percentages were 98.8 - 100% and the bolting rate was 93.4 - 96.2% Conclusion : In cultivation in high ridge after subsoil breaking in the paddy field of Gangwon area, the decrease of yield of A. macrocephala due to drainage was expected to be alleviated, but final conclusion should be drawn after analyzing soil temperature and soil moisture data.

Background : The cultivation method of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has been introduced not only in the existing shading facilities but also in the cultivation method using the rain shelter house. In addition, direct seedling cultivation of ginseng is increasing in order to save labor. Ginseng cultivation area in the northern area is increasing with the disappearance of first planted field. Proper shading method in the northern ares is needed to grow direct grown ginseng using rain forest house. Methods and Results : Shading method using rain shelter house was Polyethylene film with layered polyethylene net 75%, blue-white duplicated PE film 85%, blue-white duplicated PE film 90%. Plant materials is 5-years-old Ginseng using direct seedling cultivation. In order to select proper shading materials of the rain shelter house in northern area, we investigated photosynthetic properties and growth of 5-years-old ginseng in rain shelter house. The temperature and humidity were slightly different between the traditional conventional shade facility and the rain shelter house, but the light intensity of the shading facility tended to decrease with the passage of time. The difference in shading method in rain shelter house was the highest at polyethylene film with layered polyethylene net 75%. As a result of the growth characteristics of the top part, 90% of blue-green double-sided film showed the greatest growth with 89.8 ± 1.5. The difference in top part between rain shelter house and shading facility is about 23 ㎝. Conclusion : Although the above growth characteristics of the ginseng shows this tendency, the root growth characteristics of the ginseng must be further observed.

Background : The roots of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf are used as medicines such as expectorants, and they are edible. Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf currently has a very small cultivation area, and there are no breeding cultivars, most of the native species are cultivated in the farm house. Therefore, it is important that identification of collecting species characteristic in order to breeding strategy. In this study, morphological features of the leaves and stems of the collecting species in the area were observed. Methods and Results : The morphological characteristics of mansam collected from three areas including Cheolwon (41 accession), Jeongseon (19 accession), and Pyeongchang (15 accession) were investigated at the flowering stage on leaf and stem. As a result of investigation of leaf characteristics, The leaf shape was the most frequent with 78.9% in the kidney type, 8.5% in the cardiac type, 7.0% in the wide-elliptical type, and 2.8% in the egg and egg-oval type. The leaf length was the most frequent with 67.1% in case of short, 28.6% in case of middle, and 4.3% in case of long. The leaf width was 67.1% in case of middle, 30.0% in case of broad, and 2.9% in case of narrow. Leaf hair was 47.1% in case of plenty, 27.1% in case of middle, and 25.7% in case of small number. The degree of greenness of the leaves was 60.0% in case of middle, 31.4% in case of darkness, and 8.6% in case of lightness. The degree of pigmentation of anthocyanin in petiole was 41.4% in case of lightness, 31.4% in case of darkness, and 27.1% in case of middle. As a result of investigating the characteristics of stem, The presence and absence of hair on the stem was 95.7% in case of little, 2.9% in the middle, and 1.4% in case of plenty. The degree of staining of anthocyanin in the stem was 42.9% in case of middle, 30.0% in case of darkness, and 27.1% in case of lightness. Conclusion : We intend to use this data as a basic data for cultivating varieties by supplementing investigation of traits such as expansion of collection area and investigation object and flower shape in the future.

Background : Recently, there is a urgent demand for development of new varieties with enhanced resistance to various biotic/abiotic stresses. In order to develop ginseng varieties with such traits, systematic breeding program and comprehensive field studies are prerequisite. Methods and Results : ‘Jinwon' seeds were collected in 2003 from the farmer field of Pocheon. Physiological investigation and propagation were conducted from 2008 to 2010. It was given the name 'Eumseong No. 11 through the observed yield trial from 2011 to 2013 and local adaptability was carried out from 2014 to 2017. All phenotypes including agronomic characteristics, seed yield, and physiological response to biotic/abiotic stresses were investigated according to the ginseng GAP and UPOV guidelines. Red leaf and red berry at maturing stage were observed. The time of emergence, flowering and berry maturity of the ‘Jinwon’ were faster than those of ‘Chunpoong’. Stem length of ‘Jinwon’ was longer than that of ‘Chunpoong’, whereas stem diameter was thicker than that of ‘Chunpoong’. Main root length was similar but main root diameter is thicker than that of ‘Chunpoong’. The yield performance of this variety was 576 ㎏/10 a in local adaptability test for two years, which is 9% higher than that of ‘Chunpoong’. ‘Jinwon’ showed strong resistance at high temperatures. Conclusion : Our study demonstrated that ‘Jinwon’ is an ideal variety with heavier root weight and enhanced stress resistance and contribute will enhance biotic/abiotic stress resistance and increase the farmers' income.

Background : For the GAP standard cultivation, weed occurrence pattern was investigated by planting density and mulching method of Bupleurum falcatum L. Methods and Results : Vinyl and rice straw were used for mulching. The planting density were 10, 20, and 30 cm, and the spacing between plants were 5 ㎝. The amount of weed emergence were examined twice at the end of July and at the end of September. The degree of importance was based on the Braun-Branquet’s dominance value distinction criterion. As a result, the kind of total weeds emerged during the cultivation of Bupleurum falcatum L. were identified as 20 species in 10 families. Amount of weed’s occurrence were the highest in rice straw covering after 10 × 5 ㎝ sowing, and it were lowest in vinyl mulching after 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing. The frequency of weed emergence was highest with 10 species of 8 families in rice straw mulching treatment. On the other hand, the treatment with the least emergence frequency of weeds was 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing after vinyl mulching, and weeds of 7 species of 6 families appeared. In the second survey in September, weeds of 15 species in 9 families were identified in the test field. The amount of weed’s occurrence were the highest in rice straw mulching after 10 × 5 ㎝ sowing, and it were the least in the case of vinyl mulching after 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing. The frequency of emergence of weeds was highest in rice straw mulching after 20 × 5 ㎝ sowing, and the kind of weeds were 11 species of 8 families. The treatment of the lowest emergence frequency of weeds was 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing after vinyl mulching. Three kinds of weeds occurred. Conclusion : From the above results, it is expected that we can suppress the weed occurrence at the planting density of 30 × 5 ㎝ after vinyl mulching at the sowing of Bupleurum falcatum L.