Chemical properties of aerosols were investigated by analyzing the inorganic water-soluble content in PM2.5 collected in the downtown area of Jeju City in Jeju Island. Due to an increase in both the number of visiting tourists and the size of local population, the number of cars in this area is increasing, causing an increase in PM2.5. Eight PM2.5-bound major inorganic ions were analyzed during the summer and winter periods. The water-soluble inorganic component represents a significant fraction of PM2.5. In particular, secondary inorganic aerosols contribute 36.2% and 47.5% of PM2.5 mass in summer and winter, respectively. Nitrate concentrations increase for [NH4 +]/[SO4 2-]>1.5, and excess ammonium, which is necessary for ammonium nitrate formation, is linearly correlated with nitrate. These results are clearly observed during the winter because conditions are more conducive to the formation of ammonium nitrate. A significant negative correlation between Nitrogen Oxidation Ratio (NOR) and temperature was observed. The obtained results can be useful for a better understanding of the aerosol dynamics in the downtown area in Jeju City.

This study was conducted to elucidate the distribution of vascular plants and their value of Mt. Samyeong. The vascular plants that were collected 10 times from October 2013 to July 2015 consisted of a total of 538 taxa; 92 families, 308genera, 466 species, 3 subspecies, 62 varieties and 7 forms. The observed rare plant species as designated by Korea Forest Service were 24 taxa. Endemic species were 25 taxa. 28 taxa were recorded as naturalized plants and their naturalized rate and urban index were noted as 5.3% and 8.7%. Among the surveyed 538 taxa, edible, medicinal, pasturing, ornamental, timber, dye, fiber and industrial plants included 220 taxa, 195 taxa, 167 taxa, 65 taxa, 25 taxa, 8 taxa, 6 taxa and 3taxa, respectively.

Background:The present study was conducted to investigate the fatty acid content and habitat conditions of Glehnia littoralis in the Korean midwest region.Methods and Results:The emergence area of G. littoralis was 36.1 m from the coastline at an elevation of 4.2 m and slope of 4.3%. The soil of the habitat was sandy, the pH was 8.4, organic matter content was 0.4%, P2O5 content was 9.1 ㎎/㎏ and the content of K, Ca, Mg and Na were 0.09, 9.31, 0.43 and 0.23 cmol+/㎏, respectively. Other plants growing in this area with G. littoralis included 16 taxa. Plant with high coverage and frequency were Carex kobomugi, Elymus mollis, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Lathyrus japonicus, Calystegia soldanella and Carex pumila. In the seeds of G. littoralis, the maximum fatty acid content was 65.5% oleic acid, 28.7% linoleic acid, 4.3% palmitic acid, 1.5% stearic acid, and 0.2% linolenic acid.Conclusions:In G. littoralis of Korean midwest, the scope of collection and cultivation for medicinal purposes was broad, because differences in associated vegetation, soil composition, and fatty acid content owing to habitat conditions was low.

The purpose of measuring a dam operated after design & construction is to properly operate reservoir and maintain dam structural safety by comparing the really measured data for the behavior of dam with the data for design & construction, the past mesured data and analyzing them. In this paper, the really measured data is analized for a dam facilitiy located near a seismic epicenter of earthquake that occurred on 12th, Nov. 2016 in Gyeong-ju and the results of safety inspection for a dam is shown by comparing the behavior of dam before and after occuring earthquake

In the Gangwon province, severe freezing damage to road tunnels are occurred due to freezing condition such as snowfall, cold waves and icing. As a result, serious damage occurs on the lining and road surface of the tunnel entrance and exit. Therefore, it is necessary to develop appropriate mitigation methods to protect damage to people and property by freezing. In this paper, we introduce that the trend of research for reducing the freezing damage and the required performance to be secured for the maintenance of road tunnels in cold region and the future research plans.

산악지역의 비탈면에서 발생되는 토석류에 의한 피해를 예측하기 위해 비탈면 평가를 통하여 취약지역을 선정하여 안전성 검토와 토석류 확산 시뮬레이션을 실시하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 일부 지역에서 토석류에 의한 도로 구조물 및 민가 피해가 발생될 것으로 예상됨에 따라 토석류 예방 및차단시설이 계획될 필요가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

During the research period, error analysis of the amount of daily precipitation was performed with data obtained from 2DVD, Parsivel, and AWS, and from the results, 79 days were selected as research days. According to the results of a synoptic meteorological analysis, these days were classified into ‘LP type, CF type, HE type, and TY type’. The dates showing the maximum daily precipitation amount and precipitation intensity were ‘HE type and CF type', which were found to be attributed to atmospheric instability causing strong ascending flow, and leading to strong precipitation events. Of the 79 days, most days were found to be of the LP type. On July 27, 2011 the daily precipitation amount in the Korean Peninsula reached over 80 mm (HE type). The leading edge of the Northern Pacific high pressure was located over the Korean Peninsula with unstable atmospheric conditions and inflow of air with high temperature and high humidity caused ascending flow, 120 mm/h with an average precipitation intensity of over 9.57 mm/h. Considering these characteristics, precipitation in these sample dates could be classified into the convective rain type. The results of a precipitation scale distribution analysis showed that most precipitation were between 0.4-5.0 mm, and ‘Rain’ size precipitation was observed in most areas. On July 9, 2011, the daily precipitation amount was recorded to be over 80 mm (CF type) at the rainy season front (Jangma front) spreading across the middle Korean Peninsular. Inflow of air with high temperature and high humidity created unstable atmospheric conditions under which strong ascending air currents formed and led to convective rain type precipitation.

Four requirements for the operating and supporting system for sustainable landscape management will be discussed through this paper. The requirements are based on multiple case studies on the structure and the process of development of three organizations that have been contributing to the sustainable rural landscape management in Japan since 1989. The first requirement is that the residents should recognize regional problems and voluntarily organize a group which can properly deal with the problems. Secondly, members of the organization should have a solid grasp of the goal of their activities (or founding principal of the organization) and share it among themselves. Founding principal should include the history of natural circulation system in the area, cultural features and a future plan in association with human resources. Thirdly, the administration of the organization should be separated from the founder, the residents. The administration, such as business promotion, becomes more effective when consigned to a separate entity, not to the residents. Lastly, the interaction among separate entities is crucial to promote diverse activities for the local landscape management. The administrators and experts need to cooperate to draw a precise conclusion regarding the way of interaction. These requirements drawn from the Japanese case studies should be localized to the Korean circumstances for further adoption.

Stability of labor market in rural areas was analyzed in this paper with categories of industrial group, employment scale, surviving period, and founder group. The stability of each classified labor market was compared with each other to figure out the stable business class and the unstable class in rural areas. The results of rural areas were compared with those of urban areas. The stability was analyzed with average and coefficient of variation (C.V.) of annual total employees’ change rates. It was revealed that labor market of ‘primary industry’, including agriculture, is unstable. Especially, labor market of ‘mid-size’ and ‘primary industry’ businesses founded as ‘incorporated company’ in rural areas is vulnerable. While labor market of ‘large-size’ is proved to be unstable, it is confirmed that ‘small-size’ or ‘mid-size’, and ‘over-ten-year survived’ businesses have positive contribution to the stable labor market in rural and urban areas. The results show that the stability of labor market is different in each category of business and in each region of rural or urban area. It is expected that the results can be utilized for the regional development policies, of labor and industry part.

This study aimed to determine the optimal harvesting time for covered barley to make grain silage, in Honam region of Korea. We harvested six varieties of barley every third day from 24 to 42 days after heading (DAH). The moisture content decreased from 62.4% at 24 DAH to 24% at 42 DAH. The moisture content at 36 DAH was 44.3%; however, moisture content at 39 and 42 DAH was lower than 40%. Yield of covered barley significantly increased from 24 to 42 DAH (p < 0.05). Yield at 36 DAH (557 kg/10a) was not significantly different from that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to the feed value of barley grain silage, the amount of crude fiber and crude ash was different by harvesting time (p < 0.05). However, the amount of crude protein, crude fat, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) from 24 and 42 DAH was not significantly different. The pH of grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH was between 3.8 and 4.2 and it was stable until 36 DAH (p < 0.05). However, the pH of grain silage at 39 and 42 DAH was 5.2 and 5.8, respectively, which was higher than the pH of silage with good fermentation quality. The lactic acid content of barley grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH decreased from 5.5% to 0.5% (p < 0.05). The amount of lactic acid at 36 DAH was higher than that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to moisture content, yield, feed value, and fermentation, the optimal harvesting time for grain silage of covered barley was 36 DAH. This could increase the use efficiency of harvesting machine for barley and reduce the harvesting time gap between whole barley silage and grain silage in Korea. Moreover, using barley grain silage for animal feed could reduce the import of corn.

The purpose of the study was to investigate how the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival, a rural festival, affects the farmers of the local farms in Cheongju. Based on grounded theory, this study analyzed the objective using a qualitative research program, the Nvivo11 program. The data was collected through in depth interviews from 13 farmers who participated in the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival, and were also residents of Chungcheungbuk-do. The roles of the local festival expected by farmers, were the sale of local agricultural products, local public relations, regional revitalization, a sense of pride as a farmer, exchange of business ideas for sales of agricultural products, and a line of direct communication between farmers and consumers. The farmers who participated in the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival insisted that sales should rise. The results showed that the farmers who participated in the festival felt socially and psychologically stable while participating. The programs at the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival include a concert, hands on involvement, and agricultural sales, which have a direct influence on both sales and attracting visitors during the local festival. Farmers who participated in the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival asked for the improvement of the overall operation of the festival, including the problems with the admission tickets, parking, arrangement of facilities, festival venue, time, and etc. The suggested improvements for the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival focused on the quality certification system of agricultural products, as well as the organic farming of products, thereby to gain trust from the consumers.

전남 나주시 장동리 지역의 화강암 풍화대를 피복하는 적갈색 점토-실트 퇴적물 단면(~2 m)에 대하여 광물학적 및 지화학적 특성 분석을 실시하였다. 퇴적물은 주로 석영(50%)과 점토광물(45%)로 구성되어 있으며, 소량의 K-장석, 침철석, 적철석, 깁사이트로 구성되어 있다. 점토광물은 일라이트(일 라이트, 일라이트-스멕타이트 혼합층), 질석(질석, 수산화-Al 질석), 고령석(캐올리나이트, 할로이사이 트) 계열의 점토광물로 구성되어 있다. 광물 및 화학조성의 수직 함량변화는 미미하며, 사장석과 녹니 석이 전반적으로 결핍되어 있으나 최상부에 소량 함유되어 있다. 점토광물의 주성분이 일라이트 계열 이므로 퇴적물의 기원물질은 주변 고령토질 화강암 풍화물이 아니라, 먼 기원지에서 유래한 풍성퇴적 물로 판단된다. 현생 황사의 광물조성과 비교하면, 퇴적 후의 심한 화학적 풍화작용으로 사장석과 K-장석이 거의 없어지고, 석영과 점토광물로 구성된 광물학적 특성을 갖게 되었다. 풍화과정에서 사장석 과 녹니석은 각각 고령토 광물과 질석으로 변질되었으며, 함철 유색광물의 풍화과정에서 침철석과 적 철석이 침전되어 퇴적물이 적갈색을 띠게 되었다. 이 지역의 적갈색 점토-실트는 한반도 타지역 풍성 퇴적물과 광물학적 및 지화학적 특성을 공유하므로 풍성퇴적물로 추정되지만, 이에 대해서는 퇴적물 연대측정이나 동위원소 분석 등의 추가 검증이 필요하다.

In this study, the intra-seasonal fluctuation (ISF) of wintertime temperature change in East Asia was classified by a cluster analysis of complete linkage. A ISF of temperature change was defined as a difference of synthesized harmonics (1 to 36 harmonic) of daily temperature averaged for 30 years (1951~1980, 1981~2010). Eight clusters were gained from the ISF curves of 96 stations in East Asia. Regions of the cluster C, G and A1 seem to be affected by the Siberian High (SH) center, whereas the cluster A1, A2, D, B and F by the SH main pathways. Regions of the cluster E are apart from the SH main pathways and appear to be in the area of influence of other factors. Wintertime temperatures in Northwest China (clusters C, G) and Northeast China (cluster A1) were increased very largely. In most clusters, around late January there were less warming periods than the winter mean of the mean ISF of the clusters, before and after this time there were more warming periods than the winter mean.

경기도 동두천시는 2006년 이후 침체되고 있는 원도심 거리 개선 사업을 여러 방면으로 진행하고 있다. 동두천시 지역 축 제 중 크리스마스트리축제가 있다. 이는 한국 주민과 주둔 미군, 외국인 노동자들도 함께 공감할 수 있는 문화콘텐츠이기에 도시 이미지 쇄신과 지역 발전을 위해 활용 가능성이 높은 축제이다. 본고에서 제1, 2회 트리축제를 분석 및 연구를 하여, 주요 개선점을 4가지(1)홍보와 마케팅-주제와 테마 설정 2)트리축제 아이덴티티 및 디자인 컨셉 설정 3)디자인 심미성 완 성도 환경 친화 4)협업)영역으로 추출 하였다. 이를 ICD 세부 방법론 8가지를 세우고 디자인을 개발 하였다. 그 결과 총 63종의 ICD아이템이 개발 되었다. 결과적으로 트리축제사상 최대 관람객을 동원하는데 디자인이 도움이 되었고, 축제 행 사 기간 동안 주간 및 야간 경관 모두 이전보다 발전된 모습을 볼 수 있었다. 이 연구는 다음해 트리축제 디자인을 효율적 으로 추진할 수 있는 기반이 될 수 있으며, 발생가능 문제를 예측하고 합리적인 대안을 구축하는데 교안으로 활용 가능 할 것이다. 하지만 앞으로 지속가능한 트리축제를 위해서는 ICD 핵심팀과 진행팀의 긴밀한 연계, 지역 주민과의 협업, 효율적 인 관리 운영 시스템 개발, 업무 로드의 균형적 경영 등의 문제에 관해서는 지속적인 연구가 필요하다.

본 연구의 목적은 지역 특성화를 위한 포천지역의 자개가구디자인 개발을 통하여, 지역디자인의 필요성에 대한 당위성과 지역문화를 대변하는 이미지 개발에 의한 특성화의 제시로, 가구산업육성방안의 사례를 지역이미지디자인을 통하여 그 방 안을 제시 하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 포천시의 가구사업의 현황 분석과, 신사고로서의 자개가구디자인을 대안으로, 포천시 를 대변할 수 있는 문화를 담은 현대적 가구디자인을 제시하고자한다. 이는 한국가구산업의 어려운 현실을 개선하고, 포천 지역사회를 발전시키는 이미지 산업으로의 역할을 할 수 있다고 본다. 이를 위해서 기존의 보수적인 디자인과 소극적인 마 케팅 방식에서 벗어나, 소비자 요구에 부흥하는 친환경적인 상품화 방법을 제시 하고자 하였다. 또한 가구가 새로운 기품과 엘리트 의식으로의 차별성을 담는 가치를 담고자 하였고 또한 전통가구디자인과 모던디자인의 공통점을 중심으로 키워드 와 디자인을 정리하여 그 분석내용을 토대로 거실가구 중 벽걸이TV와 같이 사용 할 수 있는 장식장을 상품화 아이템으로 선정하였다. 따라서 지역의 특성을 살리는 이미지 개발과 기업육성을 위한 제품디자인의 적극적인 제시는 지자체 산업 활 성화에 의미 있는 연구가 될 것으로 기대한다.

To determine the effect of air pollution reduction policies, the long-term trend of air pollutants should be analyzed. Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter is a low-pass filter, produced through repeated iterations of a moving average to separate each variable into its temporal components. The moving average for a KZ(m, p) filter is calculated by a filter with window length m and p iterations. The output of the first pass subsequently becomes the input for the next pass. Adjusting the window length and the number of iterations makes it possible to control the filtering of different scales of motion. To break down the daily mean PM10 into individual time components, we assume that the original time series comprises of a long-term trend, seasonal variation, and a short-term component. The short-term component is attributable to weather and short-term fluctuations in precursor emissions, while the seasonal component is a result of changes in the solar angle. The long-term trend results from changes in overall emissions, pollutant transport, climate, policy and/or economics. The long-term trend of the daily mean PM10 decreased sharply from 59.6 ug/m3 in 2002 to 44.6 ug/m3 in 2015. This suggests that there was a long-term downward trend since 2005. The difference between the unadjusted and meteorologically adjusted long-term PM10 is small. Therefore, we can conclude that PM10 is unaffected by the meteorological variables (total insolation, daily mean temperature, daily mean relative humidity, daily mean wind speed, and daily mean local atmospheric pressure) in Busan.

The classification of airflow patterns during high ozone (O3) and PM10 episodes on Jeju Island in recent years (2009-2015), as well as their correlation with meteorological conditions according to classified airflow patterns were investigated in this study. The airflow patterns for O3 and PM10 were classified into four types (Types A-D) and three types (Types E-G), respectively, using the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and synoptic weather charts. Type A was the most dominant airflow pattern for O3 episodes, being characterized by the transport of airflows from urban and industrial areas in China with the highest frequency (about 69%, with a mean of 67 ppb). With regard to the PM10 episodes, Type E was the most dominant airflow pattern, and was mostly associated with long distance transport from Asian dust source regions along northwesterly winds, having the highest frequency (about 92%, with a mean of 136 μg/m3). The variations in the concentration of O3 and PM10 during the study period were clarified in correlation with two pollutant and meteorological variables; for example, the high (low) O3 and PM10 concentrations with high (low) air temperature and/or wind speed and vice versa for precipitation. The contribution of long-range transport to the observed PM10 levels in urban sites for different airflow patterns (Types E-F), if estimated in comparison to the data from the Gosan background site, was found to account for approximately 87-93% (on average) of its input. The overall results of the present study suggest that the variations in O3 and PM10 concentrations on Jeju Island are mainly influenced by the transport effect, as well as the contribution of local emissions.

Asthma deaths in Seoul peaked on the third, fifth, and second days after the PM concentration exceeded the daily average concentration standard. We classified the synoptic meteorological conditions, based on the days involving such cases, into three categories. Type 1 included the meteorological condition likely to cause high air pollution concentrations in the leeward region, the dominant wind direction of which is the northwest. Type 2 included the meteorological condition likely to cause high air pollution concentrations due to the weak wind velocity under stable atmospheric conditions. Type 3 was when the passage low atmospheric pressure and the expansion of high atmospheric pressure occurred at the rear, indicating a meteorological condition likely to cause high air pollution, in certain regions. Type 1 occurred 11 times, with high concentrations of over 100㎍/m³ being observed in the southeastern part of Seoul. Type 2 occurred 24 times, often accompanied by a PM concentration of 100~400 ㎍/m³. Type 3 occurred 11 times, and was accompanied by several days of yellow dust that accounted for the highest concentrations.

본 연구는 강건성 지수와 불확실성 분석기법을 활용하여 기후변화 취약성 평가과정에서 발생하는 불확실성을 정량화하였다. 본 연구는 우리나 라의 6개 광역시(부산, 대구, 인천, 광주, 대전, 울산)를 대상으로 다기준 의사결정기법 중 하나인 TOPSIS 기법을 이용하여 용수공급 취약성 순위를 산정하였다. 강건성 지수는 두 대상 도시의 순위가 가중치의 변화로 인해 순위역전현상이 발생할 수 있는 가능성을 정량화하고 불확실성 분석 기법 은 두 도시 사이에 순위역전이 발생할 수 있는 가중치의 최소 변화량을 산정한다. 그 결과 인천과 대구는 용수공급 측면에서 취약한 것으로 나타났 으며, 대구와 부산은 용수공급 취약성에 민감한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 대구는 다른 대안에 비해 상대적으로 용수공급이 취약한 지역으로 나타났 으나, 취약성에 민감하기 때문에 기후변화 적응대책 수립 및 시행을 통해 취약성이 크게 향상될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 기후변화와 용 수공급 측면에서의 적응전략을 계획하고 수립하는데 있어서 우선적으로 고려해야하는 방향을 제안하는 데 사용될 수 있다.

The purpose of measuring a dam operated after design & construction is to properly operate reservoir and maintain dam structural safety by comparing the really measured data for the behavior of dam with the data for design & construction, the past mesured data and analyzing them. In this paper, the really measured data is analized for a dam facilitiy located near a seismic epicenter of earthquake that occurred on 12th, Nov. 2016 in Gyeong-ju and the results of safety inspection for a dam is shown by comparing the behavior of dam before and after occuring earthquake.