As an essential means to the exploitation of new demands, the export of agri-food has the price-supporting effect on the domestic agri-food and its expansion can be a good way to increase farms' income. Of course, to enhance farms' income under the liberalization of the market, it is necessary to have countermeasures considering various factors. To this end, the study understood the experiences of farms doing exports and looked into ways to improve them by reviewing their motivations to export, difficulties, requirements, etc. In this context, the study conducted the purposive sampling among tomato export farmhouses in Jeongseon-gun in the export enforcement phase and executed the theme analysis. The research findings and suggestions are as follows. First, in order to enhance the level of commercialization of Jeongseon-gun tomatoes and reinforce the trade bargaining power, it is necessary to form the consensus on policy and make the scaling of the site based on the strong organization power. To this end, it requires the active role of agricultural cooperatives that take a big portion of distribution in the site and distribute its profits directly to farmhouses. Second, it is necessary to set clear target markets for Jeongseon-gun tomato export farms and set sales strategies for each target market. That is, in order to expand the export of Jeongseon-gun tomatoes, after clarifying local sales and export sales, export farmhouses should focus on quality management and secure the quantity for export. Third, to expand the export to Japan which already has the foundation for the export of Korean tomatoes, and to new export countries of China, Russia, etc., it is necessary to set the 'Two-Track Strategies for Export Market (particular item for focus and particular area for focus)' through the building of network of tomato export areas in Gangwon-do. In conclusion, to expand the export of Jeongseon-gun tomatoes, agricultural cooperatives and leaders together should build the strong organizational power with farmhouses and secure the quantities for export. And, according to the 'Two-Track Strategies for Export Market (particular item for focus and particular area for focus)', export infrastructure and export operational system should be built and to do so, the solidarity of tomato export farmhouses in Gangwon area should precede.

Although the bottom-up rural area development project was conceived with great expectations, the general evaluation of the project so far reveals that it does not significantly differ from projects carried out in a top-down manner. This paper examines the nature of the bottom-up rural area development project with a focus on its background, including the roles of authority and project participants. Results revealed that the project was designed to be implemented in line with the state affairs ideology of the leader in a negative position of bureaucratic society. Though the form of implementation for the project seemed bottom-up as seen in the process of the roles and authorities in supporting organizations the top-down method of implementation can be seen in the authorities and roles of the central government. It was also noticed that the private sector, designed to elicit participation of various experts, looked to be managed and controlled by public organizations. The abovementioned signifies that the Korea rural area development project has been implemented not in a bottom-up manner but rather in an ever-strong top-down manner, which means that the central government holds more responsibility for the project's results, evaluation, and discussions. Furthermore, as seen in the background of the project, policies have been implemented in a top-down manner without the confidence of the bureaucratic society. Therefore, in order to implement a proper bottom-up rural area development project, there is a need for the bureaucratic society to have confidence in the rural societies.

The objective of this study was to investigate the perception of walking environment and use of neighborhood facilities of rural female elderly, who are the most susceptible to ambulatory problems. The study showed that parks, senior centers and hospitals were among the most frequently used neighborhood facilities by rural female elderly, while bus stations and senior centers were recognized as the closest facilities. Frequency of use was higher for paid sports facilities rather than parks. Hospitals and health centers were facilities that were desired to be in close proximity. Social support, self-efficacy, and attitude were the factors that affected walking environment. Street trees, accessibility to parks, and street lights were factors that showed a positive relationship with total time of walking activity while perceived crime rate and slopes were perceived as environmental challenges for groups that walked under 150 minutes per week. One factor that negatively affected walking was the lack of sidewalks on streets. Providing parks and walking trails within neighborhood, pleasant walking environments, and safe sidewalks would contribute to improved perception of neighborhood and walking of older rural women.

The purposes of this study were to suggest the methodology to select prior areas in the environmental pollution survey for livestock excreta (EPSLE) as well as to elucidate the validity of the methodology. In this study, the prior areas in the EPSLE were determined by examining the number of compost facilities categorized according to the three levels of size including the basin, the sub-basin and the watershed, respectively, based on the data from “Annual Nation-wide Pollution Sources Survey (2012)”. The results suggested that the list of prior basins were Nakdong, Geum, Youngsan and Han river basins in order. Also, it was examined that the prior sub-basins in the four river basins including Nakdong, Geum, Youngsan and Han rivers were Naesung Stream, Geumgang Gongju, Juam Dam and Namhan Downstream, respectively. The prior watersheds in the sub-basins of Naesung stream, Geumgang Gongju, Juam Dam and Namhan Downstream were Seocheon Downstream, Geum Stream, Gyeombaek Suwipyo and Yanghwa Stream, respectively. The validity of the methodology used in this study was elucidated by analyzing the correlation of the number of compost facilities with the concentrations of T-N and T-P observed in the end-points of sub-basins. The results of correlation analysis showed that the concentrations of T-N and T-P increased with the number of compost facilities. Specifically, there was the stronger correlation between the number of compost facilities and the concentrations of T-N than that for T-P. Consequently, it was proved that the methodology used in this work was valid and rational for the selection of prior areas in environmental pollution survey for EPSLE.

Comparing to the other air pollutants like SO2, CO, the number of exceedance of the ozone national ambient air quality standard(NAAQS) and the ozone warning increased recently in Busan. The purpose of this study is to find out the preliminary symptoms for high ozone days in Busan area. In order to find out the preliminary symptoms, the hourly ozone data at air quality monitoring stations and the hourly meterological parameters at Busan regional meteorological 2007 to 2013 were used for the analysis. Averaged daily max ozone concentration was the highest(0.055 ppm) at Noksan and Youngsuri in the ozone season from 2007 to 2013. The horizontal distributions of daily max. ozone including all stations in Busan at high ozone days(the day exceeding 0.1 ppm of ozone concentration at least one station) were classified from two to five clusters by hierarchial cluster analysis. The meteorological variables showing strong correlation with daily max. ozone were the daily mean dew point temperature, averaged total insolation, the daily mean relative humidity and the daily mean cloud amount. And the most frequent levels were 19-23℃ in dew point temperature, 21-24 MJ/m2 in total insolation on the day before, 2.6-3.0 MJ/m2 on the very day, 67-80% in relative humidity and 0-3 in cloud amount.

This study was carried out to inventory the vascular plant flora in Deokjeokdo and its adjacent regions (Mungapdo, Soyado), Ongjin-gun, South Korea, from April to October 2014. Based on the voucher specimens, vascular plants in this area consisted of 108 families, 362 genera, 578 species, 5 subspecies, 66 varieties and 4 forms, totally 653 taxa. In the flora of this area, 5 taxa of Korean endemic plants were found distributed in the sites, including Hepatica insularis Nakai and Asarum glabrata (C.S.Yook & J.G.Kim) B.U.Oh. Korean rare and endangered plants found in this area were 1 taxa of Critical Endangered Species (CR) and 5 taxa of Vulnerable Species (VU). The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 67 taxa comprising 3 taxa of grade V, 2 taxa of grade IV, 12 taxa of grade III, 3 taxa of grade II and 47 taxa of grade I. Naturalized plants consisted of 67 taxa, such as Chenopodium album L. and Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. were recognized widely distributed in the area.

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of indigenous habitat of Simjeok forest wetland, Mt. Jeombomg forest wetland, Mt. Sohwangbyung forest wetland, Jilmoi-neup, and Mt. Myeon forest wetland in Gangwon Province. The vascular plants were summarized as 547 taxa; 92 families, 296 genera, 468 species, 4 subspecies, 67 varieties, 8 forms. The plants that are specially noteworthy are 17 taxa of Korean endemic plants, 3 taxa of Critical Endangered Species (CR), 4 taxa of Endangered Species (EN), 8 taxa of Vulnerable Species (VU) and 17 taxa of Least Concemed Species (LC) in rare plants as categorized by the Korean Forest Service. Furthermore, V, IV, III degrees of floristic regional indicator plants as categorized by the Korean Ministry of Environment included 9 taxa, 14 taxa and 34 taxa, respectively. In addition, 25 taxa of naturalized plants were observed. In this study, we identified a variety of plants observed in the wetlands of Gangwon Province. We believe that this study will provide useful data for future research on the conservation and management of wetlands.

Purpose: Today, mindfulness become popular in medicine, psychology, physical education and so on. Mindfulness-based course began to be used in the educational field's formal curriculum. Many researches show that mindfulness-based class increase a lot of psychological qualities. Positive psychological capital is the state of personal positive psychological development and contributes to individual productivity. There are some studies, proving mindfulness-based interventions influenced on subfactors of positive psychological capital. This study tried to test whether mindfulness-based course could change the student's positive psychological capital. Methods: 164 participants were divided into 3 groups. Fifty-five were assigned to mindfulness based subjects as experiment group, 54 participants to yoga class, and 55 to general cultural subject as control group. During a semester, three classes were proceeded and some scales, including positive psychological capital, positive and negative emotions, and mindfulness were administered at pretest and posttest. Results: Significant differences were observed in all variables. Positive psychological capital, positive emotion, and mindfulness in mindfulness and yoga classes increased significantly and negative emotion in both classes decreased significantly, compared to control group. Conclusion: As a result, mindfulness-based class and yoga-based class could increase positive psychological capital and it is promising that mindfulness-based class can be included in curriculum.

본 연구는 경관생태학적 분석방법과 생태네트워크 개념을 도입하여 금강하구 광역 생태축을 구상을 그 목적으로 하고 있다. 연구의 대상지는 전라북도 군산시 성산면, 나포면 일대 금강 군산권역 전체이며, 그 중에서도 제방을 중심으로 제내지 1km 이내 권역을 설정하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 금강하구의 자연생태·인문환경에 대한 종합분석을 기반으로 가창오리를 목표종으로 선정하였다. 금강 일대의 우수한 기존 서식환경을 적극 보전하고, 신규 서식처의 조성·복원을 목표로 수변지역 일대를 관리하고자 하며, 가창오리와 수금류가 직접적으로 머무르는 서식처의 보전 뿐만 아니라, 이들 생물종을 부양하는 하위 생태피라미드 및 서식기반환경에 대한 포괄적인 관리를 수행하도록 한다. 둘째, 생태권역의 설정과 관련하여, 유네스코 MAB모형을 기반으로 대상지를 핵심지역, 완충지역, 연결지역, 복원지역 및 지속가능지역으로 세분화 한 후, 최종적으로 보전권역, 복원권역 및 체험·이용권역으로 생태관리권역을 분석 및 구분하였다. 보전권역은 경관생태학적 분석의 핵심지역을 중심으로 인간의 이용 및 간섭을 최소화하며, 지역의 생물다양성을 증진시킬 수 있는 야생동식물의 서식처로 관리하기 위해 설정된 공간으로, 핵심지역의 배후부지로 완충지역 일부가 포함한다. 복원권역은 생물서식공간의 확대와 생태계의 건전성 회복을 목표로, 기존 생태공간에 대한 기능향상 및 단절·훼손지역에 대한 생태복원 등 지속적인 관리가 요구되는 공간으로, 완충지역, 연결지역, 복원지역 등을 포함한다. 마지막으로 체험·이용권역은 기개발지 및 접근성 우수지역을 중심으로 체계적이고 효율적으로 금강의 생태자원을 이용·활용할 수 있는 공간으로, 주변지역과의 연계를 통한 생태관광 활성화를 도모하는 지역으로 정의한다. 본 연구는 최종적으로 각 권역별로 관리방향, 8대 추진전략 및 26개의 주요 사업과 프로그램을 제시하였다. 보전권역은 생물다양성 관리계약의 확대, 무논습지 조성, 녹지 및 습지총량제 등의 관리제도 도입을 제안하였으며, 복원권역의 경우 조류 및 생물서식공간 조성, 단절지역 소규모 비오톱 조성 및 수질정화습지의 조성 등을 제안하였다. 마지막으로 체험·이용권역의 경우 생태체험마을 조성, 습지생태공원 조성 및 생태해설사 양성 및 활성화 프로그램을 제안하였다. 이러한 프로젝트 및 프로그램은 본 대상지의 지속가능한 발전을 위한 가이드라인을 제시해줄 것으로 판단된다. 반면에 생태관리권역의 설정 및 권역별 주요 사업 및 프로그램의 선정이 일부 주관적인 판단에 의해 진행된 부분이 있으며, 향후 보다 객관적이고 과학적인 접근방법이 담보되어 진다면, 향후 국가 광역 핵심생태축 조성사업 등과 연계하여 보다 체계적인 생태자원의 보전 및 활용의 가이드라인을 제공해줄 것으로 기대된다.

The production of highly concentrated PM10 is in the spotlight as a social issue, and it increases the attack rate of Asthma. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of concentration and distribution for PM10 from 2000 to 2011, and investigate its correlation with the death from Asthma. Furthermore, this study was designed to analyze it by dividing into two cases like including Asian dust and excluding Asian dust because it presented the high concentration when Asian dust was occurred in the spring. This study has found that the annual average concentration distribution of PM10 in Seoul was higher in the central area than the peripheral area. The annual average concentration of PM10 and death from asthma displayed the tendency to gradually decrease. The correlation coefficient for all period was 0.92(p=0.000), and the correlation was 0.84(p=0.001) in case of remove Asian dust. The monthly average concentration of PM10 has increased in the winter and decreased in the summer. The death from Asthma and correlation coefficient for all period was 0.588(p=0.044) and 0.640(p=0.025) in case of removing Asian dust. Although the causes of Asthma had a great diversity, the similar tendency by a factor of PM10 meant that the correlation was high.

In 2013, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that outdoor air pollution is carcinogenic to humans, with the particulate matter component of air pollution most closely associated with sufficient evidence of increased cancer incidence by exposure to particulate matter component of air pollution. Motor vehicles are one of a major emission sources of fine particle (PM2.5) in urban areas. A large number of epidemiological studies have reported a positive association of morbidity or mortality with distance from the roadside. We conducted this study to assess the association of PM2.5 concentrations measured at roadside hotspots with those at adjacent residential sites using real-time PM2.5 monitors. We conducted real-time PM2.5 measurements for rush hour periods (08:00∼10:00 and 18:00∼20:00) at 9 roadside air monitoring Hotspot sites in metropolitan Seoul over 3 weeks from October 1 to 21, 2013. Simultaneous measurements were conducted in residential sites within a 100 m radius from each roadside air monitoring site. A SidePak AM510 was used for the real-time PM2.5 measurements. Medians of roadside PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 9.8 μg/m3 to 38.3 μg/m3, while corresponding median values at adjacent residential sites ranged from 4.4 μg/m3 to 37.3 μg/m3. PM2.5 concentrations of residential sites were 0.97 times of hotspot roadside sites. Distributions of PM2.5 concentrations in roadside and residential areas were also very similar. Real-time PM2.5 concentrations at residential sites, (100 m adjacent), showed similar levels to those at roadside sites. Increasing the distance between roadside and residential sites, if needed, should be considered to protect urban resident populations from PM2.5 emitted by traffic related sources.

11개 nSSR 표지를 이용하여 안면도지역 곰솔 채종원 ’81단지와 내륙과 해안집단의 화분유동과 교배양식 유전모수를 추정하였다. 이형접합도 관측치(Ho)와 Shannon의 유전다양성지수(I)는 안면도 곰솔 채종원(클론: He = 0.680, I = 1.608; 종자: He = 0.636～0.646, I = 1.472～1.508)과 내륙집단(성목: He = 0.690, I = 1.691; 종자: He = 0.658～0.685, I = 1.573～1.636), 해안집단(성목: He = 0.683, I = 1.641; 종자: He = 0.665～0.685, I = 1.595～1.669) 간에 유의한 차이는 없으며, 각 집단의 생산년도간에 뿐 만 아니라 세대간에 유의한 차이가 없었다(P > 0.05). MLTR로 분석으로 추정한 교배양식 유전모수를 추정한 결과 다수 유전자좌 타가교배율(채종원: 0.887∼0.919, 내륙: 0.948∼0.972, 해안: 0.850 ∼0.932)과 양친 근친교배(채종원: 0.003∼0.006, 내륙: 0.038∼0.066, 해안: 0.034∼0.099)는 집단간에 유의한 차이가 없는 반면, 2009년 생산된 종자에서 추정된 부계상관(채종원: 0.022, 내륙집단: 0.010, 해안집단: 0.047)은 집단간에 유의한 차이가 있다(P < 0.05). 안면도 지역 곰솔 집단 전반은 화분수의 유전다양성이 높고 교배의 대부분이 다수의 화분수가 기여하는 타가수정으로 이루어지기 때문에 각 집단의 공간구조와 유전구조의 차이에도 불구하고 세대간 유전변이의 감소가 없으며, 집단간에 유전다양성의 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 생각된다. 반면 임분의 밀도와 규모 등에 따라 생산년도간에 유전모수의 변이를 달리하며, 그중 곰솔 해안집단은 연간 변이에 큰 차이를 보이고 있어 다른 집단에 비해 교배환경의 변화에 반응이 크게 나타나는 것으로 생각된다.

경기지역의 콩 다수확 선도단지를 선정하여 경기지역에 적합한 다수확 품종과 각 지역의 작부체계 및 재배 매뉴얼 설정을 추진하였다. 대상지역은 경기 연천 단작지대 1개소, 양평 이모작지대 1개소 및 예비시험지 3개소를 선정하여 선도농가에 다수확품종을 보급하고, 재배매뉴얼을 보급하여 파종에서 수확 후 관리 및 병해충 방제 등을 교육하였다. 지역별 최대 수량은 연천군 연천읍에서 연풍콩이 328㎏/10a로 가장 많은 수량을 나타내었고, 양평 지평면에서는 강풍콩이 271㎏/10a로 가장 많은 수량을 나타내었다. 파주시 적성면에서는 우람콩이 비닐피복시 360kg/10a로 가장 많은 수량을 나타내었다. 중북부권 콩 작부체계 모형으로 콩 재배면적 6,293ha의 84%(5,281ha)가 단작형태로 재배를 하고 있었고, 단작형태 중 가장 많은 재배면적을 차지하는 곳은 연천, 파주, 화성 순으로 나타났다. 이모작형태는 감자+콩, 맥류+콩, 콩+채소 순이었으며, 감자+콩 재배가 1,012ha로 이모작 중 56%(568ha)를 차지하였으며, 콩+채소, 맥류+콩 및 기타형태의 이모작은 444ha로 전체적으로(또는 감자+콩) 이모작 재배면적은 안성에서 가장 많은 반면 맥류+콩 작부체계는 평택에서 가장 많이 이루어지고 있는 것으로 조사 되었다. 경기지역에서의 이모작 재배 문제점은 감자+콩 작부체계의 경우 감자 수확 후 6월 하순에서 7월 상순 콩 파종시 한발조건이 되면 재파, 3파를 시도하여도 활착이 잘 되지 않아 생육이 균일하지 않았고, 비닐 피복시 타공 구멍이 작으면, 물 부족으로 인해 유묘기에 자엽 및 생장부가 고사하는 문제점 등이 발생하여 금후 대책 연구가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.