In commercial solar cells, the pattern of the front electrode is critical to effectively assemble the photo generated current. The power loss in solar cells caused by the front electrode was categorized as four types. First, losses due to the metallic resistance of the electrode. Second, losses due to the contact resistance of the electrode and emitter. Third, losses due to the emitter resistance when current flows through the emitter. Fourth, losses due to the shading effect of the front metal electrode, which has a high reflectance. In this paper, optimizing the number of finger on a 4 ´ 4 solar cell is demonstrated with known theory. We compared the short circuit current density and fill factor to evaluate the power loss from the front metal contact calculation result. By experiment, the short circuit current density(Jsc), taken in each pattern as 37.61, 37.53, and 37.38 mA/ cm2 decreased as the number of fingers increased. The fill factor(FF), measured in each pattern as 0.7745, 0.7782 and 0.7843 increased as number of fingers increased. The results suggested that the efficiency(Eff) was measured in each pattern as 17.51, 17.81, and 17.84 %. Throughout this study, the short-circuit current densities(Jsc) and fill factor(FF) varied according to the number of fingers in the front metal pattern. The effects on the efficiency of the two factors were also investigated.

미국 Lick 천문대에서 위상이 다른 세 시기에 공생별 AG Peg을 분광 관측하고 방출선 H I, He II, O III를 조 사하였다. 6개의 O III Bowen 선의 FWHM과 선세기를 측정하고 형광 기작 효율을 연구하였다. 세 시기의 O III 일반 선과 Bowen 선의 평균 FWHM은 큰 차이가 없었으나 선세기 비는 약 4.0 배 정도로 O III Bowen 선이 높았다. O III Bowen 선의 이론적 세기 비와 관측 세기 비를 비교한 결과, O III λ 3759.87만 제외하고 관측한 세기가 이론적 세기보 다 크다는 사실을 알았다. O III λ 3791.26과 3754.67의 선세기 비는 세 시기 중에서 2001년도만이 Saraph and Seaton (1980)의 모델과 잘 일치하였다. 다른 두 시기는 AG Peg의 효율(R)을 구할 수 없었으나 2002년은 R=0.47을 얻었다. 이 때문에, 2002년 효율 결과를 기초로 He II λ 4685.68에 대한 O III 일반선과 Bowen 선의 세기 비를 구하여 시기에 따른 효율 변화를 알아보았다. 그 결과 AG Peg의 효율은 1998년이 가장 높았고 2001년이 가장 낮았다. 결론적으로, 위상에 따른 효율 변화는 이온화된 가스의 전자 온도 변화에 기인하는데, AG Peg의 효율은 전자 온도가 증가함에 따라 증가하고 있다. 우리 연구 결과는 선세기 비 및 효율의 경향성 파악과 공생별에서 이온화된 껍질의 물리적 조건을 이해하는데 사용될 수 있다.

In the painting process of automotive factory, color changeover cost is incurred every time the color of vehicle is changed. To solve this problem, automotive company usually uses storage space such as Selectivity Banks(SB) or Car Rescheduling Storage and carries out sequence planning so that vehicles of the same color are consecutive, which is called Car Resequencing Problem (CRP). So far, research works for CRP has focused on algorithms finding optimal or approximated optimal solutions under the condition that the number of vehicles is fixed in SB. However, these results cannot be directly applied to the actual automotive paint shops since they have continuous flows of cars into SB to be handled in a day. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an efficient cyclic scheduling method that starts the painting process using the result of Accelerated Dynamic Programming (ADP) and then reapplies the ADP to the vehicles in SB for renewing the painting schedule whenever a certain number of vehicles is painted, represented as a threshold. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, we performed a numerical experiment by designing system configurations, based onthe actual vehicle painting process, and proposed a good threshold that can reduce overall color changeover cost.

We studied the efficiency of service quality of loan consultants contracted to a bank in Korea. Since the consultant is not an employee of the bank, he/she is paid solely in proportion to how much he/she sell loans. In this study, a consultant is considered as a decision making unit (DMU) in the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model. We use a principal component analysis-data envelopment analysis (PCADEA) model to evaluate quality efficiency of the consultants. In the first stage, we use PCA to obtain 6 synthetic indicators, including 4 input indicators and 2 output indicators, from survey results in which questionnaire items are constructed on the basis of SERVQUAL model. In the second stage, 3 DEA models allowing negative values are used to calculate the relative efficiency of each DMU. An example illustrates the proposed process of evaluating the relative quality efficiency of the loan consultants.

본 연구는 연안여객선사의 안전관리 운영 효율성을 분석하기 위한 기초연구로 적절한 안전경영지표 평가항목을 설계하고 연안여객선 사를 대상으로 평가항목의 유효성을 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 연안여객운송사업자의 안전관리책임자, 공무원(선박검사관), 여객 선 운항관리자 등으로 구성된 전문가 그룹을 통해 연안여객선사의 자발적 안전관리 활동을 평가하기 위한 5개의 평가항목과 14개의 세부 평가요 인을 선정하고 사전검증 및 테스트를 통해 객관성을 제고하였다. 이 안전경영지표 평가항목을 이용하여 44개 연안여객선사에 대한 자발적 안전 관리 수준을 평가하였다. 그리고 평가항목의 유효성을 검증하기 위하여 안전경영지표 평가항목 결과와 중대해양사고 비율을 비교분석하여 평가 항목의 타당성을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 자발적 안전경영 수준이 높은 업체일수록 중대해양사고가 발생하지 않고 자발적 안전관리에 무관심하거 나 소홀한 업체는 상대적으로 높은 중대해양사고가 발생하고 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이처럼 안전경영지표 평가항목 선정을 통해 연안여객선사 의 안전관리 운영 효율성을 분석하는데 중요한 항목을 객관적인 관점에서 도출하였다. 따라서 향후 안전관리 효율성 분석을 위한 기초자료로 활 용될 수 있을 것이다.

A dimensionally stable anode based on the RuO2 electrocatalyst is an important electrode for generating chlorine. The RuO2 is well-known as an electrode material with high electrocatalytic performance and stability. In this study, sonoelectrodeposition is proposed to synthesize the RuO2 electrodes. The electrode obtained by this novel process shows better electrocatalytic properties and stability for generating chlorine compared to the conventional one. The high roughness and outer surface area of the RuO2 electrode from a new fabrication process leads to increase in the chlorine generation rate. This enhanced performance is attributed to the accelerated mass transport rate of the chloride ions from electrolyte to electrode surface. In addition, the electrode with sonodeposition method showed higher stability than the conventional one, which might be explained by the mass coverage enhancement. The effect of sonodeposition time was also investigated, and the electrode with longer deposition time showed higher electrocatalytic performance and stability.

In this paper, we investigate the characteristics of membrane fouling caused by water temperature in the Membrane bioreactor(MBR) process and try to derive the membrane fouling control by chemical enhanced backwashing(CEB). The extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) concentration was analyzed according to the water temperature in the MBR, and the membrane fouling characteristics were investigated according to the conditions, with sludge & without sludge, through a lab-scale reactor. As shown in the existing literature the fouling resistance rate was increased within sludge with the water temperature was lowered. However, in the lab-scale test using the synthetic wastewater, the fouling resistance increased with the water temperature. This is because that the protein of the EPS was more easily adsorbed on the membrane surface due to the increase of entropy due to the structural rearrangement of the protein inside the protein as the water temperature increases. In order to control membrane fouling, we tried to derive the cleaning characteristics of CEB by using sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl). We selected the condition with the chemicals and the retention time, and the higher the water temperature and the chemical concentration are the higher the efficiencies. It is considered that the increasing temperature accelerated the chemical reaction such as protein peptide binding and hydrolysis, so that the attached proteinaceous structure was dissolved and the frequency of the reaction collision with the protein with the chemical agent becomes higher. These results suggest that the MBRs operation focus on the fouling control of cake layer on membrane surface in low temperatures. On the other hand, the higher the water temperature is the more the operation strategies of fouling control by soluble EPS adsorption are needed.

과실파리류의 발생위험이 점차 증가하고 있는 실정이나 국내에는 아직까지 효율적이고 표준화된 예찰법 및유인제 그리고 방제제가 없는 실정이다. 호박꽃과실파리를 이용하여 과실파리류에 효율적인예찰법 및 유인제 그리고방제제를 선발하였다. 과실파리류의 유인제로 잘 알려져 있는 Methyl Eugenol, Cue lure, Raspberry ketone을 이용하여트랩의 포획력을 비교한 결과 적색 델타트랩이 가장 좋았다. 유인제의 경우 Methyl Eugenol은 호박꽃과실파리에효과가 전혀 없었으며 Cue lure, Raspberry ketone은 유인력은 효과적이었으며 유의한 차이는 없었다. 화학적방제제로는아바멕틴과 비교하여 Fluxametamide EC, Abamectin+Pyrifluqunazon WG의 효과가 인정되었으며, 항공방제용 자재로사용 가능한 친황경자재로 님오일, 고삼추출물등을 이용한 3종의 자재를 선발하였다.

시설딸기 주요 비행 해충인 꽃노랑총채벌레 Frankliniella occidentalis와 목화진딧물 Aphis gossypii 유시충, 온실가루이 Trialeurodes vaporarium에 대해 발생초기 파악을 위한 황색끈끈이트랩 이용기술을 규명하였다. 제주지역 농가 재배 3개소에서 5개년 동안(2013~2017년) 재 배 전 기간(9월~이듬해 5월)에 걸쳐 조사한 트랩자료를 이용 분석하였다. 해충의 공간분포 특성은 일반적으로 이용하고 있는 Taylor’s power law와 Iwao’s patchiness regression으로 분석한 결과 대상 해충 모두 집중분포를 하고 있었다. 두 회귀식 중 꽃노랑총채벌레와 목화진딧물 유 시충은 Taylor’s power law이, 온실가루이는 Iwao’s patchiness regression이 공간분포 특성을 잘 설명하고 있었다. 트랩당 평균밀도와 최고밀 도, 11마리 이상 잡힌 트랩 비율 간에는 높은 상관관계를 갖고 있었다. 트랩당 평균 밀도 4.0마리를 추정에 필요한 최소 트랩수는 꽃노랑총채벌레 13개, 목화진딧물 유시충 11개, 온실가루이 10개이었다. 고정 정확도 0.25 수준에서 3종 해충의 Taylor’s power law과 Iwao’s patchiness regression 상수를 이용하여 축차표본조사 중지선을 구하였다.

Commercial applications of OPU/IVP were to produce embryos and calves from high genetic cows.The aim of this present study was to compare the number of recovered oocytes and cultured in vitro produced embryos from Ovum Pick-up (OPU). OPU derived embryo production was carried out of oocytes by ultrasonographic guided follicular aspiration and then produced in vitro produced blastocysts by IVP culture system. In result, the rate of recovered oocytes was obtained 612 (57.2%) and 451(73.7) G1+G2 grade oocytes. No difference of recovered rate (51.1~62.1%) was seen in six donor. The rate of cleavage and blastocyst development were obtained 320 (70.9%) and 78 (24.4%) that was 3.3±0.4 cleaved embryo and 0.9±0.2 blastocysts per session. Cleavage rate of OPU oocytes in No. 6 donor was 90.6%, significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in the other donors, However, blastocysts was similar (25.8~30.0%). In conclusion, limited numbers of OPU oocytes had competent development when cultured in SOF culture medium

The white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, is commercially the fifth most important edible mushroom, accounting for the production of 9,732 tons of mushrooms in Korea in 2015. The genus Agaricus has been known for its potential to degrade lignocellulosic materials. Chemical analyses carried out during the cultivation of A. bisporus indicated that the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin fractions were changed preferentially for both vegetative growth and sexual reproduction. We screened A. bisporus strains for effective biodegradation through extracellular enzyme activity using cellulase, xylanase, and ligninolytic enzymes. The enzyme biodegradations were conducted as follows: mycelia of collected strains were incubated in 0.5% CMC-MMP (malt-mops-peptone), 0.5 Xylan-MMP, and 0.5% lignin-MMP media for 14 days. Incubated mycelia were stained with 0.2% trypan blue. Eighteen strains were divided into 8 groups based on different extracellular enzyme activity in MMP media. These strains were then incubated in sterilized compost and compost media for 20 days to identify correlations between mycelial growth in compost media and extracellular enzyme activity. In this study, the coefficient of determination was the highest between mycelial growth in compost media and ligninolytic enzyme activity. It is suggested that comparison with ligninolytic enzyme activity of the tested strains is a simple method of screening for rapid mycelial growth in compost to select good mother strains for the breeding of A. bisporus.

Loan consultants assist clients with loan application processing and loan decisions. Their duties may include contacting people to ask if they want a loan, meeting with loan applicants and explaining different loan options. We studied the efficiency of service quality of loan consultants contracted to a bank in Korea. They do not work as a team, but do work independently. Since he/she is not an employee of the bank, the consultant is paid solely in proportion to how much he/she sell loans. In this study, a consultant is considered as a decision making unit (DMU) in the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model. We use a principal component analysis-data envelopment analysis (PCA-DEA) model integrated with Shannon’s Entropy to evaluate quality efficiency of the consultants. We adopt a three-stage process to calculate the efficiency of service quality of the consultants. In the first stage, we use PCA to obtain 6 synthetic indicators, including 4 input indicators and 2 output indicators, from survey results in which questionnaire items are constructed on the basis of SERVQUAL model. In the second stage, 3 DEA models allowing negative values are used to calculate the relative efficiency of each DMU. In the third stage, the weight of each result is calculated on the basis of Shannon’s Entropy theory, and then we generate a comprehensive efficiency score using it. An example illustrates the proposed process of evaluating the relative quality efficiency of the loan consultants and how to use the efficiency to improve the service quality of the consultants.

This study introduces the comparison of efficiency levels of photovoltaics systems by analyzing various installation systems of photovoltaics systems and optimization techniques and proposes a system using techniques In this study, the generation time and power generation of two types of photovoltaic power generation system were measured and compared. Comparing the monthly power generation time with the power generation amount, it is found that there are many fixed variable photovoltaic power generation systems with a large average daily power generation time of 0.8h and an average power generation capacity of 2,871kw from November to December. Total Fixed Variable Total Daily Power Generation Time 2.4h The power generation amount is 23,184kw, showing a large amount of electric power generation.

This paper tries to show the efficiency of water financing between central and local governments. From the year of 2017, the operation and maintenance costs for change water pipes has been provided by central government as block grants system(RDSA: Regional Development Special Account). Even though the water financing is responsible for local government, water drought and high production cost in poor area affects the quality of life nowadays. Then, fiscal transfer through block grant for water financing has been decided to invest regional SOC. The purpose of the paper sheds light on the function of the block grant for public provision by water financing. The firstly tried empirical results are based on the survey from local governments and ministry of environments. The point of the empirical analysis shows that the local governments does not have proper measurement for unexpected water leakage and termination until now. In a policy manner, the paper raises the issues about benefit principle for water users by the increase of tariffs. In order to do so, the paper investigates the relationship between the water provision and fiscal status of each local governments.

This study was intended to evaluate the removal efficiency of nutrients in effluents of wastewater using microalgae. Microalgae used in the culture experiment collected in stream and reservoir located in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Dominant species in prior-culture tank were Monoraphidium contortum, Scenedesmus acutus, Coelastrum microporum and Chlorella sp. Dominant species in synthetic wastewater culture under the 4000 Lux and 8000 Lux were Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus. The removal efficiency of NO3-N under the 4000 Lux and 8000 Lux were 27.2%~88.1% and 63.0%~83.6% respectively. The removal efficiency of PO4-P under the 4000 Lux and 8000 Lux showed above 93%. Removal efficiency of nutrients of 1.0×106 cells mL-1 inoculation concentration was more higher than that of nutrients of 1.0×105 cells mL-1 and 1.0×107 cells mL-1 inoculation concentration. Microalgae cultured in synthetic wastewater removed 94.9% of TN and 90.0% of TP. The removal rate of TN and TP in synthetic wastewater were 1.961 mg L-1 day-1 and 0.200 mg L-1 day-1 respectively. Nutrient removal efficiency of microalgae according to kinds of wastewater showed the highest in the private sewage.

Dans cette étude, les commentaires des professeurs sur la capacité de communication et la capacité de traduction ont été conçus et formulés en utilisant une activité paraphrasante basée sur la théorie interprétative de la traduction dans une classe de traduction au niveau universitaire. La réaction des élèves lors du cours de traduction a ensuite été analysée . Le but de cette étude était d'étudier la valeur éducative de ce type de commentaires des professeurs et de trouver la méthode la plus efficace de rétroaction des professeurs appropriée pour les étudiants qui apprennent la traduction du français vers le coréen. Les principaux résultats des analyses de commentaires des professeurs sont résumés comme suit: (1) Certaines des tâches qui semblaient difficiles pour les élèves ont été classées en éléments de capacité de traduction et de capacité de communication. Les commentaires du professeur, organisés en capacité de traduction et de communication par la méthode d'enseignement par la paraphrase en fonction des difficultés rencontrées par les élèves dans leurs tâches, ont généralement une influence positive sur la capacité de traduction des étudiants, et en particulier la capacité linguistique des élèves. (2) Comme une méthode répétitive d'apprentissage des synonymes, les commentaires répétés des professeurs par la paraphrase ont été trouvés pour aider à améliorer la capacité linguistique des élèves. (3) Il était également possible de voir le potentiel de la compréhension par les élèves des stratégies d'apprentissage autonomes basées sur la méta-cognition en termes de lecture, de traduction et d’écriture.

Most games induce their players to be immersed in and to be interested in those games by presenting a specific purpose. And, developers provide and recommend the form and method of game play as a process to achieve that goal, allowing players to naturally experience the aesthetics for which the games intended. However, unlike the intentions of these developers, players who actually play games often reject or reorganize the form of game play that is recommended to achieve the games’ primary purposes faster and easier. Based on the total of twelve weeks since December 2016 when the expansion pack of Heartstone, “Mean Streets of Gadgetzan”, was added, this study analyzed the game phenomenon in which players devises a new type of game play by reconstructing a given content in addition to the game experience desired by game developers in the process of adding a new content to an existing game. Through this, this study aims to present a new perspective on game research and actual development.

This paper was to evaluate social enterprises’ management efficiency with Data Envelope Analysis (DEA). The data was based on the 168 social enterprises’ of annual performance reports published in 2015. The research focused on to measure both financial efficiency and social impact of the companies simultaneously. To apply DEA, the paper classified the enterprises into seven types based on types of socal impacts which each company provides before the estimation of the efficiency. The research results showed that group D, which employes disadvantaged people, provides social services and shares resources was the most efficient group and had higest net worths in Pure Technical Efficiency. In contrast, Group B, which only employs social advantage people and provides social service, was the least efficient one. The research suggests a practical and efficient framework in measuring social enterprises’ management efficiency, including both the financial performance and social impacts simultaneously with their self-publishing reports. Because the Korea Social Enterprise Promotion Agency does not open business reports which social enterprises submit each year, there are basic limitations on researchers attempting to analyse with data from all social enterprises in Korea. Thus, this study dealt with only 10% of the social enterprises which self-published their performance report on the Korea Social Enterprise Promotion Agency’s web site. Regardless of these limitations, this study suggested substantial methods to estimate management efficiency with the self-published reports. Because self-publishing is increasing each year, it will be the main source of information for researchers in examining and evaluating social enterprises’ financial performance or social contribution. The research suggests a practical and efficient framework in measuring social enterprises’ management efficiency, including both the financial performance and social impacts simultaneously with their self-publishing reports. The research results suggest not only list of efficient enterprises but also methods of improvement for less efficient enterprises.