Thromboelastography or rotational thromboelastometry, is being increasingly utilized in cardiac surgery of late. However, it is an indirect test and is not available in all centers. Low fibrinogen levels before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have been described to be associated with postoperative bleeding in cardiac surgery. This study explored the usefulness of reduction ratio of the fibrinogen levels before CPB (preCPB) and after CPB (postCPB) in predicting postoperative hemorrhage. A retrospective, observational study of adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery with CPB between February 2014 and January 2016 was conducted, which included a total of 264 patients. The fibrinogen levels were measured twice, preCPB and postCPB, and the fibrinogen reduction ratio was acquired [(preCPB − postCPB)/preCPB]. Postoperative blood loss, which was defined as the blood collected from the chest drain for 12 hours following arrival at the intensive care unit, was considered severe if it was more than 1,000 mL. A multivariate analysis showed that fibrinogen reduction ratio, sex, and postCPB platelet count were significantly associated with severe postoperative bleeding. However, the pre- and postCPB fibrinogen levels were not significantly associated with severe bleeding. Furthermore, a fibrinogen reduction ratio of > 41.3% was independently associated with postoperative severe bleeding, with an odds ratio of 3.472 (1.483–8.162). These results suggest that the reduction ratio of pre- and postCPB fibrinogen levels may be utilized in predicting postoperative bleeding.

Due to the rise of Information & Communication Technology (ICT) adoption in many fields, it is necessary to diagnose the informatization situations of corporations in agriculture and give suggestions for improvement. For this goal, surveys were designed and conducted to understand the current informatization situations of agriculture corporations in Korea. The survey covers the plan for utilizing information technology, the establishment of infrastructure for information technology, IT application status, and its effect on their performance. The specific focus of our research is to segment the corporations by their type of industries and their level of sales and give differentiated managerial implications for each segment. This is because the type of informatization and information technology assistance they need highly depends on their industry type and sales level. Based on descriptive statistics and regression analyses, tailored managerial and polic

조선시대 어보는 종묘의 사직을 이어간다는 상징적인 인장으로 왕 실의 끊임없는 영속성과 번영 발전을 기원하고, 조선왕실의 신성한 비장품의 가치를 지닌 존숭의 대상이다. 이러한 어보 보문의 서사인 (書寫人)은 전문서사관(篆文書寫官)이나 당시의 종친이나 문화인이 맡았다. 인문의 새김과 주조장인(鑄造匠人)은 관영 수공업에 종사하던 인장(印匠)·옥장(玉匠)·숙피장(熟皮匠)·주장(鑄匠)·조각장(雕刻匠) 등의 장인이 참여하였음을 알 수 있었다. 상당히 완비되어 있는 인문(印文)은 연구자의 시야로 볼 때, 그 제 작과정에 아래와 같은 문화적 추형(雛形)이 있다고 말 할 수 있다. 첫째, 인문의 자형(字形)은 기본적으로 네모꼴이다. 둘째, 인면(印面) 이 대칭(對稱)이다. 셋째, 인문은 일종의 혼성(混成)된 미감을 갖고 있다. 보문(寶文) 자형의 변천과 특징을 살펴보면, 세종비소헌왕후금보 (110)에서 순조5년(1805) 영조비정순왕후금보(200)까지의 ‘소(昭)’자는 대체로 인면 장법에 따른 구첩전이거나 무전(繆篆)으로 새겨졌다. 그 러나 철종13년(1862) 순조금보(67)부터는 구첩전에서 벗어나 인전(印 篆)의 형태를 띠고 있다. 그리고 ‘헌(憲)’자는 세종비소헌왕후금보 (110)을 제외한 대부분이 구첩전(九疊篆)에서 벗어났다. 또한 ‘지(之)’ 자의 경우 숙종비인경왕후옥보(154)에서 선조비의인왕후금보(132)까 지는 구첩전 형태가 농후하다. 그러나 이후에는 서서히 구첩전에서 인전으로 바뀌었다. 또한 같은 년도에 제작된 동일한 글자인 ‘왕(王)’, ‘후(后)’, ‘지(之)’, ‘보(寶)’, ‘성(聖)’, ‘효(孝)’, ‘현(顯)’자를 보면, 동일한 글자라도 인면 장법상의 균형과 통일을 기하기 위하여 인면에 가득 차게 하는 구첩전이 주로 사용되었음을 알 수 있다. 어보의 인문은 이체자가 대다수이다. 숙종9년(1683)과 고종9년 (1872)에 제작된 태조금보(5와 6)의 ‘강(康)’자, ‘헌(獻)’자, ‘성(聖)’자의 위 오른쪽 ‘입구(口)’ 등이다. 또한 숙종 7년(1681) 같은 해에 제작된 정종금보(7)와 정종비정안왕후금보(109)의 ‘의(懿)’, ‘온(溫)’, ‘왕(王)’, ‘지(之)’, ‘보(寶)’ 등도 이체자의 본보기이다. 더욱 이체자를 넘어 정종 비정안왕후금보의 ‘의(懿, )’자와 예종금조(10)의 <예종흠문성무의 인소효대왕지보> 의 지(之, )자는 오자가 아닌가 생각된다. 결론적으로 어보는 전서에서도 도식적인 구첩전을 쓰고 있다. 그러 나 고종(高宗), 순종(純宗) 이후부터 인문 자체가 서서히 구첩전에서 탈피하고 있음도 알 수 있었다.

본 논문에서는 유한요소해석을 이용하여 흉요추 후방 고정술의 고정분절 변화에 따른 척추 안정성을 평가하였다. 이를 위해 추간판, 인대, 추간관절(Facet joint) 등을 포함한 정상 흉요추(T10–L4)의 유한요소모델을 구축하였으며, 문헌으로 보고된 재료물성치를 부여하였다. 한편, L1을 병변 부위로 가정하였으며, L1-L2, T12-L2, T12-L1-L2 총 3가지 종류의 후방 고정술을 흉요추 유한요소모델에 구현하고 전방 굽힘, 후방 굽힘, 측면 굽힘, 축 회전의 하중 조건을 부여하였다. 시리즈 유한요소해석을 통해 고정분절에 따른 척추경 나사못, 척추골, 추간판의 변형량, 등가 응력, 운동 범위, 모멘트를 계산하였으며, 그 결과를 바탕으로 척추 안정성을 평가하였다.

We examined long-term variations in sea surface temperature (SST) and annual amplitudes of SST around the Korean Peninsula. Two SST data sets with data periods of approximately 51 years and longer than 100 years, respectively, were obtained from the National Institute of Fisheries Science and Japan Meteorological Agency. SST of Korean waters clearly increased during last 51 years (1968-2018), which was 2.5 times higher than the global trend. This significant increasing trend was caused by the dominant increasing SST trend during winter. However, a negative and positive SST anomaly frequently appeared during winter and summer, respectively, in a recent decade. These features of seasonal SST variation have changed the annual amplitude of SST, and resulted in a drastically increasing trend after 2009. Using the longer SST data set, it was revealed that the decreasing SST trend in winter began in the 2000s and the increasing SST trend in summer bagan in the 1990s. During a recent decade, there was a distinctive SST increase in summer, whereas a clear decrease in winter. In summary, the annual amplitude of SST around the Korean Peninsula significantly changed from a decreasing trend to an increasing trend during a recent decade.

우리가 당연시하면서 누리던 것이 실제로는 조금씩 그리고 끊임없이 변하고 있으며 어떤 시점에 이르면 누구나 그것을 알 수 있을 만큼 변화의 시점에 이르게 된다. 우리가 살아가는 공동체의 문화적, 사회적 환경도 이처럼 변하고 있다. 그러므로 ‘예상치 못한 변화’는 변화를 바라보지 않으려 했던 인간의 나태한 관점이다. 변화는 시대 속에서 반복된다. 새로운 문화와 사조가 일어나면 점진적 개선을 통해 발전하 다가, 시간이 지나면 당연시되던 것이 퇴조하고 그때까지의 고정관념을 깨는 새로운 변화가 일어난다. 교회는 세상 속으로 보냄을 받았다. 교회가 세상 속에 있다는 것은 세상의 문화와 밀접한 관계가 있음을 말해주는 것이며, 교회가 세상 속에서 복음을 전하기 위해서는 문화는 끊임없이 변화하지만, 복음의 본질은 훼손되지 않고 전할 수 있도록 끊임없는 탐구와 개혁이 필요하다. 지금의 급변하는 시대도 하나님의 역사하심 가운데 있다. 주님 다시 오시는 날까지 교회를 세우시고 사명으로 인도하시는 분도 하나님이시다.

This study collected and analyzed the fishing process of existing fishing boat and newly built fishing boat by using the video observation methods to understand the improvement of fishing operation efficiency and safety according to the scale change of coastal composite fishing boat. The fishing operation efficiency was calculated by analyzing the frequency of movement, the movement distance and the moving time per basket used in the fishing process to derive the improvement of the newly built fishing boat compared to the existing fishing boat. It was confirmed that the mean frequency of movements decreased to 13.9%, the average moving time decreased to 21.8%, the mean movement distance increased to 20.5% and the movement through the top of gunwale did not occur. Movement of frequency, increased and time according to the fishing operation were directly affected by the width of side passages and the presence or absence of walking obstruction such as bulwark stay, hatch coaming and fishing gears on deck. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for redesigning into a safe and efficient coastal composite fishing boat in the future.

가뭄은 일반적으로 장기간에 걸쳐 물 공급이 부족하여 나타나는 환경 재앙 중 하나로 대부분 넓은 지역에 걸쳐 나타난다. 원격탐사 자료는 이러한 넓은 지역에서 나타나는 가뭄 모니터링에 적합한 방법이다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 강원도 소양호 지역의 Landsat 위성 영상 자료를 활용하여 약 30년(1985-2015) 동안의 소양호 면적을 산출하고 이를 가뭄 패턴과 분석하였다. 특히 ISODATA, Maximum likelihood 및 인공신경망을 활용하여 Landsat 영상을 분류하여 소양호 면적을 산출하였다. 또한 가뭄 패턴을 분석하기 위하여 산출된 호수 면적과 소양호 지역의 강수량을 활용한 표준 강수지수(Standardized Precipitation Index: SPI)와의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 영상 분류 연구 결과, ISODATA, Maximum likelihood 및 인공신경망 방법 중에서 호수 면적 산출의 최적의 방법은 인공신경망 방법임을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 인공신경망 방법을 적용하여 산출한 호수 면적과 SPI와의 상관관계 분석 결과 R 2 값이 0.52를 가진다. 즉, SPI 지수가 낮을 때 호수 면적이 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 즉 호수 면적 변화를 통하여 소양호 지역의 가뭄 상태 감지 및 모니터링이 가능하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이 연구는 향후 지역 가뭄 모니터링 프로그램 개발 등에 사용이 가능할 것이다.

본 연구는 상업 젠트리피케이션의 과정을 일반과 프랜차이즈 커피전문점의 시·공간 밀도 변화를 이용하여 탐색하고자 한다. 커피전문점은 높은 입지 가변성으로 상권의 형성과 발달을 파악하기에 효과적 업종이기 때문에 상업 젠트리피케이션의 진행 단계를 직관적으로 설명하는 효과적인 지표의 역할을 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 먼저, 상업 젠트리피케이션을 경험한 사례 지역을 분석하여 커피전문점 밀도를 이용한 상업 젠트리피케이션 진행 단계 탐색의 가능성을 보여주었다. 다음으로 커피전문점의 상대 밀도와 밀도 비율을 추정하고 그 변화량을 기반으로 군집분석 방법을 적용하여 서울 전 지역을 대상으로 상업 젠트리피케이션 진행 단계를 구분하였다. 그 결과 상업 젠트리피케이션이 진행되었거나 진행 중인 지역과 기간을 효과적으로 추정 할 수 있었다. 더불어 커피전문점의 밀도를 이용한 상업 젠트리피케이션의 탐색은 인구·사회·경제적 변수들보다 더욱 상세한 시·공간 변화 탐색에 효과적이다.

우리나라에서 세무서가 본연의 기능을 본격적으로 수행하기 시작한 지도 벌써 86년이 지났다. 그러나 세무서명에 관한 전문적, 학술적 연구는 찾아볼 수 없었다. 그래서 본고에서는 1934년부터 현재까지 우리나라 세무서명의 주요 특성 변화를 주요 변동 시기를 중심으로 비교, 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 어종은 100% 한자어였고, 음절수는 평균 2.04~2.26음절이었으며, 지수분포를 보였다. 명명 유연성 측면에서는 행정구역명 관련 세무서명이 80% 이상으로 압도적이었으며, 그 중에서도 시·구명 관련 세무서명이 높은 비중을 차지하였다. 전체 세무서명 중 20% 이상이 개명된 바 있으며, 2019년 현재 부적합한 세무서명은 31.2%이고, 이 중 7건은 매우 부적합하였다.

PURPOSES : Asphalt pavements are damaged by various causes, such as cracks, potholes due to climate, and traffic environment. Asphalt aging has a significant effect on cracks, which may also form potholes. The purposes of this study are to estimate the change in asphalt binder and mixture performance and to correlate the physicochemical changes of the asphalt binder and mixture performance with aging. METHODS : The aging process of the asphalt was determined in the laboratory, based on the methods used in previous studies. In terms of consistency (stiffness), crack-resistance performance, moisture susceptibility, SK investigated the binder part, and Shoreki investigated the mixture part depending on the aging time. RESULTS : The consistency (stiffness) and brittleness of both the asphalt binder and mixture tended to increase with aging. In particular, the crack-resistance performance of the asphalt binder (G*sinδ, ductility, and ΔTc) and mixture (flexural fatigue test and Cantabro test) deteriorated because of asphalt aging. Furthermore, the aging mechanisms (oxidation and polymerization) were identified based on the chemical structure analysis. CONCLUSIONS : It is confirmed that the aging affected the chemical composition change and the physical properties of the asphalt. Asphalt pavements are significantly affected by the aging characteristics of the binder. It is concluded that the crack-resistance performance of the mixture decreases with aging due to these physical and chemical changes.

The purpose of this study is to examine the construction industry of Korea from the 1920s to the 1930s by analyzing activities of construction-contractors trying to overcome the recession of the construction industry and intensified competition in the industry. In this paper, I looked at the activities of Hanazono Sakichi as concrete examples. First of all, with the strategy of the vertical integration, by manufacturing and selling building materials, Hanazono Sakichi expanded his company and the scope of contract business. The second, he attempted to diversify related projects. Through related diversification, he seemed to have earned not only land management profit but also advantages from related construction. These aspects were not only seen by Hanazono’s activities but also by other contractors’. On the other hand, a few contractors have taken over a trust company to secure the funds for land management. Attempts to maximize personal interests through the expansion and diversification of contractors' business can be seen as overcoming the pre-1920s environment, where almost construct works were ordered under the government, and creating opportunities for the private sector to work and make profit by themselves. In the end, it can be mentioned that ‘the contractor’ established ‘the construction industry’ through this process.

Supply chain management can be defined as an information system that connects the inside and outside of a company. Its purpose is to systematically and strategically manage the flow of information, resources and services to improve the long-term performance of the entire organization, including individual companies connected to the supply chain, and the quality of service provided to customers. The ultimate goal of SCM is to create synergy through organic integration of supply and demand based on cooperation and collaboration with stakeholders in the supply chain. This study is based on the hypothesis that the company's management performance will improve as the level of SCM improves. Most of the previous studies dealt with the relationship between corporate performance and SCM in the IT area. In this study, research was conducted through human capacity with IT system. The causal relationship was demonstrated, and there was a difference in the perception of the results of this study depending on whether or not smart factories were consulted in the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution. There is a need to examine the links between management's value chain and its causal relationship.

To evaluate alterations in fecal bacterial compositions in weaning piglets after supplementation with Phellodendron Cortex extract (PCE), piglets were allowed freely to consume feed containing 10 ppm of PCE for 7 weeks. During the feeding period, fecal samples were collected from individual piglets. A total of 578 valid sequence reads were generated from 40 fecal samples of normal piglets before supplementation with PCE. Fifteen classes were identified. Approximately 90% of classifiable sequences belonged to Clostridia and Bacilli classes. The abundance of Clostridium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. was determined based on the results of the sequencing. The supplementation with 10 ppm PCE for 3 weeks increased the numbers of Clostridium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. whereas seven weeks of supplementation with PCE reduced their abundance. In vitro, PCE inhibited the growth of E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis in a dose-dependent manner.

Many people have often reused their disposable respirator multiple times due to reasons of economy and purchasing inconvenience. However, multiple use of a disposable respirator may lead to an adverse effect of its protection performance. In this study, we aimed to determine changes in the protection performance of disposable respirators related to multiple use and to suggest the appropriate number of times of use. The masks of the brands T and Y were selected in this study, respectively. A mask of each brand was used for testing at the same time and place for two hours per day. The protection performance of each disposable mask was tested after consecutive use on days two, three, and four. The protection performance tests for each used mask following wear on a mannequin were performed in the laboratory using GRIMM’s fine dust monitoring device and TSI’s nebulizer. The concentration of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0 inside and outside the mask was measured. The filtration rate was calculated and the results were analyzed using the SAS statistical program. The protection rates of the brandnew masks of T and Y brands (blank test) were 80% and 60%, respectively. After one-day usage, the protection rates of the brand-new T and Y branded masks significantly decreased from 80% to 60% and from 60% to 50%, respectively. Rather, the slight drops of protection rate were observed after two or more days of respirator use. Our findings indicate that the change of protection performance could occur after one-time use. It would not be recommended to use disposable respirators several times in terms of in terms of protecting human health from environmental hazards.