This paper presents a new method for the improvement of color temperature without the change of the driving scheme using transparent dielectric layers with various metal oxides (CeO2, Co3O4, CuO, Fe2O3, MnO2, NiO) in plasma display panels (PDP). In this study, we fabricated ZnO-B2O3-SiO2-Al2O3 glasse with various metal oxides and examined the optical properties of these glasses. As the metal oxides were added to the glasses, the visible transmittances of the dielectric layers decreased and the transmittances in special wavelength regions were reduced at different rates. The change of the transmittance in each wavelength range induced the variation of the visible emission spectra and the change of the color temperature in the PDP. The addition of Co3O4 and CuO slightly decreased the intensity of the blue light, but the intensities of the green and the red light were significantly decreased. Therefore, the color temperature can be improved from 6087K to 7378K and 7057K, respectively.

전라북도 전주시의 전주천에서 2000년 4월부터 2002년 12월까지 상류인 한벽교부터 삼천 합류지점까지 도심을 관통하는 7.2km의 구간에서 "자연형하천 조성사업" 이루어졌으며, 이에 대한 전주천의 자연형 하천 조성 사업 전과 후의 어류상 및 군집을 조사하였다. 조사 결과 조성사업 이전인 1975년부터 1999년까지 전주천에서는 12종~8종의 어류가 출현하였으나, 공사 이후인 2003년~2008년 사이에는 총 34종이 확인되어 어류의 다양성이 크게 향상되었다. 특히 도심지인 중류지점 (다가교-서신교사이)에서는 공사이전에는 5종의 적은 종이 출현하였으나 공사 이후에는 22종으로 급증하는 특징을 보였다. 이러한 어류상의 변화는 자연형 하천 공사로 인해 생활하수의 유입 차단으로 인한 전주천의 수질개선 및 직강화 되고, 평탄화 되어 있던 하천에서 여울과 소가 반복적으로 나타났으며, 또한 하상구조도 돌과 자갈, 모래, 진흙 등으로 다양화되어 어류의 서식공간이 다양화되었기 때문으로 생각된다.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and theaflavins (TF) are polyphenols included in green and black teas, respectively. Both green and black teas have been studied for their potential health benefits for cancer. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) has been implicated multiple physiological and pathophysiological pathways, particularly, oncogenesis. But, the molecular pathways that govern the cell response to EGCG are not fully elucidated. The present study investigated the intracellular mechanism in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells treated with EGCG, focusing on HIF-1 expression and its effect on epithelial phenotype. EGCG decreased phosphorylated Raf-1 protein in YD 8 OSCC cell, but B-raf protein was not affected at all by EGCG and TF. In addition, we here found that EGCG regulated HIF-1α expression independent of Raf-1 protein. Taken together with our previous result, the result imply that EGCG is attributed to the HIF-1α expression via Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, and the HIF-1α expression is associated with the change of epithelial phenotype in OSCC cell.

The potato tuber moth (PTM, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)) is a serious pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants in the field in regions with warm temperate to tropical climates, and of tubers stored under ambient temperatures post-harvest. Although PTM can be a minor to serious pest depending on the area and year, this pest is getting more and more serious to potato fields in Korea according to accidental surveys. Son (1979) represented 12.5℃ of average annual temperature as northern limit of distribution where corresponding to Youngdeog, Dalseong, Boseong and Jindo regions. Soon after, Choi and Park (1980) reported that the northern limit of PTM distribution coincided with -8℃ isotherm for average annual minimum temperature of January. In recent years, concerns on PTM occurrence and damage to potato are increasing due to climate change resulted in global warming. We carried out an extensive survey of PTM distribution using sex pheromone traps at 24 sites across the nation in 2009. As a result, we confirmed that the northern limit of PTM distribution climbed to southern Gyeonggi and middle Gangwon regions from Gyeongbuk and Chungbuk regions indicated by Choi and Park (1980). Hereafter, we are trying to investigate why drastic going northward of PTM happened in Korea. Here is one presumption that a sudden rise in average temperature has occurred during 30 years, from 6.34℃ in 1973 to 7.62℃ in 2007, especially around Daegwallyeong area where is a typical highland with 800 m high.

Climate change and global warming are directly effecting the population dynamics of insects of medical importance and insect pests of agricultural commodities during the last few years. The outbreak of some insect-borndiseases and decreasing yield of agricultural products are both caused and results of climate change are known everywhere in the world. Recent reports of honey bee diseases and out breaks, as well as increase in the incidence of CCD(Collapse Colonial Disease) are causing great concerns and pose big problem for our bee keepers in many countries in North America and Europe. These important infectious diseases are possible carried and propagated by bee mites primarily by Varroa mites, which have recently experienced increasing populations in USA and UK includes some European countries. Recently some Asian honey bees adapted to live in the urban areas as the example of Apis dorsata move to Mae Fah Luang Campus more than 30 colonies and even in Chulalonkorn Campus more than 10 colonies increase from few colonies in the the last few years. Apis florea have been found more than 161 colonies this year in Kanchanaburi (River Kwai province) this year(2009). The discussion of some wild honey bees migration will concentrate on research program of our bee research unit of the university in Thailand.

The study investigated occurrence of major insect pests and damage to 16-30 representative apple orchards in major apple production area of 4-8 cities and counties in Gyeongsang Provinces and Jeonbuk province for 17 years from 1992 to 2008. In addition, it examined the hatching time of the overwintered eggs of European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) and apple leaf-curling aphid (Myzus malisuctus) at the Apple Research Station in Gunwi-gun, the Gyeongbuk Province from 1993 to 2009, and conducted a survey on the occurrence rate of oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta) and peach fruit moth by means of sex pheromone traps at 2-5 day intervals to look into the changes in the occurrence. As the result of survey on the insect pests of representative apple orchards, the population density of two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) was higher then that of Panonychus ulmi from 1992 to 1999 while it became lower than Panonychus ulmi from 2000. Although there was difference in spiraea aphid (Aphis citricola) by year, but the occurrence density tended to decline from 1992. Lyonetia prunifoliella had not become a problem in apple orchards before the 1990’s, but it started occurring in 1993-1994 and increased rapidly in the late 1990’s. Later, it has consistently increased as leafminer with Phyllonorycter ringoniella in apple orchards. Tortricid insect pests increased the most highly in the late 1990’s, but it has not been a problem after 2000 and the occurrence and damage by Grapholita molesta was higher than that of Carposina sasakii in apple orchards after 1997. Besides, the damage by stink bugs as well as ambrosia beetles has increased after 2000. In the 2000’s, the initial hatching date of overwintered eggs of Panonychus ulmi and Myzus malisuctus ulmi was 18 and 14 days earlier, the 50% hatching date was 7 and 6 days earlier, and the final hatching date was 1 and three days earlier respectively than that of the 1990’s. In the 2000’s, the first occurrence of Grapholita molesta and Carposina sasakii was earlier by 5 days compared to the 1900’s, and the first occurrence of apple insect pests tended to become earlier compared to the 1990’s.

Deciduous tree fruits such as pears and apples are widely grown in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and are well adapted to the seasonal environment in that region. Extended cold periods provide adequate chilling to break dormancy and reinitiate growth in the spring. Cold exposure synchronizes the physiological processes and makes sure that bloom is uniform and that fruit matures in a uniform manner. As a result of global warming, some fruit-growing areas may experience inadequate cold exposure during the winter months, gradually shifting the southern boundary for production of deciduous fruits further north. However, climate change will affect not only growth and fruiting habits of fruit trees but also the insect and mite pests which feed on them. There is general agreement that in temperate regions a trend towards warmer summers and milder winters will generally benefit insect and mite pests and increase their injuriousness. Temperature changes in particular will impact the development, mortality, phenology, and voltinism of fruit pests. Here we discuss how climate change may affect pests and control practices on deciduous tree fruits in the Hood River Valley of northern Oregon. This small valley extends in a north-south direction from the Columbia River to the foothills of Mt. Hood and is characterized by a varied topography and large altitudinal differences (sea level to 600 m). The major pest of pears and apples in that area is codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., a cosmopolitan pest which is present in most deciduous fruit-growing areas of the world. Like its host trees, the codling moth is well adapted to a seasonal environment. Diapause is the principal mechanism which synchronizes its phenology with the tree and the presence of fruit, the larval food source. Diapausing overwintering larvae require cold exposure (chilling) to terminate diapause in late winter or early spring. At the lower elevations close to the Columbia River the codling moth is bivoltine but gradually becomes univoltine at the higher elevations where the growing season is shorter and fewer heat units (above 10oC) are available for development. Long-term temperature records from the lower Hood River Valley indicate that the 25 years since 1985 have been considerable warmer than the 25 years prior to 1985. For instance, the average heat units available for codling moth development over a season have increased by more than 10% over the last 25 years. The codling moth is adapting to this warming trend by gradually increasing its voltinism (number of generations). As a result, the severity of codling moth as a pest can be expected to increase. Therefore, fruit growers will have to adjust and intensify control practices to keep fruit free from codling moth damage. We will also explore how other fruit and foliage feeding pests which are part of the pest complex of pears and apples in northern Oregon fare under different global warming scenarios compared to codling moth.

Vector-borne diseases are transmitted to humans by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. These cold-blooded animals are influenced by environmental change. A recent report by IPCC showed that the emission of greenhouse gases has already changed world climates. Heat waves in Europe, rises in global mean sea level, summer droughts and wild fires, more intense precipitation, and increasing numbers of large cyclones, hurricanes and typhoon may be typical example of extreme climate phenomena related to global warming. High temperatures during winter season may increase survival rate among arthropod vectors in Temperate Zone. Warming may accelerate the spread of mosquitoes such as Aedes albopictus in the northern parts of Japan and European countries. The spread of the mosquito vector through global used-tire trading in recent decades to Africa, the Mideast, Europe, and North and South America caused an outbreak of Chikungunya fever in north Italy in 2007.

Forest pests are one of the major disturbance factors in forest ecosystem and their outbreaks are expected to be severer under influence of climate changes. Among the forest pests, coleopterans can be key stone species because they are one of the dominant groups in forest and their ecological functions are very diverse. Moreover, saproxylic beetles contributed to ecological succession of forests thus, ecological functions of forests are changed in response to their outbreaks. The outbreaks of mountain pine beetle (MPB) were the most dramatic examples that outbreaks by climate change induce changes in ecological function of forest. Compositions of coleopteran species were variable to latitudinal changes whereas compositions of functional group were consistent. This showed that ecological function of coleopteran had resilience to climate changes and directions of changes in coleopteran communities were predictable based on species-specific latitudinal distribution. In addition, abundance of saproxylic beetles increased with increase in DBH (diameter at breast height), suggesting tree ages are one of the key factors for saproxylic beetles. Finally, potential changes in interactions between saproxylic beetles and trees under climate changes were discussed.

Insect occurrence is closed related to crop and environment. Global climate changes as environment factor influencing not only crops but also insects on their behavior, distribution, development, survival and reproduction. Insect life stage are most often calculated using accumulated degree days from base temperature and biofix point. Temperature is also main factor to changes in moisture humidity and CO2 that effect on crop and insect development. Precipitation is another climate change on consideration factor to insect survival. Therefore, the precise impacts of climate change on insects is somewhat uncertain because it may change favor some insects while others may inhibit their development. On predicting the impact of climate change on insect is very complex exercise and need closed cooperation with experts on modeling. Some generalized predictions can be made, based on current pest distributions and severity of insect outbreaks in individual regions. At the present in Thailand, some alien insect species often present by global trades as by climate change.

Global warming is one of the most buzzing words these days, as the average temperature increased up to 6.4℃ before the end of 21st century and the water level to 59cm causing severe draught, heavy snowfall, and monster typhoon all over the world. The capacity of natural ecosystem will not be able to contain such changes. Many of the species will be endangered and some of them are warned to be extinct, and accordingly water and food supply will not meet the demand of human. In 2007, IPCC, Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change, made fourth report about global warming and estimated that the CO2 content in the atmosphere increased about 1.35 times to 379ppm at 2005 from 280ppm before the industrialization period pulling the average air temperature up by 0.7℃ a year. The water level as well increased by 1.8mm a year as the polar iceberg and permanent snow melt down. Global warming caused by environmental pollution and greenhouse gas may lead to the increase of price of not only agricultural product but also the industrial products as a consequence, a phenomenon so called Ecoflation, Ecology+inflation. IPCC forecasted that if the present phase use of fossil energy continues the air temperature in 2090-2099 will increase by 4℃ and the water level by 26-59cm compared to that of 1980-1999, warning particularly that the average increase of global temperature by 1.5-2.5℃ a year will put the species of 20-30% into danger of extinction. According to the report by the Korea National Statistical Office about the effect of climate change on the production of agriculture and fishery, the cultivation area of apple which is typical temperate fruit decreased to 29,204ha in 2007 from 52,447ha in 1992. On the other hand the cultivation area of peach increased greatly to 15,014ha(2005) compared to 12,000ha in 1996 as it became possible to grow wherever in Korea. Similar change can also be found for orange and grape, orange can be grown in Jeonnam and Kyuongnam province, and grape in Kangwon province. Jeju island and southern coastal area of Korea worry about the inhabitation of subtropical pests when they invade these area, in fact the pest outbreak as a result of the increase of generation a year is ever more frequent. The typical examples are Paratlanticus ussuriensis (Uvarov), the lantern fly, Lycorma delicatula, and the fruit moths like Carposina sasakii Walsingham.

Global warming has serious implications for all aspects of human life, including elevated sea levels, crop failure and famine, changes in global rainfall patterns, changes to plant and animal populations, and serious health effects. Especially Infectious diseases are global entities that depend dynamically on the interaction between the population and the existing regional climate. The global warming requires a basic understanding of the greenhouse effect. In nature, the greenhouse effect is responsible for elevating the Earth’s temperature, making it possible for life to thrive. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrocarbons, per fluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride. Population size and global warming are related because human activities increase production of greenhouse gases. This effect culminates in global warming and ecosystem. Severe weather events may result in injuries and fatalities, and heat waves can cause direct effects such as dehydration heat asthenia, hear exhaustion, heat stroke, and respiratory disease. Earth system changes increasing climate variability, increased rainfall in some areas and drought in others, and more frequent severe weather events, have considerable potential to affect human health. Impact of Climate change on Public Health is difficult to quantify the exact risk. Particularly, about infectious diseases, the impact depends on the complex interaction between the human host population and the causative infectious agent. Important human factors include crowding, food scarcity, poverty, and local environmental decline. Some health effects of climate change may result from indirect impacts on natural ecosystems Ecosystem changes can increase the rage, seasonality, and infectivity of some vector borne disease. For example, altered climatic conditions can change the habitats of vectors such as mosquitoes or rats and affect the parasites they carry. Changing the abundance and geographic range of carriers and parasites could shift the seasonal occurrence of many infectious diseases and cause them to spread. Heavy rain falls and related factors are associated with water borne disease outbreaks, and these may increase the risk of food borne illness. Higher levels of carbon dioxide and heat may promote production of allergens by such plants as ragweed, and warmer weather may promote the formation of groundlevel ozone. Humidity combined with heat facilitates fungal growth and transmission The World Health Organization estimated, in its "World Health Report 2002", that climate change was estimated to be responsible in 2000 for approximately 2.4% of worldwide diarrhoea, and 6% of malaria in some middle-income countries . However, small changes, against a noisy background of ongoing changes in other causal factors, are hard to identify. Clearly, global warming will cause changes in the epidemiology of infectious diseases. The ability of mankind to react or adapt is dependent upon the magnitude and speed of the change. The outcome will also depend on our ability to recognize epidemics early, to contain them effectively, to provide appropriate treatment, and to commit resources to prevention and research This article will introduce the concepts of global warming, focus on the impact of climate changes on human health and infectious disease, and present future strategy in KCDC