To identify subspecies of the sika deer, Cervus nippon, and to select C. n. hortulorum individuals for restoration of this subspecies in Korea, we obtained cytochrome b partial sequences (375 bp) of sika deer (C. nippon) from deer farms in northeastern China, North Korea, mainland Korea, and Jeju Island. Based on noninvasive samples, these cytochrome b sequences were compared with the corresponding haplotypes of sika deer, which were obtained from GenBank. We identified five individuals of sika deer from deer farms in northeastern China and North Korea as C. n. hortulorum, and found that interbreeding between individuals belonging to different subspecies is common on deer farms in far-eastern Asia. We concluded that the five C. n. hortulorum individuals on deer farms from northeastern China and North Korea, detected in this study, cannot be considered as pure descendants of C. n. hortulorum in the wild.

The article first introduces key education policies in China, revolving around the National Medium- and Long-Term Education Reform and Development Guideline (2010-2020), a blueprint for education reform up to 2020. Then it elaborates on the educational issues and challenges confronted by China. The article examines the lessons and gaps in educational cooperation in the APEC in light of international cooperation which is regarded as an important approach to seeking inspiration for policymaking in the process of education reform. Finally it concludes with a number of recommendations for international cooperation in the context of enhancing "regional economic integration ".

The objective of this study is to investigate the sensory quality attributes for the development of soy sauce containing Cheongmirae (Smilax china) root. Aqueous extracts of Cheongmirae root and Cheongmirae-soy sauce were used for determining the antioxidant effect by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and sensory evaluation. Chengmirae-soy sauce was prepared by mixing Chengmiae extract (50%) and soy sauce (50%). Cheongmirae extract and Cheongmirae-soy sauce had strong DPPH scavenging effects, compared to that of general soy sauce. In sensory analysis, low intensities of smell, taste and overall preference were observed in Cheongmirae root extract. Various seasoning items, such as anchovy, dried-pollack, katsuobushi, shiitake, radish, and kelp, were used to determine the suitable type of soy sauce containing Cheongmirae root extract. The anchovy-kelp-radish and anchovy-shiitake kelp-radish among the seasoning items were well-matched with Cheongmirae root extract. From these results, soy sauce containing Cheongmirae root extract may be used as a soup seasoning for Korean style noodles.

To evaluate the functional characteristic and availability for drinking of the fermented Smilax china leaf tea by using different microbial species, various fermented leaf tea was prepared by non-fermentation (C), or the fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S), Bacillus sp. (B), Bifidobacterium bifidus (L), Monascus pilosus (M) and Aspergilus oryzae (A), and sensory and antioxidant parameter of each brewed tea was observed. The color of the A tea was red, but the other teas were yellow in color. Furthermore, the aesthetic quality of the A and M tea was 3.95 and 3.30 point, respectively, and other teas (2.55～ 2.28) were similar to that of the C tea. TP of fermented tea water extract was lower than that of the C, although TF was not significantly different between the fermented and non-fermented tea. Especially, TF of the A tea was significantly lower than those of the other teas. The range of EDA (1 ㎎/㎖) of water and ethanol extracts of tea C and the fermented teas was 19.25～22.48%; however, tea A was only 8.04～12.49%. In addition, FRAP, FICA and LPOIA of teas were not significantly different between the fermented and non-fermented teas. On the other hand, XOIA and AOIA of tea ethanol extracts were slightly higher than those of water extracts. XOIA of water extract derived from the teas was 4.83～9.20%, while ethanol extract of these was 9.00～19.00%. However, XOIA of B and L teas water extract was not detected. Furthermore, AOIA of fermented tea water extract (30.17～48.52%) were lower than those of ethanol extract (44.09～66.93%). In this study, interestingly, antioxidant parameters, such as FRAP, FICA, LPOIA and AOIA, of the A tea water extract (0.1%) was higher than that of the other tea in spite of high decreasing rate in the contents of TP and TF. Therefore, above results imply the possibility of fermented Smilax china leaf tea as a functional food.

구기자는 항암, 항산화, 항균 효과 등을 갖고 있는 약용식물로서 구기자재배 농민의 주요 소득원이 되는 작물이다. 연구기간동안 구기자 재배면적, 농가수가 2001 ~ 2010년까지 꾸준히 하락하였다. 이러한 이유는 농가의 노동인구의 고령화 및 가격불균형으로 판단된다. 그러나 재배기술의 발전 등으로 인하여 재배면적과 농가수 감소에도 불구하고 생산량은 감소세가 보이지 않았다. 구기자가격은 2001년 11,000원부터 2010년 16,833원으로 5년 평균 17,270원으로 꾸준히 상승하였다. 구기자 수입량은 2001년 877톤으로부터 하락하는 추세이나 2012년 약품용으로 300톤 수입이 예정되어 구기자 농가에 심각한 타격을 줄 것으로 예상된다. 중국의 수출현황을 보면 2001년 ~ 2007년 수출량은 5,500톤 내외와 수출가는 1,200달러/톤이었지만 2010년도에는 수출량이 6,190톤과 수출가격 6,580달러/톤 가격으로 급격한 성장을 하였다. 또한 주산지인 닝샤 지역외 재배지역을 확대하고 있는 현상에 있다.

It is generally accepted that China’s legislation including the provisions on enforcement of intellectual property rights has met the requirements of the TRIPS agreement and its government has exerted best efforts to enforce intellectual property laws, as illustrated by the institution of executive bodies, the dual-track approach system for protecting IPRs and other actions in this field. However, enforcement of IPRs is still a critical problem for China to solve because the protection standards of IPRs are beyond its economic development and education level, local protectionism interferes with enforcement, insufficient severity of punishment against infringers fails to deter, the price of genuine IP products is overinflated and a legal culture of not observing laws in China. To eliminate the roots of difficulties in enforcing IP laws, awareness of protecting IPRs and abiding by IP laws should be improved. Also, the IPR enforcement system should be further perfected by, centralizing the power of IPR enforcement by merging the current executive bodies into fewer ones with certain focuses, increasing the severity of punishment against infringers of IPRs and cracking down against local protectionism.

Cooperation between China and the ASEAN has become more integrated as their common economic interests have been increasing due to globalization and recent changes in Southeast Asia. The formation and operation of the CAFTA provide incentive for investment and trade between China and the ASEAN. The objective of laws regulating to investment should promote investment, which can be realized through a liberal, facilitative and transparent investment regime. The CAFTA’s investment regime continues along with the same trends of international investment agreements in general. However, in order to encourage regional integration, it needs to be improved in future practice.

If you want to write a mission history, academic dilemmas hinder you to sustain objective perspectives due to your confessional orientation. We mission historians believe that God has a grand plan of salvation for humankind and we are witnessing His story in the history of mission. Secular historians, however, do not believe in this kind of confession orientation. Rather they despise this kind of approach as the lack of academic objectivity. We mission historian must find the third way for writing mission history which could be shared not only with our fellow Christian scholar but also secular historians who believe in the objectivity as the primal condition for writing history. This paper suggests the method of Jacob Burckhardt(18181897) who proposed a flexible approaches in historiography. He criticizes that history is neither logic nor philosophy which is logical framework is firm and decisive. History writing should, according to Burckhardt, flexible because the interpretation of history should be open. The present author shows that this kind of flexible historiography could be accommodated in a new way of mission historiography. To show an example the author interprets the early Jesuit Missionary Matteo Ricci from the flexible mission historiography: Push factor and Pull factor. The author claims that writing mission history in more flexible historiography could be achieved by comparing push factor of missionary sending and pull factor of missionary receiving. Early Jesuit mission history will be more flexible if we approach the Jesuit mission from politics(of missionary sending from 16thcentury Europe and missionary receiving from the late Ming China's political situation), culture, and religion.

Mushroom production by automatic bottle culture system was introduced into China in 1999 and developed rapidly in recent ten years. According to the statistics of Chinese Mushroom Society, about 652 facilities of automatic mechanized bottle system were in 2011. The annual rate of increase of facility is expected to exceed 47%. The gross production by automatic bottle culture system was 990,000 tons in 2011. Beijing Hengdaxing Edible Mushroom Co., Ltd established in 2007 in Tongzhou district, Beijing is a company producing Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae with annual production of 1,000 tons. The company has finished the technical reformation and expansion. Its designed production capacity is 6.5 tons per day and 2,000 tons per year. Beijing Fuqin Edible Mushroom Science & Technology Co., Ltd is an industrial production company of Flammulina velutipes. It was established in 2007. Its production capacity is 20 tons per day and 7,000 tons per year.

Pyralinae are one of the largest subfamilies belonging to Pyralidae, which comprises about 900 species of 217 genera in the world, and 150 species belonging to 32 genera are recorded in China (Li houhun, 2009). This subfamily are characterized by the following characteristics: head rounded, chaetosemata present, proboscis developed. Labial palpus porrect or upturned. Maxillary palpus small. Forewing colorful, from narrow to wide, antemedial line and postmedial line present and distinct. Hindwing color simple. Male genitalia with broad uncus, gnathos developed, slim, tip of gnathos sharp or hooked; tegument sclerotized, valve simple with various shape; juxta elliptical or rounded, aedeagus slender, cornutus present or absent. Female genitalia with small papillae anales, corpus bursae oval, signum present or absent. Liaoning Province is located in the southern part of NE China, the area of Liaoning is 146,900 km² and it is bounded on the south by the Yellow sea, on the southeast by North Korea, on the north by Jilin Province, and on the west by Inner Mongolia and Hebei Province. The mean annual temperature is 7-11℃, the mean annual precipitation is 600-1100 mm in northeast part, but 400 mm in west part. Liaoning Province is an important area for forest and agriculture, accordingly, to survey the diversity of Pyralinae is of great significance for systematic study in Liaoning Province. In this study, our materials examined come from the collection of Northeast forestry University from 2006-2010, and the collection of Incheon University from 2010-2012. Finally, we identified 11 species belonging to 8 genera, of them, 1 species are the first time reported in China, and 6 speices are the first time reported in Liaoning Province.

With escalating economic growth during the last three decades, flower industry of China, especially cut flower is sharply developed. In this paper a brief review of the cut flower current situation of globe and current status of flower industry of China especially of cut flower in the world is presented. The acreage, yield, potential of cut flower in China along with distribution of major cut flower products and constraint of cut flower also was indicated in this paper was also presented.

Meganola속 3종 M. bryophilalis (Staudinger, 1887), M. costalis (Staudinger, 1887)와 M. strigulosa (Staudinger, 1887)을 중국에서는 처음으로 보고된다. 성충의 외부특징에 대하여 간략하게 재기재하고, 암수생식기의 도해도, 기주식물 및 분포정보를 제시하였다.

오늘날 국내 게임 시장의 포화로 인해 국내게임 업체들의 해외 진출이 날로 증대되고 있다. 특히, 중국, 일본, 동남아등에서 온라인게임 시장의 규모만 보고, 준비 없이 진출했다가 실패한 업체들에 대한 사례들이 적지 않다. 현재 우리나라의 대표적인 게임 업체들은 10여년 이상 현지화 작업을 통해, 라이센싱, 합작, 전략적 제휴, 틈세 시장공략, 단독 경영등 다양한 포지셔닝과 현지화한 전략을 적용하여 MMORPG게임의 경우는 다소 현지화에 성공하였다고 볼 수 있으나 스포츠, 슈팅, 액션 등 다른 온라인게임이나 웹상에서 실행되는 웹 게임, 스마트폰 게임 등은 현지 문화나 종교, 그리고 인프라 등의 환경적, 정책적 차이점 때문에 성공한 사례가 거의 전무한 상태이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 중국에서 현지화에서 성공한 한국 게임인 크로스파이어를 선정하여 한국 게임이 해외에서 성공하기 위한 현지화 요소를 정리하였으며, 사례 분석을 통하여, 성공할 수 있는 결정 요소들이 무엇인가를 조사 분석하였다.

Ever since China declared its economic reform and opening up policies in the late 1970s, it has been under rapid change. The modernization process of China's history and society was in progress at a pace far too fast in the middle of the 20th century, and housing sector was no exception. This study is based on the houses showing enough changes of modernization process in the rural area, and with a comparative analysis based on the field survey data conducted respectively in the present decade, considered the architectural elements and changing aspects of housing lifestyle. This paper will explore ① The changes and the status of the members of the village, ② The changes and the status of the structures, ③ The changes and the status of the main areas of housing, ④ The changes and the status of the heating system and the kitchen that crucially affects the space size among the housing facilities, and ⑤ The changes and the status of the bathroom. Through this analysis, this paper will firstly look at how traditional rural houses has been changed under the modernization process, and will objectively evaluate the modernization process of the traditional rural houses so that it will help find a way of improving China's rural houses in the future.

This is a research on the Korean immigrant village and house in Yeonbyeon Long-Shan village in China. The house (so called Minga in Korean), which was studied in this paper, is the vernacular architecture of dwelling for the rural people in this area. It is the most common dwelling type. We can find Korean vernacular influences on the architecture in this area by the Korean-Chinese people. Long- Shan village is laid out with the so called Bae-san-im-su way which means that to the north of the village are mountains, Moa mountain a branch of Baekdu Mountain (白头山), water, Haeran river (海兰江) to the south. The main axis of village layout is made of two roads. The village is mainly developed along the east-west main road follows the southern creek. The other axis is north-south main road and other sub roads branch out from it. The sub roads serve as the transition between main road and the allies, which are the access to individual houses. The main building is usually laid on the northern side of the individual site with garden attached in south. The main entry is usually on eastern side of the main building and the separate service buildings are between the main building and the entry. This also relates to the kitchen location in the main building. Usually the kitchen is on eastern side of the main building and most frequently related with separate service building in function.

The Nemopilema nomurai is a large jellyfish attaining a weight of 200 kg and bell diameter of 2 m when fully grown. To prevent damage to this species, this study determined the acoustic characteristics of N. nomurai using frequencies 38 and 120 kHz. The CPUE of N. nomurai and the averaged SV of 38 and 120 kHz had a lower (+) correlation coefficient and relationship at 120 kHz (R=0.51) than at 38 kHz (R=0.15) was significant. In addition, the averaged SV at 120 kHz was higher than at 38 kHz. The δMVBS120-38 in section catches ≥97.8% wet mass of N. nomurai was -2.2 to 5.6 dB. The δTS120-38 in situ TS was extracted in sections catches of only N. nomurai by FMT. It was found that the averaged in situ δTS120-38 were at 0.6 and 0.1 dB. Furthermore, it results showed a close relationship between the bell diameter and TS of N. nomurai. The dominance of smaller N. nomurai (11.0~20.0 cm bell diameter in the air) corresponded to a similar proportion of low TS values (-69.0~-65.0 dB). A small number of larger N. nomurai (25.0~38.0 cm bell diameter in the air) were collected, in which TS values were the highest (-62.0~-58.0 dB).

The Nemopilema nomurai a very large jellyfish that has been found in the East China Sea and is now are migrating to Korea and Japan. To investigate the occurrence of N. nomurai based on the changing marine environment of the East China Sea, we conducted field survey in the early summer from 2006-2008. We observed the marine environment using CTD and the occurrence of N. nomurai using FMT and bottom trawling. We caught the most N. nomurai in 2007 and the fewest in 2008 and environment factors influencing its are more sensitive temperature than salinity. Large quantities of N. nomurai with a small bell diameter were caught in 2007 and large individuals with a significant bell diameter were caught in 2008. This appeared which between the catch and bell diameter of N. nomurai had (-) correlation (R=-0.988, p=0.098). Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of N. nomurai concentrations in lower salinity mixed seawater inflow in Changjiang Diluted Water.

In recent years China has experienced two forms of extreme macroeconomic imbalance: an expenditure imbalance in the sense of very high investment and very low consumption, giving rise to rapid capital accumulation; and an imbalance between expenditure and production, producing external imbalance, i.e. a huge surplus on the current account of the balance of payments. This paper explores the current state of the external imbalance in China, and reviews the factors underlying the pre-2008 rising and the post-2008 drop in China’s current account surplus. The paper says that China’s current account surplus must be modest in recent years. However, despite the fact that China’s recent current account is likely to stay below its precrisis range, it is too early to conclude that “rebalancing” has been truly achieved in China. Certainly, the policy thrust of the 12th Five Year Plan is very much focused on raising household income, boosting consumption, and facilitating an expansion of the service sector. In the coming years, if these ongoing structural reforms are implemented, China does have the potential to hand-off from an investment-driven to a consumption-driven decline in its external imbalance.

경극의 시작은 오래되었으나 중국 중부지역의 양자강 일대에서 발전하기 시 작하여 각 지방의 특색을 포함하면서 오랜 시간 동안 변화해 왔다. 지금 의 형태로 나타난 경극은 청나라 시기(1736~1796)에 북경에 정착하면서 극의 내 용과 음악의 곡조, 그리고 표현방법 등이 어우러져 춤과 노래가 동시에 진행되는 형태로 변화했다. 이 경극은 극본에 연기와 음악 ‧ 노래 ‧ 소도구 ‧ 분장 ‧ 의상에서 너무나 중국적인 특색을 보이기 때문에 중국전통 문화의 엑기스로 일컬어진다. 경극은 시간과 공간의 제약을 받지 않는다는 특징 때문에 극의 배경과 시대적 상 황 등, 모두가 상징적으로 처리된다. ‘상징’은 중국 극의 중요한 요소라고 할 수 있 다. 그리고 경극은 장식성과 과장적인 면이 있다. 따라서 경극의 이해는 어떻게 보 면 근대연극과 비교해 볼 때 무대의 장치 면에서 조악하게 보일 지도 모른다. 이 런 것들이 문화적 특색이라 평가할 수 있다. 또, 배역으로 등장하는 배역들이 공연 할 때 표현하는 행동 들이나 배우들이 갖추는 분장 등 역시 중국 문화에 대한 관 련성을 보여준다.