Korean is one of the 55 ethnic minorities in China who is famous for their persuasion in children’s education. However, along with the development of the society, the decline in the Korean population in China, since Chinese“Reform and Open” policy in 1970’s, has caused a crisis in the education in Korean communities. Education, a vital project of lasting importance, plays an essential role in developing a nation’s sophistication. This paper aims to discover and analyze the possible explanations for the crisis in educational practices in Korean communities in China in order to provide appropriate solutions for the problem. I hope this study will contribute towards future researches in the education of Koreans in China.

중국공산당 중앙은 1955년부터 반혁명분자들을 숙청하게 되는데, 이 중에서 형벌로 처리할 수 없는 자들은 ‘노동교양’ 에 처하였다. 1957년 국무원은 행정법규 형식으로 노동교양제도의 법적 근거를 마련하였다. 문화대혁명 기간 동안, 노동교양제도는 폐지되었다가 1979년 <노동교양에 관한 보충규정>으로 부활되었다. 노동교양 대상범위는 확대되었고, 그 실시대상 지역도 대·중도시에서 현 및 농촌지역까지 확장되었다. 중국 공안부는 1982년 <노동교양 시행판법>을 반포하여, ‘교육, 감화, 구제’를 노동교양의 방침으로 삼는 등 구체적인 규정들을 두었다. 그럼에도 현행 노동교양제도는 여전히 몇몇 문제점들이 존재한다. 중국 <헌법>에 의하면 일체의 법률·행정법규와 지방성법규는 헌법에 저촉되어서는 안된다고 하였지만 <입법법>, <행정처벌법>등과 충돌된다. 중국이 가입한 <인 권과 정치권리에 관한 국제협약(ICCPR)>에도 위배된다. 중국형벌인 관제형이 3개월 이상 2년이하, 구역형이 1개월이상 6개월이하인데 비해, 노동교양은 1년 이상 최고 4년까지 처할 수 있기 때문에 그 징벌성이 형벌보다 높다. 절차에 있어서도 공안기관이 증거수집이 어렵거나 하면 노동교양을 처분하는 등 권한남용이 심한 편이다. 노동교양제도의 근거를 ‘법률’형식으로 해야하며, 궁극적으로는 이 제도를 폐지해야 중국이 지향하는 법치국가가 될 수 있을 것이다.

Related research on artificial cultivation of the edible fungi in modern China can be traced back to 100 years ago. The earliest article about the cultivation techniques of the edible fungi was published in 1897 on Agricultural Study Newspaper sponsored by Shanghai Agricultural Society. From the late 1800s to 1940s, the elder generation of scholars including Zou Bingwen, Hu Changzhi, Pan Zhinong, Li Shiyi, Sun Yunwei, and Yu Xiaotie, etc. not only introduced many foreign techniques in edible fungi cultivation a nd disseminated scientific knowledge and cultivation techniques, but also held various edible fungi talents training courses, set up experimental bases, and conduct edible fungi cultivation experiments. Those have laid a preliminary foundation for the modernization of China’s edible fungi cultivation techniques. After the founding of the PRC, the edible fungi cultivation industry has gained more space for development, and has achieved many milestone achievements, mainly including the tremella artificial cultivation technique, the hedgehog hydnum artificial cultivation technique, the Xianggu artificial cultivation with crushed-wood material technique, the white mushroom fine breed selection and breeding and cultivation technique improvement, the black fungus cultivation with crushed-wood material and fine breed selection and breeding, and the golden needle mushroom find breed selection and year-round cultivation technique innovation, as well as the acclimatization of wild edible fungi and the development of new varieties of edible fungi. These inventions and innovations have provided solid technical support to the development of the edible fungi industry in China. The reform and opening-up starting 1978 has provided a favorable policy environment for the development of the edible fungi industry in China. In the period of more than 30 years thereafter, the edible fungi industry in China has been developing rapidly, with the annual yield rocketing from 60,000 tons in 1978 to 20.2 million tons in 2009, and the proportion of the yield against total world yield growing from 5% in the past to more than 70% at present. During this historical period, many research institutions and scientific research staffs have made important contributions to the development of the edible fungi industry in China. Among them, the most important achievements are made by Researcher Chen Meipeng from the Institute of Edible Fungi of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Professor Yang Xinmei from Huazhong Agricultural University, Researcher Huang Nianlai from Fujian Sanming Mycological Institute, and Professor Zhang Shuting from Chinese University of Hong Kong. When we look back, we treasure the outstanding achievements made by the elder generation of scholars on the development of the edible fungi industry in China. When we look into the future, we are geared with enthusiasm and confidence, and we will work hard to achieve higher in the edible fungi industry in China.

An efficient method for the rapid propagation of Smilax china from axillary buds was established. Plants with thick leafage were selected from Korea native S. china population. Axillary buds of S. china collected from selected plant and were cultured in various culture media (2MS, MS, 1/2MS, WPM, B5 and SH medium). Shoot was induced from axillary bud on MS basal medium after 4 weeks of culture. 1/2MS medium showed a higher growth rate than those of the others, while the lowest shoot growth was obtained in 2MS medium. Among the sucrose concentrations, 5% sucrose was the optimum level for shoots growth from axillay buds. Among cytokinins, 0.5 mg L -1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) treatment showed the best performance on shoot multiplication, yielding average shoot multiplication forming about 2.4. Rooting was induced directly near the base of the shoot on 1/2MS medium containing with three-auxins α-napthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole acetic acid (IAA) and β-indolebutyric acid (IBA) (0.5 and 1.0 mg L -1 ). The 1.0 mg L -1 IBA treatments induced earliest rooting with maximum of root number and root growth. These rooted plantlets were successfully transferred to pots for 4 weeks hardening process, and were transferred to soil with above 90% survival rate.

중국의 유상곡수거(流觴曲水渠)는 대부분이 암석에 조영됨으로서 인공적인 색채가 매우 강하였으며 왕희지의 난정 이후 곡수 유배거는 정자 내부로 조성하는 경향이 심화되었다. 그러나 유상곡수를 주제나 모티브로 한 다수의 그림에서 왕희지의 난정기(蘭亭記)에서 보이는 배경 산악의 숭고미와 자연성 높은 계류와 수림을 배경으로 ‘일상일영(一觴一詠)’하는 선비들의 행태를 담는 비기하학적유상곡수 형태를 기본적 도상(icon)이자 텍스트로 하고 있음이 발견된다. 중국 소흥의 ‘난정’ 유상곡수연 유거는 그 후 복원된시설이긴 하지만 유상곡수 문화의 일대 전환점이자 획을 그은 정원시설이자 풍류문화의 산실이었다 할 만하다. 곡수연(曲水宴)관련 풍류문화는 국내에서 삼국시대로부터 고려, 조선, 근세에 이르기까지 면면히 전승되는 양상을 보여주는데 곡수거의 조영형태는 중국으로 부터의 도입 초기에는 정형적인 인공형태를 보였으나 시간이 경과하면서 점차로 한국의 풍토환경과 정서에 부합되는자연스러운 곡수로 형태로 조영되는 특징을 보여주고 있다. 특히, 물의 도입이 용이한 자연 계류수 또는 암반과 관련시켜 돌을가공하여 수로를 만들었다. 즉 암반 위에 타원형의 수로를 음각(陰刻)하거나 웅덩이 형태로 소용돌이를 만들어 곡수연을 즐길수 있도록 하거나 자연 지반에 음양석 형태의 자연석이나 경석을 이용하여 굴곡 수로를 만드는 등 다양하게 나타나고 있다.또한 현대에 들어서도 유상곡수의 문화를 살리기 위한 조경시설과 풍류문화가 면면히 이어짐은 매우 반가운 현상으로‘유상곡수’가 전통조경 및 휴양레크레이션 문화를 담는 문화콘텐츠이자 문화로 정착되기를 기대한다.

The right to free interpretation in criminal proceedings is one of the important components of the right to fair trial in international law. It applies to everyone within the territory and jurisdiction of the State, including those ethnic minorities who speak and write different languages from the ethnic majority. The international human rights treaty bodies and regional human rights courts expanded the scope of this right and imposed more obligations upon the State parties through the general comments and jurisprudences. This right serves to the interest of the right to fair trial in criminal proceedings. Under Chinese law, there might be two or more languages used in judicial proceedings in ethnic autonomous areas. In the case that one specific language is designated as the language to prosecute and try a specific criminal case, the Chinese judicial organs must provide interpretation and translation to the participant who is not familiar with that specific language. Therefore the right to free interpretation is implied in Chinese law and preserves the constitutional principle of equality to all ethnicities and the right to fair trial. The problem, however, is that such a right is not well implemented in Chinese judicial practice. Several practices are inconsistent with the minimum standards developed by the jurisprudence of the international human rights treaty bodies. It is suggested that China establish the regulations and judicial interpretations that comply with international minimum standards, and provide a robust constitutional review mechanism or national human rights institution to remedy the victims for violations of this right.

The population of small yellow croaker, Larimichthys polyactis, in the Yellow and East China Seas has decreased significantly since the mid 1970s. Several management measures have been introduced to conserve it, but population size remains low. To rebuild this population, it is now necessary to consider more effective management methods based on the stock assessment. To determine long-term population changes, fishery and biological data collected over 34 years (1969-2002) were analysed. Yearly fish length compositions were analysed for the time periods 1968 through 1970, 1978 through 1982, and 1993 through 2002; and catch data was available from 1969 to 2002. Annual population sizes were calculated based on length composition, the relationship between total length and body weight, and total landings. Analyses showed that since the 1970s, average size of harvested fish decreased; the proportion of less mature fish (smaller than the 50% maturity length, 19cm) in catches has increased and the estimated biomass has decreased significantly. Consequently, the main management recommendation is that juvenile fish need to be better protected to allow the rebuilding of resources to a more sustainable population level. This will require fish size limit, permissible mesh size, and closed area and season regulations.

The Northeast of China, which covers an area of 124'1400 km2, comprises HeiLongjiang, JiLin, LiaoNing province, and northeast of inner Mongolian. The annual mean temperature is 5 centigrade below zero in the north, and 10 centigrade above zero in the south. The annual precipitation range from 300 mm to 1200 mm. Moreover, northeast China is an important forest area in China, and hundreds of forest disease and pests occurred every year. Among these pests, the Lepidoptera account for a big part, accordingly, the research on diversity of Lepidoptera is the basis of taxonomy and pests control. According to 「List of Chinese Insects」(Hua, 2005), there are about 20,692 species in China, and 2,934 in Northeast China, for instance, Noctuidae 1,400 spp. (Hua, 2005), Notodontidae 128 spp. (Hua, 2005), Tortricidae 267 spp. (Hua, 2005), Pyralidae 146 spp. (Hua, 2005), Geometridae 233 spp. (Zheng, 1999), Hesperiidae 54 spp. (Zhou, 2000), Parnassiidae 32 spp. (Zhou, 2000), Papilionidae 26 spp. (Zhou, 2000), Pieridae 59 spp. (Wang, 1998), Nymphalidae 188 spp. (Zhou, 2000), Lycaenidae 150 spp., etc. (Wang, 2002).

Recently Korean enterprises that branch out into China have been continuously increased to achieve diverse objectives such as personnel expenses reduction, market share extension on China and globalization strategy implementation. We have studied about competitiveness reinforcement of enterprises that branch out into China in terms of TPM(Total Production Management). In this paper, we extended the concept of traditional TPM(Total Productive Maintenance) to TPM(Total Production Management) that covers extensively the concept of total management innovation activities. We explored detailed activities of TPM and voluntarily participative field research circle. Also, We suggested some prerequisite conditions for TPM settlement that might be recommended for the foreign companies in China and checked Key Performance Indicator(KPI) that could be useful to confirm how TPM contributed to enterprise competitiveness reinforcement.

최근 세계금융위기의 한파에도 불구하고 방문판매는 그 성장규모에서 꾸준한 상승세를 이어가고 있다. 이는 방문판매가 중간상을 통하지 않고서도 제품의 우수성과 독특함을 바탕으로 무한연쇄 장구조로 발전할 수 있는 매력적인 이론적 근거를 바탕으로 하고 있기 때문이다. 이에 따라 세계방문판매업계는중국의 구매력에 높은 관심을 가지고 있다. 그러나 국가마다 갖고 있는 경제상황, 역사문화, 사회적 풍토 등 다양한 환경적 요인에 의해 방문판매는 거래관행(관습)에 있어서 상당한 차이를 가지고 있다. 특히 중국은 시장경제과도단계에 시장원리보다는 인위적으로 만든 정책적 성향이 강하다는 측면에서 독특한 규제 체계를 구성하고 있다.본문은 중국 방문판매의 발전상황에 착안하여 방문판매업자에 대한 일반규제와 소비자보호에 관한 규제를 살펴보고, 이를 기초로 현행 법규제의 문제점을 검토하고 개선방향을 제시하였다.

Thirteen species of mealybugs were intercepted in quarantine at Korean ports of entry on plant materials from China over the past 9 years (2000-2009). Of these, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green has been newly reported in China through this study. This list and key are provided to assist in identifying intercepted specimens of mealybugs from China.