The study focuses on analyzing the situation how 1) to precede a sentence, 2) to structure the dialogue, and 3) to acquire conversation frame by the learners. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to examine whether common discourse errors exist on the way of structuring the dialogue and if they exist, the tendency of errors comes from universality and individuality. The result of this study is to show the tendency of errors in order; connection investigations, surplus, style, tense, the point of view, defect, conjunction, direction, and sequence. Through this study, it is proved that essential language factors mentioned in the discourse structure are required on developing writing skills. Particularly, More than half of learners shows the common errors in the connection investigations, ellipsis, tense, style, conjunction, the point of view, addition. As a result, those language factors should be set up as essential language factors to be trained.

A traditional assumption has been that written work in foreign language classes must be corrected carefully. If they were not corrected, errors would be deeply ingrained, and it would be difficult for learners to use the language correctly. Feedback has been viewed as a facilitator of learning and provides various kinds of information to the learner. In foreign language learning, this information consists primarily of modifications and upgrade their inter language grammar. Teachers" written feedback is a topic of continuing interest in foreign language teaching. But most experienced writing teachers know that responding to the students" writing can be the most frustrating, difficult and time consuming part of the job. Providing written feedback on student papers is the teachers‘ most crucial task. And it plays an important role in motivating and encouraging students. But in spite of corrections, teachers have found that students continue to repeat the same mistakes. Moreover the return of papers covered with red marks causes disappointment and discouragement on student"s faces. The teacher wonder if lerner"s errors should be corrected. If so, when should learner"s errors be corrected and which error should be corrected? How should learner"s errors be corrected? Who should correct learner"s errors? To this end, this paper will review the researches about these questions. And this paper will discuss and try to find the conclusion on these questions.

There is no universally agreed classification of human error, nor is there one in prospect. Thus, a taxonomy is usually made for a specific purpose. To seek the types of human errors in the environment of man-machine interface under the railway industry, we develop a cognitive information processing model incorporating the human's mental states. Using the model, this study investigates the types of human errors about the railway workers. Thus, a survey is conducted for railway safety personnel-locomotive engineers, station employees, and train commanders- in Korean railway company. Through the survey that is designed to investigate four types of human errors from the Questionnaires composed of thirty Questions, we analyze the types of human errors related to railway safety according to affiliated offices, operation shifts, age, and working years. Finally, from the insights of the results some guidelines for the railway safety management are presented.

콘택트렌즈의 교정굴절력을 결정하기 위한 over-refraction에서 자각적 굴절검사와 타각적 굴절검사의 오차 발생분포를 평가하기 위해, 교정시력이 1.0 이상이고 콘택트렌즈 착용 경험이 있는 40명 80안(남 23명, 여 17명, 24.6±2.9세)을 대상으로, 물성이 다른 5종의 콘택트렌즈를 이용하여 렌즈 착용 전과 착용 후 자각적 굴절검사와 자동굴절검사를 실시하였다. 콘택트렌즈의 처방은 교정굴절력이 ±3.00D 이상인 경우 정점간거리를 보정하였고, 등가구면굴절력을 적용하였다. 5종의 콘택트렌즈를 착용한 상태에서 자각적 굴절검사와 자동굴절검사로 over-refraction을 실시한 결과, 구면굴절력은 하루용 소프트콘택트렌즈(p

It cannot be too much emphasized that in reading and appreciating poems, a correct understanding and interpretation of them is necessary; in criticizing and teaching them, a correct understanding based on the correct interpretation is a must. In the course of translating "Coole Park and Ballylee, 1931" into Korean, it was found that both American and Korean scholars have made some errors in interpreting the poem.　Two American scholars, Thomas R. Whitaker and Daniel A. Harris, made the same misinterpretation of the 4th line in the second stanza of the poem. They saw “all the rant” as made by the poetic speaker. Cross-checking the sentence structure and contextual meaning of the part makes it reasonable to say that the rant was a line uttered by Nature, the tragic hero of the tragedy which is the winter season. In the same way two Korean scholars made the same mistranslation of the word “hole” in the first stanza. They translated the word as an empty space within the bottom of the bed of Lake Coole. When one applies the sense to the line where the word belongs, the meaning of the part does not fit in well with the meaning of the whole poem. After all, it is also reasonable to say that the word “hole” means “a deep place in a body of water” in that the meaning harmonizes well with that of the whole stanza. In view of the errors committed in common by both Anglo-American and Korean scholars, no one can be expected to be perfect in interpreting literary works. Perfect interpretation is an ideal which every literary critic aims at but does not attain. This ideal can never be realized by a single person; but by the collaborative work of many researchers engaged in elucidation of the same literary work in their own way. This is, specifically, true of the Korean scholars who usually rely upon what their Anglo-American counterparts say about the literary works of the Anglo-American writers and poets. When this kind of collaborative work has been accumulated, and is easily accessible to our junior scholars, they will benefit greatly by avoiding the confusion suffered often by their senior scholars.

Adsorption isotherms of hydrogen by step-by-step method are widely used. However, the relations between the equations of state and the accumulated errors produced by step-by-step method and the mechanical errors of pressure or temperature controller were not analyzed. Considering the influence of various errors on the equations of state, we could find out the factors and compare the performance of the equations of state.

본 연구는 제7차 교육과정 고등학교 한문교과서를 대상으로 현토문의 문제점을 지적하고 그 개선안을 제시하고자 하였다.고등학교 한문교과서에는 현토문을 수록하였는데 문장의 의미를 정확하게 반영하지 못하고, 읽기에도 적합하지 않으며, 한문 본래의 틀을 유지하지도 못하는 문제점을 안고 있다. 심지어 현토문인지 국한문 혼용문인지 구분하기 어려운 부분도 있다. 이에 본고는 현토의 문제점을 體言用言尊稱의 오류 등으로 구분하여 고찰하였다.아울러 이러한 문제점의 해결 방안으로 휴지(休止)와 토(吐)의 조화를 추구할 것, 전통적으로 사용해온 토를 발전적으로 계승할 것 등 두 가지를 제안하였다.

The pushover analysis is becoming a popular tool for seismic design of building structures. In this paper the state-of-art on static nonlinear analysis of building structures is presented with the emphasis on the effects of analysis parameters; i. e., lateral load patterns, modeling of members, and analysis computer programs. The analysed results may have variation even if a same structure is analysed. This paper is to investigate how large the variation is and what the main causes of the variation are. The difference of analysed results, the resultant variation of lateral story shear force and flexural strength of structural members are discussed. The pushover analysis procedure are routinely used in the seismic design of building structures, but some problems must yet be clarified, such as the effects to evaluate the parameters of analysis on the basis of a lateral load patterns and modeling of members.

경기도 00읍 및 전라북도 /::，/::，시에 거주하는 60세 이상(평균 나이 : 72.05 ::t 5.768 세)의 노인중 시력장애를 원인으로 2003년 11 월 1 일부터 2004년 4월 30 일 사이에 안 경원을 방문한 355 명(남: 171 명， 여 : 184 명)을 대상으로 안질환 및 일반질환과 함께 교정 전 · 후의 시력을 검사하여 분석하였다. 시력장애의 가장 큰 원인은 굴절이상으로 전체의 56.3% 로 나타났으며， 유형별로 살펴보면 원시가 17.3%, 원시성 난시가 25.1%, 근시가 4.3%, 근시성 난시가 13.1% 그리고 혼합성 난시가 1.4% 로 나타났다. 자각식 굴절검사에 의한 등가굴절이상도는 +0.38 ::t 2.14D( 남 : +0.42::t 1.97D, 여 : +0.35 ::t 2.3 lD)로 나타났으며， 남 · 녀 사이는 5% 수준에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다 (t = 0.492, p = 0.623). 시력장애의 두 번째 큰 원인은 백내장으로 전체의 20.2%를 차지하였다. 교정 전 · 후의 시력 분 포를 분석한 결과 남자 (t = -33.849, p = 0.000) 와 여자 (t = -32.299, p = 0.000) 모두 5% 수준에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 굴절이상을 교정하거나 백내장 수술만으로도 노인인구의 시력 향상의 효과가 크므 로 건강하고 활력있는 인간적 노후생활을 보장하기 위해서는 시력장애의 예방관리 및 조기치료 등을 할 수 있는 기회가 제공되어야할 것이다.

연속적으로 이루어지는 제작ㆍ조립 단계에서 변위하중을 받는 CRTS 반사판의 초기 정적평형상태론 결정하기 위하여 변위증분법을 사용하여 기하학적 비선형 유한요소 해석기법을 제시하고 반사반의 이상적인 형상파 실 제자 형상과의 차이, 즉 형상오차에 케이블 및 구조적 인자가 미치는 영향에 관한 연구를 수행한다. 본 연구 결과는 Galerkin method 와 NASS 98 Program을 사용하여 해석한 결과와 비교ㆍ검증하여 그 타당성을 입증한다.