Raising replacement heifers is important aspect of dairy farm management that can be characterized as a long-term performance and high-cost production period. This study was investigated the effect of month of age at the first pregnancy on calving difficulty of Holstein heifers. Heifers was inseminated with semen of easy-calving sire and the reproductive performance was compared for the effect of first pregnancy at 12-14 months of age (12 month old), 15-16 months of age (15 month old), 17-19 months of age (17 month old) and > 20 months of age (20 month old) in Holstein heifers. Holstein heifers showed different easy calving score (ECS) depending on their ages; frequency of ECS 1 was 55.2%, 64.9%, 59.4% and 52.0% at 12, 15, 17 and 20 month of age, respectively. Frequency of ECS 4 was 5.2%, 1.8%, 6.3% and 4.8% at 12, 15, 17 and 20 month of age, respectively. The rates of retained placenta postparturition in first pregnancy age category was 12.3% at 12 months of age, 5.3% at 15 months of age, 9.4% at 17 months of age and 19.0% at 20 months of age. When It was evaluated by present results, the reproductive performance like easy calving score (ECS), retained placenta rates, and abortion and stillbirth rates of heifers which was inseminated at 14 months old or less and at 17 months old or more was reduced. Therefore, the first pregnancy age for optimum reproductive performance was 15-16 months.

우리가 접하는 도서, 음반 등 저작물에 대한 권 리관계를 규율하는 기본법은 저작권법이다. 저작권자는 저작권법을 통하여 저작물에 관한 일련의 배타적인 권리를 보장받지만, 이러한 저작권자의 권리를 제한하는 몇 가지 예외의 하나로서 권리소 진의 원칙(principle of exhaustion)을 들 수 있다. 최초판매원칙(first sale doctrine)이라고도 일컬어지는 동 원칙에 의하면, 저작물의 배포에 관하여 저작권자가 갖는 배타적인 권리는 저작물 이 최초로 판매되는 시점에 소진된다. 최초판매원칙이 적용됨에 따라 도서, 음반 등 유형(有形)의 저작물에 대해서는 온라인⋅오프라인 중고시장이 광범위하게 형성되어 있고 그를 통한 재판매가 활 성화 되어 있다. 그런데 컴퓨터 소프트웨어 프로 그램, 음원 파일과 같은 디지털 형태, 즉 유형의 매체를 통하지 않고 거래되는 저작물에 대해서도 동일한 법리의 적용이 가능한지에 관하여 많은 논란이 있어 왔다. 종래 미국의 경우 디지털 저작물의 권리 양도의 성격이 매매인지 또는 라이센스인지에 따라 최초판매원칙의 적용여부를 결정해왔다. 즉, 저작물의 첫 양도가 매매로 인정되는 경우에만 저작권자의 권리 소진을 인정하여 이용자는 그 이후의 재판매를 자유롭게 할 수 있는 반면에, 라이센스 형식으로 양도가 이루어진 경우라면 최초판매원칙 이 적용되지 않으므로 이용자의 재판매는 저작권 자의 권리를 침해하는 것으로 본 것이다. 한편 유럽에서는 2012년 7월 유럽사법재판소에 의해 컴퓨터 소프트웨어 프로그램에 대해 서도 최초판매원칙을 적용할 수 있다는 결정이 내려짐으로써 디지털 저작물에 대한 권리소진의 가능성을 확인하였다. 그런데 2013년 미국에서 는 합법적으로 다운로드 받은 디지털 음원파일 의 재판매를 위한 인터넷 사이트를 운영한 회사 에 대하여 저작권 침해 판결이 내려졌다. 만일 동일한 사건이 유럽사법재판소에 의하여 판단 되었다면 2012년 판결에서처럼 디지털 음원파 일에 대해서도 최초판매원칙이 적용된다고 보 아 저작권 침해가 아닌 것으로 결론이 달라질 여지가 있다. 이렇듯 디지털 저작물의 재판매에 있어 권리소진이론의 실제적인 적용을 인정하여 저작권 침해 여부를 판단함에 대하여 유럽 법원과 미국 법원 간 인식에 큰 차이가 있는 것 으로 보인다. 이러한 미국과 유럽의 논의를 국내에 대입할 경우 현행 저작권법의 규정상 미국 법원의 견해와 결론을 같이 할 것으로 예상된다. 국내 저작권법 규정에 의하면 유형의 매체에 의하지 않고 온라인 상 다운로드 방식으로만 거래되는 디지털 저작물 의 경우에 전송에 해당되므로 최초판매 원칙을 적 용할 수 없기 때문이다. 그러나 유형물에 고정된 형태로 거래되는 저작물을 대상으로 도입된 것이 라는 연원에 매여, 디지털 전송 방식이 보편화되 고 있는 거래환경을 외면한 채 원구매자가 합법적 으로 구매한 디지털 저작물에 대한 동 원칙의 적 용을 부정하여 재판매를 무조건 금지하는 것은 부 당하다. 이는 유럽사법재판소의 결정과 배치되는 것으로 국제적인 조화와도 동떨어지는 결과를 초 래할 것이다. 따라서 디지털 전송 방식으로 이루 어지는 거래에도 적용되는 최초판매원칙을 인정 할 필요가 있다.

정삼투-역삼투 융합 플랜트 기술 개발 연구단은 국토교통부/국토교통과학기술 진흥원의 지원을 받아 시장지배적인 역삼투 해수담수화 공정기술을 탈피하는 기술선도형 정삼투-역삼투 융합 기술을 개발하고자 한다. 정삼투와 역삼투 기술을 결합시켜 기존 역삼투 해수담수화 기술 대비 톤당 전력량 35% 이상 감소, 톤당 생산단가 25%를 절감하는 기술을 개발하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이를 위하여 정삼투-역삼투 융합 플랜트 엔지니어링 기술, 공정 고도화(시스템 최적화, 막오염 제어 및 예측)기술, 저에너지・고효율의 전처리 기술을 개발한다. 실험실규모에서 개발된 모든 기술은 1,000m3/day 용량의 실증 파일럿 플랜트에 적용된다.

Yongneup wetland protected area, the only high moor in Korea, is a core area to conserve biodiversity. Even though the Yongneup wetland protected area is relatively small, various plant species are distributed in the Yongneup wetland protected area because it includes various habitats showing different environmental gradients. Vascular plants distributed in the Yongneup wetland protected area were identified as a total of 376 taxa that is composed of 73 families, 217 genera, 322 species, 3 subspecies, 44 varieties and 7 forms. For endangered plants designated by the Ministry of Environment, 5 species including Trientalis europaea var. arctica, Lilium dauricum, Halenia corniculata, Lychnis wilfordii and Menyanthes trifoliata were found and 34 taxa were confirmed to be distributed only in the mountainous wetland habitats. Regarding naturalized plants, a total of 11 taxa were distributed, but most of them were distributed in the areas where artificial interference has occurred. And in areas inside the wetlands that are relatively well preserved, 2 species of Bidens frondosa and Erigeron annuus were observed. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of Pseudostellaria baekdusanensis M. Kim, which was recently found in Mt. Baekdu and reported as a new species, were identified in the Yongneup wetland protected area. A wetland is a very vulnerable area to drastic environmental changes and damages to its ecosystem could cause the extinction of rare plant species which are distributed only in the wetlands. Therefore, it is mandatory that current status of the Yongneup wetland protected area is evaluated and actions to prevent rapid environmental changes are taken. Fourteen separate investigations were conducted in 2013 and another four in 2014, to evaluate current status of the Yongneup wetland protected area. These investigations have provided us the basic information for future actions of conservation and restoration.

Cynegetis impunctata (Linnaeus, 1767), a phytophagous lady beetle, was recorded in South Korea for the first time recently. Previously, only the adult form of this species had been described. In this study, we provide a redescription of the adult and the first descriptions of the larva and pupa. Diagnostic characters for this species are given, and intraspecific color variation in Cynegetis impunctata adults is discussed.

The Chrysomelid species of the genus Xanthogaleruca, X. aenescens Fairmaire, 1878 is reportd for the first time from South Korea. The genus Xanthogaleruca Laboissiére, 1934, within subfamily Galerucinae, contains only nine species, and is distributed Palearctic region (Beenen, 2010), but one adventive species, X. luteola (Müller, 1766), is widespread throughout much of Canada, North Africa and the United States. Also known as the elm leaf beetle, it feed on Ulmus (Ulmaceae). In the present study we report on the genus Xanthogaleruca Laboissiére, 1934 from Korea for the first time, based on X. aenescens Fairmaire, 1878. We provide the habitus photographs, illustrations of diagnostic features and a key to the genus in S. Korea.

Two key challenges in statistical relational learning are uncertainty and complexity. Standard frameworks for handling uncertainty are probability and first-order logic respectively. A Markov logic network (MLN) is a first-order knowledge base with weights attached to each formula and is suitable for classification of dataset which have variables correlated with each other. But we need domain knowledge to construct first-order logics and a computational complexity problem arises when calculating weights of first-order logics. To overcome these problems we suggest a method to generate first-order logics and learn weights using association analysis in this study.

The purpose of this study is to develop an automatic inspection system for a part of the differential drive gear into the transmission. his technology will make using the Micro Vision automatic test equipment and automatic test equipment microlaser. Which you want to create a zero defect rate in the total inspection process step the product and the operator inadvertently. The equipment developed in this research project will be applied to many areas. Packaging companies, nut bolt processing company, precisely supplier for printing on top of the semiconductor, SMT, etc. The company wants to sell the vision inspection equipment for various applications. When you realize zero defect rate through this technology to secure stable orders from the parent company, it is also possible product reliability in addition to the foundation based on export opportunities. If you want to apply an automatic inspection system for domestic auto parts manufacturing company in the country is to believed to be reliable car also rise significantly.

This study is to develop a core part Spindle and Nut Spindle of the electronic parking brake system. This demand is the development and launch notification referral order also commissioned state. Domestic competitors company developed and applied to workpiece of Spindle and Nut Spindle. In this study, the market advertisement is aimed over its competitors by developing cost competitiveness and quality stability through parts and components of precision forging engineering. Thus, axle measuring device system is needed to verify the reliability(fastening state of brake system) at the same time the development of Spindle and Nut Spindle. This study is performed to the following four aims. The first is the development of forging process technology for Spindle and Nut Spindle. The second is the development of mold design technology for Spindle and Nut Spindle. The third is the reliability secured technology for axle force(brake system force) of electronic brake system. The last is the development of forging and shape design simulation of Spindle and Nut Spindle.

This study is a development of a system for measuring the surface resistance of wafer and LCD by utilizing a three-axis positioner. Previous wafer measuring system is a developed product for measuring a wafer surface resistance. This is developed very long time. This is not a real action that it is needed a persistence development.. So, that is effected as weak point by simple mechanism and old software. This product is forecasted not being risen in world market. Therefore, this new product(surface measuring system by three axis positioner type) through this research is off the point a previous one axis revolute type, this new product is forecasted capable of a measurement not only wafer but also LCD.

한반도 장님노린재과의 미기록속 Neomegacoelum 속을 처음으로 확인하고 Neomegacoelum vitreum (Kerzhner, 1988)의 한반도 분포를 보 고한다. 성충과 생식기의 사진 등의 형태학적 정보와 생태학적 정보가 함께 제공된다.

Simultaneous time monitoring observations of H2O 616 − 523, SiO J = 1–0, 2–1, 3–2, and 29SiO v = 0, J = 1–0 lines are carried out in the direction of the Mira variable star TX Cam with the Korean VLBI Network single dish radio telescopes. For the first time, the H2O maser emission from TX Cam is detected near the stellar velocity at five epochs from April 10, 2013 (Ø = 3.13) to June 4, 2014 (Ø = 3.89) including minimum optical phases. The intensities of H2O masers are very weak compared to SiO masers. The variation of peak antenna temperature ratios among SiO v = 1, J = 1–0, J = 2–1, and J = 3–2 masers is investigated according to their phases. The shift of peak velocities of H2O and SiO masers with respect to the stellar velocity is also investigated according to observed optical phases. The H2O maser emission occurs around the stellar velocity during our monitoring interval. On the other hand, the peak velocities of SiO masers show a spread compared to the stellar velocity. The peak velocities of SiO J = 2–1, and J = 3–2 masers show a smaller spread with respect to the stellar velocity than those of SiO J = 1–0 masers. These simultaneous observations of multi-frequencies will provide a good constraint for maser pumping models and a good probe for investigating the stellar atmosphere and envelope according to their different excitation conditions.

The average prevalence rate (PR) for foodborne disease outbreaks (FBDOs) in the first half (F-H) and latter half (L-H) of the decade from 2001 to 2010 in Korea was 14.0 and 16.9 per 100,000 population, respectively. The number of patients per outbreak of foodborne diseases (FBDs) in the F-H of that decade was 57.6 and in the L-H was 25.4 (p < 0.05). A comparison of the 2 periods covered in this study indicates that FBDOs in the L-H most frequently involved restaurants or delis (51.5% of total cases), and in the F-H, this involvement was noted in 34.0% of total cases (p < 0.01). The epidemic patterns of microbial FBDOs show that the overall incidence of outbreaks resulting from 5 of 8 key pathogens including Bacillus cereus (+1.6%), Campylobacter jejuni (+1.5%), Clostridium spp. (+0.7%), pathogenic Escherichia coli (+8.3%), and Norovirus (+14.4%) tended to be higher in the L-H than in the F-H of the decade from 2001 to 2010. Conversely, those caused by the other 3 key agents, including Salmonella spp. ( 9.2%), Staphylococcus aureus ( 2.8%), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus ( 6.4%) were significantly lower in the L-H than in the F-H of the decade. Moreover, in the decade between 2001 and 2010, the number of patients (n) and the PR for microbial FBD increased from the F-H (n = 13,346, PR: 5.6) to the L-H (n = 33,732, PR: 13.8) (p < 0.01).

본 연구는 젖소의 분만계절에 비유곡선 모수를 추정하고, 추정된 비유곡선 모수를 이용하여 우리나라 젖소의 비유특성에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 자료는 2009년부터 2011년까지 분만한 1산차 14,189두의 농협중앙회 검정자료를 이용하였으며, 비유곡선 모수는 Wood 모형을 적용하여, SAS 9.2 NLIN Procedure를 이용해 추정하였다. Wood 모형으로 추정 된 비유곡선 함수는 봄, 여름, 가을 및 겨울 분만에 대해 각각 yt=17.1726t0.2074e-0.00243t, yt=17.4108t0.1868e-0.00206t, yt=16.1367t0.2171e-0.00224t 및 yt=15.7759t0.2378e-0.00258t이었다. 봄, 여름, 가을 및 겨울의 분만에 대한 추정최고유량과 최고유량도달시기는 각각 32.55 kg, 84.70일, 31.53 kg, 90.99일, 32.21 kg, 96.51일 및 32.95 kg, 90.20일 이었다. 겨울의 분만이 여름의 분만보다 추정최고유량이 높았다. 또한 봄의 분만이 다른 계절보다 최고유량도달시기가 더 빨랐다.

Presently, the first pregnancy age of dairy heifers attended National Dairy Herd Improvement Program (NDHI) in Korea has increased, and more research have been requested to evaluate the possibility of decreasing the first pregnancy age of dairy heifers. Accordingly, this study was investigated the effects of the month of age at the first service and pregnancy on the reproductive efficiency of Holstein heifers. For these, the reproductive performance of heifers was analyzed by evaluating the effects of first insemination service at 12-14 months of age (12 month old), 15-16 months of age (15 month old), 17-19 months of age (17 month old), and > 20 months of age (20 month old) in Holstein heifers. The service numbers per conception in the first insemination months were 1.85±1.22, 1.59±0.77, 1.58±0.72, and 1.76±0.97 times at 12, 15, 17 and 20 months of age, respectively. The conception rates in the first service were 51.2, 57.8, 54.8, and 52.9% at 12, 15, 17 and 20 months of age, respectively. The conception ages were 453.2±78.9, 512.1±75.9, 590.1±98.0, and 713.0±74.5 days in the heifers serviced firstly at 12, 15, 17 and 20 months of age, respectively. There was significantly difference in the conception age among groups (p<0.05). The cumulative conception rates in the heifers serviced firstly at 12, 15, 17 and 20 months of age were 51.21, 57.8, 54.8 and 53.0% by the first service, 29.8, 30.1, 32.3, 23.5% by the second service, and 19.0, 12.1, 12.9 and 23.5% by the third service, respectively. The service numbers per conception in the first pregnancy months were 1.31, 1.55, 2.0, 2.05 times at 12, 15, 17 and 20 months of the first service age, respectively. The service numbers per conception in the 12 and 15 months of age were significantly lower than those in the 17 and 20 months of age (p<0.05). The rates of repeat-breeder were 6.0, 11.3, 22.0, and 41.0% in the heifers serviced firstly at 12, 15, 17 and 20 months of age, respectively. These results demonstrate that first pregnancy of Holstein heifers should be conducted at 15 months of age, because the age at first pregnancy in heifers can be substantially influenced through implementation of reproductive management and performance.

The movement, survival, and weight gain of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) first instar larvae were studied on CB9, CB10 and SR05 cotton varieties under field conditions. The neonate H. armigera were released on the cotton varieties at the squaring stage of the plants and, after a period of 72 hours, the survival, weight gain, and final location of the larvae were observed. While the different cotton varieties had no effect on the survival and weight gain of the larvae, the release locations on the cotton varieties had a significant influence on the larval survival and weight gain. The larvae fed small squares of the cotton varieties were significantly heavier and showed a higher mortality than the larvae fed leaflets and mature leaves. For the cotton varieties in this study, the larvae released on leaflets showed a significantly higher rate of recovery compared to the larvae released on mature leaves and squares. This study also found that that the larvae on leaflets did not move up or downward unlike the larvae on mature leaves and squares. This information on the foraging behavior of larvae on cotton varieties will assist researchers to interpret field data and thereby help with the development of pest management decisions.

In this study, we report for the first time a hybridization between Caretta caretta and Chelonia mydas in South Korea. On 7th May 2012, a sea turtle (Jeju sea turtle 01, JST01) was found in the east coast of Jeju Island, South Korea. The morphological characteristics of JST01 were compared with those of C. caretta and C. mydas that were frequently observed in Korean Seas. Interestingly, JST01 showed similar morphological characters such as body color, appearance of carapace, shape of upper beak, serration on marginal scute, and two claws with those of C. caretta. On the other hand, JST01 showed also similar patterns in several characteristics including the numbers of marginal, inframarginal and costal scute, smooth carapace without keel, no contact between costal scute and nuchal scute with those of C. mydas. From these results, we suggest that JST01 is one of hybrid animals bred between C. caretta and C. mydas, because JST01 has speciesspecific characters from both species. We anticipate that our study would be useful and have significant impact onto study inter-specific hybridization in the groups of sea turtle.

In the past two decades, European ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) have been severely damaged by ash dieback disease of which causal agent is a fungal species called Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (anamorphic stage Chalara fraxinea). Recent molecular phylogenetic and population genetic studies suggested that this fungus may have been introduced from Eastern Asia to Europe. In the course of fungal biodiversity survey in Korea, H. fraxineus-like apothecia were collected from fallen leaves, rachis and petioles of Korean ash and Manchurian ash trees. The morphological and ecological traits of these materials are provided, supplemented by ITS rDNA sequence comparison of H. fraxineus strains collected from Europe, China and Japan.