Despite the worldwide distributions of genus Lepidepecreum and the previous reports from China and Japan, this genus has not yet been recorded in Korean waters. In this study, Korean materials of lysianassid amphipods are assigned readily to the genus Lepidepecreum and identified as L. vitjazi Gurjanova, 1962 based on the following features: well-developed dorsal keels of the pleonite 3 and urosimite 1; unconcaved palmer margin of ganthopod 1; hooked locking spines of propodus on pereopods 3 and 4; and the shape of coxa 4. We also provide the description and illustrations of this species.

A new species of the genus Ebrechtella Dahl, Ebrechtella juwangensis n. sp. and the male of Ozyptila geumoensis Seo and Sohn, 1997 are reported new to science. Ozyptila utotchkini Marusik, 1990 is reported for the first time in Korea. Habitus photos and illustrations of these three species are provided.

The goniadid species, Glycinde bonhourei Gravier, 1904, is newly reported with the description and illustration from Korean waters. Our Korean materials of G. bonhourei have the following characteristics that are generally known as distinctive features from its congeners: the area II-1 on proboscis possesses unidentate papillae bearing broad base; the area IV on proboscis bears the papillae of duct’s foot-shaped with rounded teeth; the area V on proboscis has straightly conical papillae bearing slightly bifid tip; 4-16 micrognaths are arranged on the dorsal side; all parapodia have one neuropodial presetal lobe; uniramous parapodia are present on 19-26 anterior segments. As a result of the present study, the genus Glycinde is newly reported from Korean waters.

Amphiregulin (AREG), a glycoprotein that is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, is expressed by the porcine conceptus and endometrium. AREG genotypes were determined based on an SNP in the intron 3 of the gene. Contradictory effects of AREG genotypes on reproductive traits in different pig breeds were reported previously. G allele had undesirable effect on reproductive trait in Meishan breed, while it had favorable effects in Polish Landrace and Large White. We determined AREG genotypes of 179 pigs including the Duroc, Landrace, Yorkshire, Korean native pig (KNP), and Meishan breeds. Two new SNPs were identified near the previously reported SNP in the intron 3 of AREG. Frequencies of AREG alleles among the Duroc, Landrace, Yorkshire, and KNP sows were significantly different (p<0.001), indicating association between AREG genotypes and pig breeds. The first parity litter size was significantly affected by the breeds (p=0.014), but not by AREG genotypes (p=0.148). However, there were breed and AREG genotype associated trends in the first parity litter size. The first parity litter size appeared to be higher in Duroc and KNP sows with G allele, while it appeared to be lower in Landrace sows with G allele. Significant variability of AREG alleles among pig breeds, for the first time in Duroc and KNP sows, was identified. AREG genotypes may influence reproductive traits differentially for each breed and thus, AREG genotypes may need to be considered when sows are bred to increase litter size.

Despite previous research on the use of the first-person pronoun in academic writing, it has rarely been studied in L2 writing and learner corpus research. In this study, the pronoun I was analyzed and compared between native speaking (NS) and Korean nonnative speaking (NNS) corpora of English argumentative writing samples. To identify differences in its discourse functions, three categories (essay commentator, experience provider and opinion provider) were formulated. The findings show that the normalized frequency of the pronoun was higher in the learner corpus. However, the pronoun occurred less frequently within individual essays but was found in more essays. Unlike the NS corpus, the opinion provider occurs more frequently than the experience provider in the learner corpus. For the opinion provider, Korean students usually selected the verb think. The present study suggests the need to develop students’ awareness of the discursive usage of the pronoun and expand their repertoire of metadiscursive devices.

Dietary and lifestyle modifications are widely prescribed to prevent recurrence of urolithiasis, although little is known about the clinical and demographic factors associated with patient compliance and urinary metabolic changes. The present study assessed the clinical and demographic factors influencing compliance with a modified diet and lifestyle in first-time ureteric stone formers as well as determined the effects of compliance on urinary stone risk factors. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 53 patients presenting with ureteric calcium stones. Using a self-completed questionnaire, patients were classified according to compliance with seven recommendations for modifying diet and lifestyle into good compliance group (complied with ≥ three recommendations) and poor compliance group. Before (on a random diet) and after prescribing the modifications, 24 hour urine samples were collected from those in the good and poor compliance group. The stone size at presentation and initial treatment modality were closely associated with patient compliance (P=0.019, P=0.027, respectively). Citrate excretion significantly increased in the good compliance group after adopting modifications (P=0.012), whereas the poor compliance group did not show a statistically significant difference. Moreover, patients in the poor compliance group showed significantly increased urinary calcium excretion by the end of the study (P=0.040). After adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, and metabolic abnormality status, poor compliance was found to be an independent risk factor for persistence or development of hypocitraturia (OR: 3.885; 95% CI: 1.102~13.694; P=0.035). In conclusion, our results imply that patient education programs regarding diet and lifestyle should be tailored to the individual’s clinical and demographic characteristics.

Raising replacement heifers is important aspect of dairy farm management that can be characterized as a long-term performance and high-cost production period. This study was investigated the effect of month of age at the first pregnancy on calving difficulty of Holstein heifers. Heifers was inseminated with semen of easy-calving sire and the reproductive performance was compared for the effect of first pregnancy at 12-14 months of age (12 month old), 15-16 months of age (15 month old), 17-19 months of age (17 month old) and > 20 months of age (20 month old) in Holstein heifers. Holstein heifers showed different easy calving score (ECS) depending on their ages; frequency of ECS 1 was 55.2%, 64.9%, 59.4% and 52.0% at 12, 15, 17 and 20 month of age, respectively. Frequency of ECS 4 was 5.2%, 1.8%, 6.3% and 4.8% at 12, 15, 17 and 20 month of age, respectively. The rates of retained placenta postparturition in first pregnancy age category was 12.3% at 12 months of age, 5.3% at 15 months of age, 9.4% at 17 months of age and 19.0% at 20 months of age. When It was evaluated by present results, the reproductive performance like easy calving score (ECS), retained placenta rates, and abortion and stillbirth rates of heifers which was inseminated at 14 months old or less and at 17 months old or more was reduced. Therefore, the first pregnancy age for optimum reproductive performance was 15-16 months.

우리가 접하는 도서, 음반 등 저작물에 대한 권 리관계를 규율하는 기본법은 저작권법이다. 저작권자는 저작권법을 통하여 저작물에 관한 일련의 배타적인 권리를 보장받지만, 이러한 저작권자의 권리를 제한하는 몇 가지 예외의 하나로서 권리소 진의 원칙(principle of exhaustion)을 들 수 있다. 최초판매원칙(first sale doctrine)이라고도 일컬어지는 동 원칙에 의하면, 저작물의 배포에 관하여 저작권자가 갖는 배타적인 권리는 저작물 이 최초로 판매되는 시점에 소진된다. 최초판매원칙이 적용됨에 따라 도서, 음반 등 유형(有形)의 저작물에 대해서는 온라인⋅오프라인 중고시장이 광범위하게 형성되어 있고 그를 통한 재판매가 활 성화 되어 있다. 그런데 컴퓨터 소프트웨어 프로 그램, 음원 파일과 같은 디지털 형태, 즉 유형의 매체를 통하지 않고 거래되는 저작물에 대해서도 동일한 법리의 적용이 가능한지에 관하여 많은 논란이 있어 왔다. 종래 미국의 경우 디지털 저작물의 권리 양도의 성격이 매매인지 또는 라이센스인지에 따라 최초판매원칙의 적용여부를 결정해왔다. 즉, 저작물의 첫 양도가 매매로 인정되는 경우에만 저작권자의 권리 소진을 인정하여 이용자는 그 이후의 재판매를 자유롭게 할 수 있는 반면에, 라이센스 형식으로 양도가 이루어진 경우라면 최초판매원칙 이 적용되지 않으므로 이용자의 재판매는 저작권 자의 권리를 침해하는 것으로 본 것이다. 한편 유럽에서는 2012년 7월 유럽사법재판소에 의해 컴퓨터 소프트웨어 프로그램에 대해 서도 최초판매원칙을 적용할 수 있다는 결정이 내려짐으로써 디지털 저작물에 대한 권리소진의 가능성을 확인하였다. 그런데 2013년 미국에서 는 합법적으로 다운로드 받은 디지털 음원파일 의 재판매를 위한 인터넷 사이트를 운영한 회사 에 대하여 저작권 침해 판결이 내려졌다. 만일 동일한 사건이 유럽사법재판소에 의하여 판단 되었다면 2012년 판결에서처럼 디지털 음원파 일에 대해서도 최초판매원칙이 적용된다고 보 아 저작권 침해가 아닌 것으로 결론이 달라질 여지가 있다. 이렇듯 디지털 저작물의 재판매에 있어 권리소진이론의 실제적인 적용을 인정하여 저작권 침해 여부를 판단함에 대하여 유럽 법원과 미국 법원 간 인식에 큰 차이가 있는 것 으로 보인다. 이러한 미국과 유럽의 논의를 국내에 대입할 경우 현행 저작권법의 규정상 미국 법원의 견해와 결론을 같이 할 것으로 예상된다. 국내 저작권법 규정에 의하면 유형의 매체에 의하지 않고 온라인 상 다운로드 방식으로만 거래되는 디지털 저작물 의 경우에 전송에 해당되므로 최초판매 원칙을 적 용할 수 없기 때문이다. 그러나 유형물에 고정된 형태로 거래되는 저작물을 대상으로 도입된 것이 라는 연원에 매여, 디지털 전송 방식이 보편화되 고 있는 거래환경을 외면한 채 원구매자가 합법적 으로 구매한 디지털 저작물에 대한 동 원칙의 적 용을 부정하여 재판매를 무조건 금지하는 것은 부 당하다. 이는 유럽사법재판소의 결정과 배치되는 것으로 국제적인 조화와도 동떨어지는 결과를 초 래할 것이다. 따라서 디지털 전송 방식으로 이루 어지는 거래에도 적용되는 최초판매원칙을 인정 할 필요가 있다.

정삼투-역삼투 융합 플랜트 기술 개발 연구단은 국토교통부/국토교통과학기술 진흥원의 지원을 받아 시장지배적인 역삼투 해수담수화 공정기술을 탈피하는 기술선도형 정삼투-역삼투 융합 기술을 개발하고자 한다. 정삼투와 역삼투 기술을 결합시켜 기존 역삼투 해수담수화 기술 대비 톤당 전력량 35% 이상 감소, 톤당 생산단가 25%를 절감하는 기술을 개발하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이를 위하여 정삼투-역삼투 융합 플랜트 엔지니어링 기술, 공정 고도화(시스템 최적화, 막오염 제어 및 예측)기술, 저에너지・고효율의 전처리 기술을 개발한다. 실험실규모에서 개발된 모든 기술은 1,000m3/day 용량의 실증 파일럿 플랜트에 적용된다.

Yongneup wetland protected area, the only high moor in Korea, is a core area to conserve biodiversity. Even though the Yongneup wetland protected area is relatively small, various plant species are distributed in the Yongneup wetland protected area because it includes various habitats showing different environmental gradients. Vascular plants distributed in the Yongneup wetland protected area were identified as a total of 376 taxa that is composed of 73 families, 217 genera, 322 species, 3 subspecies, 44 varieties and 7 forms. For endangered plants designated by the Ministry of Environment, 5 species including Trientalis europaea var. arctica, Lilium dauricum, Halenia corniculata, Lychnis wilfordii and Menyanthes trifoliata were found and 34 taxa were confirmed to be distributed only in the mountainous wetland habitats. Regarding naturalized plants, a total of 11 taxa were distributed, but most of them were distributed in the areas where artificial interference has occurred. And in areas inside the wetlands that are relatively well preserved, 2 species of Bidens frondosa and Erigeron annuus were observed. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of Pseudostellaria baekdusanensis M. Kim, which was recently found in Mt. Baekdu and reported as a new species, were identified in the Yongneup wetland protected area. A wetland is a very vulnerable area to drastic environmental changes and damages to its ecosystem could cause the extinction of rare plant species which are distributed only in the wetlands. Therefore, it is mandatory that current status of the Yongneup wetland protected area is evaluated and actions to prevent rapid environmental changes are taken. Fourteen separate investigations were conducted in 2013 and another four in 2014, to evaluate current status of the Yongneup wetland protected area. These investigations have provided us the basic information for future actions of conservation and restoration.

Cynegetis impunctata (Linnaeus, 1767), a phytophagous lady beetle, was recorded in South Korea for the first time recently. Previously, only the adult form of this species had been described. In this study, we provide a redescription of the adult and the first descriptions of the larva and pupa. Diagnostic characters for this species are given, and intraspecific color variation in Cynegetis impunctata adults is discussed.

The Chrysomelid species of the genus Xanthogaleruca, X. aenescens Fairmaire, 1878 is reportd for the first time from South Korea. The genus Xanthogaleruca Laboissiére, 1934, within subfamily Galerucinae, contains only nine species, and is distributed Palearctic region (Beenen, 2010), but one adventive species, X. luteola (Müller, 1766), is widespread throughout much of Canada, North Africa and the United States. Also known as the elm leaf beetle, it feed on Ulmus (Ulmaceae). In the present study we report on the genus Xanthogaleruca Laboissiére, 1934 from Korea for the first time, based on X. aenescens Fairmaire, 1878. We provide the habitus photographs, illustrations of diagnostic features and a key to the genus in S. Korea.

Two key challenges in statistical relational learning are uncertainty and complexity. Standard frameworks for handling uncertainty are probability and first-order logic respectively. A Markov logic network (MLN) is a first-order knowledge base with weights attached to each formula and is suitable for classification of dataset which have variables correlated with each other. But we need domain knowledge to construct first-order logics and a computational complexity problem arises when calculating weights of first-order logics. To overcome these problems we suggest a method to generate first-order logics and learn weights using association analysis in this study.

The purpose of this study is to develop an automatic inspection system for a part of the differential drive gear into the transmission. his technology will make using the Micro Vision automatic test equipment and automatic test equipment microlaser. Which you want to create a zero defect rate in the total inspection process step the product and the operator inadvertently. The equipment developed in this research project will be applied to many areas. Packaging companies, nut bolt processing company, precisely supplier for printing on top of the semiconductor, SMT, etc. The company wants to sell the vision inspection equipment for various applications. When you realize zero defect rate through this technology to secure stable orders from the parent company, it is also possible product reliability in addition to the foundation based on export opportunities. If you want to apply an automatic inspection system for domestic auto parts manufacturing company in the country is to believed to be reliable car also rise significantly.

This study is to develop a core part Spindle and Nut Spindle of the electronic parking brake system. This demand is the development and launch notification referral order also commissioned state. Domestic competitors company developed and applied to workpiece of Spindle and Nut Spindle. In this study, the market advertisement is aimed over its competitors by developing cost competitiveness and quality stability through parts and components of precision forging engineering. Thus, axle measuring device system is needed to verify the reliability(fastening state of brake system) at the same time the development of Spindle and Nut Spindle. This study is performed to the following four aims. The first is the development of forging process technology for Spindle and Nut Spindle. The second is the development of mold design technology for Spindle and Nut Spindle. The third is the reliability secured technology for axle force(brake system force) of electronic brake system. The last is the development of forging and shape design simulation of Spindle and Nut Spindle.

This study is a development of a system for measuring the surface resistance of wafer and LCD by utilizing a three-axis positioner. Previous wafer measuring system is a developed product for measuring a wafer surface resistance. This is developed very long time. This is not a real action that it is needed a persistence development.. So, that is effected as weak point by simple mechanism and old software. This product is forecasted not being risen in world market. Therefore, this new product(surface measuring system by three axis positioner type) through this research is off the point a previous one axis revolute type, this new product is forecasted capable of a measurement not only wafer but also LCD.

한반도 장님노린재과의 미기록속 Neomegacoelum 속을 처음으로 확인하고 Neomegacoelum vitreum (Kerzhner, 1988)의 한반도 분포를 보 고한다. 성충과 생식기의 사진 등의 형태학적 정보와 생태학적 정보가 함께 제공된다.

Simultaneous time monitoring observations of H2O 616 − 523, SiO J = 1–0, 2–1, 3–2, and 29SiO v = 0, J = 1–0 lines are carried out in the direction of the Mira variable star TX Cam with the Korean VLBI Network single dish radio telescopes. For the first time, the H2O maser emission from TX Cam is detected near the stellar velocity at five epochs from April 10, 2013 (Ø = 3.13) to June 4, 2014 (Ø = 3.89) including minimum optical phases. The intensities of H2O masers are very weak compared to SiO masers. The variation of peak antenna temperature ratios among SiO v = 1, J = 1–0, J = 2–1, and J = 3–2 masers is investigated according to their phases. The shift of peak velocities of H2O and SiO masers with respect to the stellar velocity is also investigated according to observed optical phases. The H2O maser emission occurs around the stellar velocity during our monitoring interval. On the other hand, the peak velocities of SiO masers show a spread compared to the stellar velocity. The peak velocities of SiO J = 2–1, and J = 3–2 masers show a smaller spread with respect to the stellar velocity than those of SiO J = 1–0 masers. These simultaneous observations of multi-frequencies will provide a good constraint for maser pumping models and a good probe for investigating the stellar atmosphere and envelope according to their different excitation conditions.

The average prevalence rate (PR) for foodborne disease outbreaks (FBDOs) in the first half (F-H) and latter half (L-H) of the decade from 2001 to 2010 in Korea was 14.0 and 16.9 per 100,000 population, respectively. The number of patients per outbreak of foodborne diseases (FBDs) in the F-H of that decade was 57.6 and in the L-H was 25.4 (p < 0.05). A comparison of the 2 periods covered in this study indicates that FBDOs in the L-H most frequently involved restaurants or delis (51.5% of total cases), and in the F-H, this involvement was noted in 34.0% of total cases (p < 0.01). The epidemic patterns of microbial FBDOs show that the overall incidence of outbreaks resulting from 5 of 8 key pathogens including Bacillus cereus (+1.6%), Campylobacter jejuni (+1.5%), Clostridium spp. (+0.7%), pathogenic Escherichia coli (+8.3%), and Norovirus (+14.4%) tended to be higher in the L-H than in the F-H of the decade from 2001 to 2010. Conversely, those caused by the other 3 key agents, including Salmonella spp. ( 9.2%), Staphylococcus aureus ( 2.8%), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus ( 6.4%) were significantly lower in the L-H than in the F-H of the decade. Moreover, in the decade between 2001 and 2010, the number of patients (n) and the PR for microbial FBD increased from the F-H (n = 13,346, PR: 5.6) to the L-H (n = 33,732, PR: 13.8) (p < 0.01).