Curcumin have various health-beneficial properties in numerous studies. However, its bioavailability is low due to its limited intestinal uptake and rapid metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of newly developed sub-micron particle curcumin with increased water dispersibility (Theracurmin® CR-033P). Plasma curcumin levels were measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 h after Theracurmin® CR-033P intake using high-performance liquid chromatography. For analyzing pharmacokinetics of Theracurmin® CR-033P, eighteen healthy subjects were recruited and received Theracurmin® CR-033P at a single oral dose containing curcumin 30 mg. Cmax was 28.14 ng/ml, and the area under the curve for 8 h was estimated to be 104.36 ng/ml. Based on the area under the plasma concentration (AUC), the bioavailability of sub-micron particle curcumin was higher 22-, 35-, 28-fold than native curcumin in men, women, and all subjects, respectively. For comparing by formulation, seven healthy subjects were recruited and received two type of treatment: (1) existing dosage form 300 mg (contained curcumin 30 mg) × 3 capsule, (2) high dosage form 300 mg (contained curcumin 90 mg) × 1 capsule + placebo 300 mg × 2 capsule. In the cross-over study, there was no significant differences in Cmax and AUC of plasma curcumin. In conclusion, submicron particle curcumin with increased water dispersibility significantly improved its oral bioavailability and women absorbed curcumin more effectively than men. Different formulation of Theracurmin® CR-033P has shown equivalent to the reference in terms of pharmacokinetics.

목적 : 본 연구는 작업치료전공 대학생을 대상으로 인권감수성 수준을 알아보고 변인 간 인권감수성의 차이 를 비교 분석함으로써 추후 작업치료 전공 대학생의 인권관련 직업 윤리 교과과정 개발 및 인권 행동 제고를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구대상자는 편의표집에 의해 선정한 전국의 작업치료학과에 재학 중인 작업치료학 전공 대학 생들로 일반적 특성과 인권감수성 에피소드 10개로 구성된 구조화된 설문지를 배포·수거하여 최종 자 료 분석에 408부를 사용하였다. 결과 : 인권감수성은 전체평균 60.60±26.72점 이었으며, 여학생이 남학생보다, 학년이 올라갈수록 인권감 수성이 높음을 알 수 있었다. 인권관련 교육의 경험이 있는 경우 경험이 없는 학생들보다 인권감수성이 높게 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의미하지 않았다. 에피소드 별로는 이주 노동자의 정당한 노동의 권리에 대한 항목의 감수성이 가장 높았고 구금으로부터의 자유권 항목의 감수성이 가장 낮았으며 이는 학년 간 차이가 있었다. 하위요인별 인권감수성 차이의 결과, 모든 학년에서 상황지각이 가장 높게 나타났다. 학년별로는 상황지각은 2학년이, 결과지각과 책임지각은 3학년이 가장 높게 나타났다. 결론 : 작업치료학 전공학생들은 학년이 올라가면서 자신과 타인에게 미칠 결과에 대한 부분을 고려하고 타 인을 인식하는 능력인 결과지각, 인권과 관련된 행동에 책임을 지고 실제 행동으로 실천하고자 하는 책 임지각이 향상되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과를 근거로 교육과정 내 인권의식과 인권 행동이 향상 될 수 있는 내용이 강화되도록 하고, 교육 및 임상에서 작업공정성을 높이기 위한 작업치료실천 관련 논 의가 필요하겠다.

이 글은 지속적인 탈북자문제와 북한인권개선 방안에 관한 것이다. 탈북 자는 1990년대 후반부터 지속적으로 한국행 입국을 해왔다. 북한주민의 탈북배경은 1990년대 중반까지는 북한 자체 ‘고난의 행군시기’의 경제적 동기가 가장 컸다. 하지만 이러한 탈북동기는 2000년대를 거치면서 기획 탈북, 가족단위의 집단탈북, 자신의 미래를 위한 탈북 등의 형태 등으로 바뀌어왔다. 탈북자들은 탈북 후 한국입국 전까지 중국과 제3국에서 불법 체류자 신분으로 인권사각지대에서 엄청난 인권침해를 당하고 있다. 그동안 한국이 탈북자문제에 대해 정부와 민간부문에서 꾸준한 노력을 해 왔 음에도, 탈북자문제와 인권문제에 대해 정부와 민간부문에서 지속적인 공 동의 역할은 더 절실하다. 정부는 2016년 3월 국회에서 북한인권법 통과 로 이 법안에 따라 북한인권문제를 제도적 절차에 따라 탈북문제를 인간의 보편적 가치와 민족문제로 인식하고 국내외적으로도 공동협력해 나가는 다각적인 노력을 기울여야 한다.

Transplantation is considered to be a very useful approach to improve human welfare and to prolong life-span. Heterologous organ transplantation using pig organs which are similar to human beings and easy to make mass-production has known as one of the alternatives. To ensure potential usage of the pig organ for transplantation application, it is essentially required to generate transgenic pig modifying immuno-related genes. Previously, we reported production of heterozygous α 1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) knock-out and human membrane cofactor protein (MCP) expressing pig (GalT-MCP/+), which is enforced for suppression of hyperacute and acute immunological rejection. In this study, we reported generation of homozygous pig (GalT-MCP/-MCP) by crossbreeding GalT-MCP/+ pigs. Two female founders gave birth to six of GalT-MCP/-MCP, and seven GalT-MCP/+ pigs. We performed quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, and flow cytometry analyses to confirm GalT and MCP expression. We showed that fibroblasts of the GalT-MCP/-MCP pig do not express GalT and its product Gal antigen, while efficiently express MCP. We also showed no expression of GalT, otherwise expression of MCP at heart, kidney, liver and pancreas of transgenic pig. Taken together, we suggest that the GalT-MCP/-MCP pig is a useful candidate to apply xenotransplantation study.

After being subjected to different cooking methods, small black beans (Rhynchosia nulubilis) were investigated in order to assess the effects of the retained bioactive compounds. Using uncooked, pan broiled, boiled, steamed, and pressure cooked beans, the inhibitory effects of MCF-7 cell migration were evaluated at protein concentrations of 40, 160, and 640 μm/mL, using the Boyden's chamber assay. All protein concentrations (40, 160, and 640 μm/mL) of pan broiled beans showed significant reduction (59.83, 32.48, and 21.37%, respectively) in the rate of cell migration to the lower chambers (p-value less than 0.001). Estimated cell migration rates correlated to the exponential decay between experimentally measured cell migration rates and converted samples. The range of estimated cell migration rate for each 100 mg/mL of cooked sample was as follows: pan broiled (21.16%), boiled (22.48%), steamed (22.48%), pressure cooked (29.52%), and uncooked (35.03%) beans. Our study indicated that selective modifications of cooking methods for small black beans, such as pan broiling, ameliorated the inhibitory effects of MCF-7 cell migration. This suggests that optimized cooking methods increase the nutritional contents of the cooked food.

In the present study, sled analysis was conducted under the condition of 20g (20 times of gravitational acceleration) and 48 km/h of initial velocity, suggested by WC-19 to investigate the injuries of traffic minorities of tie-down type fixing inside a vehicle during crash. Also, four new parameters, which were related to angles between belts and wheelchair and their levels were limited by WC-19, were proposed and orthogonal array was prepared with different levels of each parameter. In the meantime, four parameters were optimised by minimising head injury criteria and chest acceleration of passengers in each case of the orthogonal array.

본 연구에서는 산림치유인자인 경관과 청각요소를 활용한 산림의 간접적 영향이 기분개선에 미치는 영향을 알아보고 자 하였다. 실험은 신체건강한 대학생 30명(23.6±1.7세)을 대상으로, 2016년 10월 5일부터 11월 30일 까지 약 2달간 실시되었다. 산림과 도시공간의 경관과 소리를 이용하여 3가지 요소(이미지 요소, 소리 요소 그리고 이미지+소리 요소)를 만들었으며, 대상자들이 실내에서 이 3가지 요소들을 감상하였다. 그리고 3가지 요소들이 기분개선에 미치는 영향들을 SPSS 18.0프로그램을 이용하여 비교분석하였다. 기분개선을 측정하기 위한 심리검사로써 기분상태검사 (POMS)와 의미분별법(SD)이 사용되었다. 그 결과 간접적인 산림의 자극은 긴장, 피로, 분노, 혼란, 우울감을 억제하고 활력감을 증진시키는 효과를 나타내었고 산림의 자극 간 비교에서는 차이를 보지 않았으나 도시의 자극에 비해 산림의 자극이 쾌적감과 자연감 그리고 진정감을 높이는 효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났다.

본 논문은 『히브리 선율』 집에 들어있는 바이런의 초기시가 영혼과 하느님 의 불멸성에 대해 어떠한 종교적인 고찰을 보여주고 있는가를 다룬다. 종교시는 1810년대에 출간되어 시인의 이전 작품 『한가한 시간들』에서 보이는 자연의 항구성을 전개시켜 인간의 영혼과 전능하신 신의 영역까지 다루고 있다. 바이런 은 『히브리 선율』 중 다섯 편의 시를 통해서 인간 영혼의 불가침성을 암시해주 고 있으며 이는 그의 후기시와 여러 수상록에서도 이 부분에 대한 시인의 확고한 믿음을 보여주고 있다. 이러한 바이런의 초기에 나타난 종교적 명상의 씨앗 들은 시인을 1813-1814년에 지은 작품과 1823-1824년에 사이에 지은 『천지』라 는 작품을 토대로 성상파괴자라고 혹평했던 당대 비평가들의 태도가 왜곡되었 음을 여실히 보여주고 있다. 본 논문은 『히브리 선율』이라는 작품을 통하여 이 러한 당대의 비평시류에 반대되는 다양한 예증들을 통하여 바이런이 이들과 상 반되는 종교적 시각을 드러냄을 보여주고자 한다.

BMP-2 is a well-known TGF-beta related growth factor, having a significant role in bone and cartilage formation. It has been employed to promote bone formation in some clinical trials, and to differentiate mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts. However, it is difficult to obtain this protein in its soluble and active form. hBMP-2 is expressed as an inclusion body in the bacterial system. To continuously supply hBMP-2 for research, we optimized the refolding of recombinant hBMP-2 expressed in E. coli, and established an efficient method by using detergent and alkali. Using a heparin column, the recombinant hBMP-2 was purified with the correct refolding. Although combinatorial refolding remarkably enhanced the solubility of the inclusion body, a higher yield of active dimer form of hBMP-2 was obtained from one-step refolding with detergent. The refolded recombinant hBMP-2 induced alkaline phosphatase activity in mouse myoblasts, at ED50 of 300-480ng/ml. Furthermore, the expressions of osteogenic markers were upregulated in hPDLSCs and hDPSCs. Therefore, using the process described in this study, the refolded hBMP-2 might be cost-effectively useful for various differentiation experiments in a laboratory.

Treatment of dextran sodium sulfate(DSS) on HeLa cells results to an enhanced susceptibility to Brucella(B.) abortus infection. An increase in the adherence, invasion and intracellular replication of B. abortus was observed in DSS-treated cells. Furthermore, a marked elevation in the intensity of F-actin fluorescence was also observed in DSS-treated cells compared with untreated B. abortus-infected cells. An upregulation of phagocytic signaling proteins by Western blot analysis demonstrated an apparent activation of ERK, p38α and JNK phosphorylation levels in B. abortus-infected DSS-treated cells compared with the control. Colocalization with LAMP-1 proteins was attenuated in DSS-treated cells upon intracellular trafficking of the pathogen compared with control cells. The results of this study demonstrated consistency with other pathogens. The uptake and intracellular replication of B. abortus is hypothesized to be stimulated by various dextran receptors such as C-type lectins that are involved in phagocytosis which can either be direct phagocytic receptors, modulators of the expression of other receptors or as opsonins leading to an enhanced internalization of B. abortus. The complexity of these interactions thus would warrant further investigation into the role of DSS in the pathogenesis of brucellosis. In summary, we conclude that DSS enhanced adhesion, phagocytosis and intracellular replication of B. abortus in epithelial cells which could lead to suppression of the innate immune system in chronic Brucella infection.

Colorectal cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality that accounts for over 9% of all incidences of cancer. Additionally, colorectal cancer is widely recognized as an environmental disease related to ill-defined cultural, social and lifestyle factors including physical activity, obesity, cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol consumption. Accordingly, natural phytochemicals and extracts have attracted attention because of their beneficial biological effects. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a common supplementary medicine applied to increase bioenergetic capacity in various diseases. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether CoQ10 treatment has any inhibitory effects and its related cellular mechanisms in human colon cancer HCT116 cells. A MTT assay revealed that CoQ10 slightly decreased the proliferation of HCT116 cells; however, glutathione- and superoxide dismutase- activity were unchanged in response to CoQ10 treatment. A DCF-DA assay revealed that CoQ10 slightly increased ROS release of HCT116 cells. However, in a nitric oxide (NO) assay, CoQ10 significantly increased NO production in a dose-dependent manner. The results of western blot analysis revealed that the protein levels of Bax, p21 and p53 were increased, whereas the protein level of Bcl2 was decreased suggesting that the CoQ10-mediated inhibitory mechanism is associated with apoptotic signaling. Taken together, our findings indicate that CoQ10 has an inhibitory effect on the growth of colon cancer cells via NO production that is associated with regulation of factors involved in apoptotic signaling including Bax, Bcl2, p21 and p53.

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. is a perennial herb found widely distributed in various regions of Korea, Europe, and New Zealand. The root of A. sylvestris have been extensively used in the treatment for antitussive, antipyretic, cough remedy in Oriental medicine, but the physiologically active function of the leaf of A. sylvestris is as yet unknown. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer activity and the mechanism of cell death of water extracts of leaf of Anthriscus sylvestris (WELAS), on human FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Our data showed that WELAS treatment inhibited cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In addition, the treatment of WELAS markedly induced apoptosis in FaDu cells, as determined by the viability assay, DAPI stain and FACS analysis. WELAS also increased the proteolytic cleavage of procaspase-3, -9 and PARP (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase). In addition, exposure to WELAS decreased the expression of Bcl-2 (an anti-apoptotic factor), but increased the expression of Bax (a pro-apoptotic factor), suggesting that mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathways are mediated in WELAS-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate that water extracts of leaf of A. sylvestris inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway in FaDu human hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Therefore, we propose that the water extracts of leaf of A. sylvestris is a novel chemotherapeutic drug, having growth inhibitory properties and induction of apoptosis in human oral cancer cells.

Ganoderma lucidum has been traditionally used as a medicine for treatment of bronchitis, arthritis, and high blood pressure, and it has been reported to display many biological activities including anticancer and immune activities. Since mushroom mycelium is known to have excellent biological activities together with mushroom fruiting body, studies on biological activities of mushroom mycelium have been actively conducted. Thus, the present study compared the biological activities before and after the cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium on Atractylodes rhizoma. When the radical scavenging activity was assessed by the DPPH assay, ARGL (ethanol extract of Atractylodes rhizoma mycelium fermented with Ganoderma lucidum) showed radical scavenging activity of 5.58~82.56% at concentrations of 10~500 μg/assay, while AR (ethanol extract of Atractylodes rhizoma) showed radical scavenging activity of 5.27~72.08% at the same concentrations. When measured by using the ABTS assay, ARGL showed higher radical scavenging activity than AR, which was consistent with the result obtained by the DPPH assay. In the MTT assay, the cytotoxicity of ARGL against all cell lines was higher than that of AR. In particular, the cytotoxicities of AR and ARGL against Hep3B at a concentration of 400 μg/assay were 71.81% and 86.40%, respectively. In addition, the result obtained by the SRB assay was consistent with the result obtained by the MTT assay. According to the results mentioned above, there is a high probability that medicinal herb cultures using mycelium can be used as sources of functional foods since the cytotoxicities against cancer cells and antioxidant activities increased when the mycelium was fermented with Atractylodes rhizoma.

현재 식품공전에 식품원료로 사용이 가능한 것으로 등 록된 국내 산림지역 자생 식물을 식품산업에 활용하고자 국내 자생식물 45종을 선별하였고, 본 연구팀의 선행연구 에서 45종의 항산화 활성을 평가한 결과, 다른 종들과 비 교하여 우수한 항산화 활성을 보인 밤나무 잎을 본 연구 에서 사용하였다. 본 연구에서는 hydrogen peroxide로 산화적 스트레스를 유도한 상태에서 밤나무 잎 추출물의 세포 보호효과, 세포내 항산화 효과 및 항노화 효과를 관찰 하였다. 세포 보호효과를 측정한 결과 밤나무 잎 추출물 의 농도 유의적으로 세포를 보호하는 효과를 확인하였고, 특히 100 μg/mL에서는 양성대조군으로 사용한 항산화 물질인 ascorbic acid 수준까지 세포를 보호하는 효과를 나타내었다. H2-DCFDA 염색을 통한 세포내 항산화 효과를 확인한 결과, 형광현미경과 형광흡광도 측정에서 모두 밤나무 잎 추출물이 농도 유의적으로 세포내 ROS를 저감을 확인하였고, 세포 보호효과와 마찬가지로 농도 100 μg/mL 에서는 ascorbic acid와 비슷한 수준을 보였다. SA-β- galactosidase 염색을 통하여 관찰한 세포노화 억제 효과는 ROS 생성 억제 효과와 유사한 경향으로 밤나무 잎 추출 물의 농도 유의적으로 세포노화 억제를 관찰되었다. 이상 의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 밤나무 잎 추출물은 산화적 스트레스로 인한 세포노화를 억제하는 효능을 보였으며, 이는 천연물에서 유래한 항산화 및 항노화 활성 첨가제로 활용도가 매우 넓을 것으로 판단된다.

To gain insights into the role of purinergic receptors in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) differentiation, we characterized the expression and functional activity of P2Y1 receptors and investigated the effects of ADP on the proliferation and differentiation of this pulp stem-like cell population. Our data showed that ADP did not induce cell proliferation to expose the various ADP concentrations for 72 hours, but the proliferative capacity of hDPCs was inhibited at higher ATP concentrations (100 μM). Using RT-PCR analysis, we found that ADP induced several P2Y receptors including P2Y1 as well as odontoblastic differentiation genes, dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of ADP on the expression of DMP-1 and DSPP mRNA were prevented by the P2Y1 antagonist MRS2179. The extracellular matrix calcium deposits were clearly observed in ADP-treated hDPCs by alizarin red S staining. Quantitative measurement of mineralization induced by ADP was significantly inhibited in MRS2179-treated hDPCs. These results may provide new insights into the molecular regulation of the differentiation of hDPCs.

이 연구의 목적은 유엔피구금자최저기준규칙 등 국제사회의 외국인 수용자 인권처우 규정이 한국의 형의 집행 및 수용자처우와 관한 법령상 어떻게 반영되고 있는지를 분석하고, 현행법의 개정방향을 제시하는데 두었다. 연구결과 외국인 수용자의 인권적 처우와 관련하여 국제사회가 요구하는 가이드라인에 비교할 때 현행법은 관련 규정을 제대로 갖추지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 한국의 경우 형의 집행 및 수용자의 처우에 관한 법률 은 외국인 수용자처우와 관련한 규정을 보완하고, 정비할 필요가 있다. 이는 국제적 인권수준을 준수하고, 또한 교정처우의 위상을 강화하기 위해서도 시급한 과제가 될 것이다. 이 연구는 한국의 경우 형의 집행 및 수용자의 처우에 관한 법률 등의 정비방향을 다음과 같이 제안하였다. 첫째, 외국인 수용자에 대한 통역제공 규정이 필요하다. 둘째, 외국인 수용자의 영사관 통보 및 자유로운 접견통신권의 보장규정이 필요하다. 셋째, 난민, 무국적자 등에 대한 특정 국가 및 단체와의 접견교통권 규정이 필요하다. 넷째, 외국인 수용자의 종교생활 및 문화 등의 허용한계 규정이 필요하다. 다섯째, 외국인 수용자의 전담교도소, 처우 등에 대한 별도의 규정이 필요하다. 여섯째, 외국인 전담교정 부서의 설치 명문화가 필요하다.

This article aims to introduce and critically analyze the jurisprudence and its application in the UPP case in South Korea with reference to the ECtHR case law. In this controversial case, the CCK decided to dissolve the UPP and, without any basis in positive law, disqualify five National Assembly members affiliated with it. It is argued that when the CCK attempted to articulate the principle of proportionality that the ECtHR case law has firmly developed in this field and to apply it to this case, standards governing the dissolution of political parties were distorted at least in two ways. First, it substituted ‘social need’ for “pressing social need.” Second, it deliberately omitted the requirement of ‘sufficient imminence.’ In addition, the reasoning of the majority of eight justices based upon the rule of evidence in civil proceedings can also be criticized for being too abrupt to be justified in this highly controversial case of constitutional importance.

최근 건강에 대한 관심이 급증하면서 식품과 마시는 물에 대한 관심은 어느 때 보다 높다. 과거에는 수분공급이라는 본연의 목적으로만 물을 중요하게 생각했으나, 최근에는 다양한 기능성을 나타내는 기능성 물들이 등장하였다. 본 연구에서는 건강한 성인 남녀를 대상으로 하여, 4 주 동안 정수와 수소수 섭취가 체내 항산화 능에 미치는 영향과 그 작용 메카니즘을 알아보고자 하였다. 물의 종류에 관계없이, 충분한 양의 수분 섭취는 체지방 감소 및 항산화력 증진에 도움을 줄 것으로 사료된다. 특히 수소수는 연령, 성별, 흡연 유무에 따라 효과가 다르게 나타나기도 하였으나, 전반적으로 체내 항산화능을 개선시키고 활성산소를 억제하며, 면역세포 조절 및 유전자발현 조절을 통해 항산화제로서의 가능성을 지니고 있음을 확인하였다.

In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of various grain methanolic extracts against UVB-induced photo-aging in human skin fibroblasts. Various grain methanolic extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant compounds and activities. 2,2-Ddiphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and ABTS 2,2-azino-bris-(3-ethylbenzoth iazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation scavenging activities have been used to measure the relative antioxidant activities of extracts from grains. The content of total polyphenolics in the extracts were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. Human skin fibroblast (Hs68) cells were pretreated with various grain methanolic extracts (25 μg/mL). Skin toxicity was simulated by exposing the cells to UVB (30 mJ/cm2) irradiation. In response to the UVB-irradiation, an increased amount of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) release was observed, whereas pretreatment of various grain methanolic extracts significantly inhibited the production of MMP-1 in Hs68 cells. We also found that pretreatment of the extracts significantly decreased UVB-induced reactive oxygen species and significantly increased total collagen content in Hs68 cells. These results provide that grains could be regarded as a potential ingredient in natural cosmetics, used for UVB protection.