삼척의 이사부 축제는 지역적 연고가 있던 이사부라는 역사인물을 현대의 축제의 소재로 활용함으로써 대내적으로는 지역을 대표하는 인물임을 부각시켰으며, 대외적으로는 독도를 비롯한 영토수호의 역사인물임을 드러냄으로써 범지역적 축제로 확산시키는 효과를 창출해 내었다. 이 연구의 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 도출할 수 있었다. 첫째, 우륵의 12기에 나타난 사자연행과 이사부의 목사자 전투는 진흥왕 이전 신라사회에 사자문화의 유입으로 볼 수 있다. 또한 신라의 통용된 사자연행예술은 전쟁에서 강력한 무기로 존재했다. 따라서 이사부가 우산국 정벌에서 사용한 목사자는 당대에 신라에 유통된 외래문화였으며, 이후 사자는 여러 연행예술로 발전된 것이다. 둘째, 이사부의 우산국 정벌에서는 사자탈과 같은 이동형 목각양식이 이용되었다. 이것은 이사부의 해군부대가 우산국 전투에서 목사자의 전술을 추구하기 위해서는 근거리에 접근하여야 했기 때문에, 고정형 목각양식으로는 우산국 사람들을 속일 수 없었기 때문이다. 따라서 이사부의 목사자는 고정형 목각양식이 아니라, 탈과 같은 이동형 목각양식을 추구했음을 알 수 있다. 셋째, 이사부는 삼척 강릉지방의 지역사와 밀접한 관계를 맺고 있는 인물이다. 그는 과거 강릉단오제에 모셔졌을 뿐만 아니라 현재 삼척 오분동 마을에서도 모셔지고 있다. 이렇듯 1500년 전 역사인물 이사부는 지금까지 삼척 지역에서 신격화 되어 숭앙받는 역사적 인물인 것이다. 따라서 이사부 축제는 삼척 지역의 지역사를 기반으로 하고 있으며, 이는 축제의 이념적기반 위에서 형성되었음을 알 수 있다. 넷째, 삼척시는 이사부 축제를 국가의 외교문제와 연관시킴으로써 국가와 연계할 수 있는 계기가 마련하였다. 이사부의 우산국 정벌은 울릉도를 생활권으로 하고 있는 독도를 포함하는 것으로서 2005년 일본의 다케시마(독도)의 날 재정으로 고조된 한일 외교문제와 연관된다. 따라서 삼척시는 축제에서 이사부의 소재를 독도 및 해양에 확장시킴으로써 축제향유 계층을 국민으로 확장시켰으며, 더불어 국가차원의 지원 계기를 마련함으로써 축제의 경제적 기반을 구축하고자 하였다. 이렇듯 삼척시의 이사부 축제는 기존의 지역 역사인물을 발굴하여 연결시킨 결과물이다. 이 과정에서 투영된 자치단체의 축제화는 이사부를 포장하는 데 그친 것이 아니라, 지역 경제 활성화라는 취지 아래 다양한 국가사업과 연계함으로써 지역의 문화기반을 마련하게 된 모범 사례라 할 수 있다.

Physical cosmology tries to understand the Universe at large with its origin and evolution. Observational and experimental situations in cosmology do not allow us to proceed purely based on the empirical means. We examine in which sense our cosmological assumptions in fact have shaped our current cosmological worldview with consequent inevitable limits. Cosmology, as other branches of science and knowledge, is a construct of human imagination reflecting the popular belief system of the era. The question at issue deserves further philosophic discussions. In Whitehead’s words, “philosophy, in one of its functions, is the critic of cosmologies.” (Whitehead 1925).

Great positive has big lungs and weak liver, great negative has strong liver and small lungs, small positive has large spleen and small kidney and small negative has big kidney and small spleen. The formation of DNA at initial conception of human cell is equivalent to atomic bonding while the formation of proteins of the cell growth in a human body is equivalent to molecular bonding. Rotational electro-magnetic wave photo-synthetic starch has no molecular bonding but only gluco pyranoses. The atomic bonding are equivalent to right constitutions while the molecular bondings are equivalent to left constitutions. Five Uns and six Gis are rotational electro-magnetic waves from heaven and land. Jang (lung, liver, spleen, kidney, heart) becomes strong or weak by Uns while Bu(colon, gall, stomach, urinary bladder, small intestine, samcho) becomes strong or weak by Gis. In view of modern physics of life energies four phase constitutions are generated due to more four kinds of life energies than the others. Korean four phase constitutions considered apriority and postreriority at the same time while Chinese Un-Gi constitutions considered only apriority and are the same as the four phase constitutions in apriority. The energy-synthesis from land and heaven is an abnormal phenomenon, that is to say, a kind of energy diseases. The four phase constitutions is very effective for medical curing therefore. The theory of meridian flow in a body is the same as the electric-battery. The constitution are the results from chaotic process.

This study is one that estimates the architectural composition as well as the location of guest house of Haemi Eupseong on the basis of the analysis of modern and contemporary data related to Haemi Eupseong. It is significant that this study has presented an opinion that can become a practical basis for the historical research of the prototype of Haemi Eupseong of the late Chosun Dynasty through the analysis of modern and contemporary data that had been unsatisfactory among the fruition of studies conducted in relation to Haemi Eupseong. The outcomes achieved by this study are as follows. Firstly, it was verified that the guest house of Haemi Eupseong that has been restored is one that has different architectural composition than the prototype of the late Chosun Dynasty and is restored in a different location. Secondly, in respect of architectural composition of guest house found by the analysis of the picture, it was confirmed that the government office has one step higher than the double-wing house in the form of the roof. Thirdly, the location of the guest house of Haemi Eupseong of the late Chosun Dynasty is judged to be the periphery area where the current restored guest house is located, which is where the teachers' building of Haemi elementary school was located. Fourthly, the prospect of the guest house of Haemi Eupseong is decided to be similar direction to the current restored guest house with the greatest possibility of having the same direction with the arrangement of teachers' building of Haemi Eupseong elementary school.

인간들은 대체적으로 어떤 사상이 그의 의식영역에 주입되었느냐에 따라서 그 사상에 의해 절대적인 영향을 받는다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 인간들의 의식영역에 어떤 사상이 선점해 있음으로 해서 그것이 인간에게 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 우리나라에는 기독교가 들어온 지 약 200년쯤 밖에 되지 않는다. 그럼에도 불구하고 기독교가 들어오면서 유일신 사상으로 인해 타 종교와의 많은 종교적 갈등을 가져왔다. 적은 범위로는 각 가정에서 제사나 장례절차 등에 있어서 가족 간 종교차이로 많은 문제점이 노정되고 있으며 아울러 사회적으로는 타 종교를 음해하는 사건들이 비일 비재하다. 본인은 지금까지 본인 스스로 관심을 가져온 인간들의 의식영역의 관념적 선점권과 진실·진리와의 관계를 중심으로, 기독교가 중세 유럽의 중심사상이 된 역사적 과정, 기독교가 내세 중심사상으로 흐르면서 유럽 문화에 끼친 영향, 중세 기독교사상의 분열과정과 근대사회의 출현문제에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 다시 말해 중세 기독교 교리 타파 과정이 바로 근대화로 가는 지름길이었음을 음미함으로서 인간들에게 지배하는 진리관은 단지 그것이 절대적 진리로서 존재하는 것이 아니라 본인 스스로 진리라고 믿는 착시현상에서 오는 것임을 밝히고, 아울러 본인이 믿는 종교를 강조하다보니 타 종교와의 갈등관계를 가져온다는 사실을 인지하게 함으로서, 나아가 집안에서나 사회적으로 불필요한 종교적 갈등관계를 줄여보고자 하는 것이 본 논문을 쓰는 주목적이라 할 수 있다. 본문의 내용을 요약해 보면 서양에서 기독교가 절대적인 지위를 차지할 수 있었던 것은 AD 313년 콘스탄티누스 대제의 기독교 공인과 AD392년 데우도시우스 왕의 기독교를 국교화했기 때문이었다. 기독교는 중세에 이르러서는 내세중심사상으로 흘렀으며 그러다 보니 아이러니 하게도 중세는 암흑세계가 되었던 것이다. 암흑세계에서 탈출하여 근대 민주주의나 자본주의로 흐를 수 있었던 것은 단지 기독교 교리 타파에 의해서 가능했다고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 점을 재음미해 볼 때 인간들은 어떤 종교나 사상이 절대적인 것이라고 믿는 것은 그 종교나 진리가 옳아서 라기 보다는 단지 그것이 도그마화 하여 자신의 의식 영역을 선점하고 있기 때문이 아닌가 다시 한 번 숙고해 볼 필요가 있다고 여겨진다. 그랬을 때 타인의 종교를 인정하게 되고 그럴 때 이 사회는 종교 분쟁과 같은 사회적 갈등을 가져오지 않고 더 밝은 사회가 되리라고 생각되어진다.

The core idea of the critical regionalism could be summarized as a self-conscious synthesis between universal civilization and world culture. After World War Ⅱ, it has been applied to architecture for overcoming the problem of Industrial Capitalism and uniformity of 20th century Modern Architecture. Naturally, religious architecture cannot also be an exception in this cultural trend, thus we can also apply the critical regionalism to the Korean Catholic Church Architecture with the basic premise that the Traditional Western and Modern Style Church Architecture should be regarded as universal civilization, and the Traditional Korean Architecture and endemicity as one of world culture. In the context, this article attempts to analyze the regionality of Korean Modern Catholic Church Architecture constructed between the 19th century and 1980's, and how it has been differently transformed with the view of the critical regionalism. Its analysis will be carried out within three types; transformation of the Traditional Korean Architecture and the influence of Japanese Modern Architecture, representation of the Traditional Korean Architecture, and abstraction of the Traditional Korean Architecture with each advantages and disadvantages.

This research is to analyze the modern warehouses in Gunsan during the Japanese Colonial Period. They were the spatial and urban symbol of City of Rice, Gunsan. The main purpose of this study is to survey the modern warehouses in the original center of city, to find their architectural characteristics and to set up a possibility of reuse. 7 existing warehouse buildings are located at Jangmi-Dong and Jooksung-Dong, and they have been built between 1935 and 1940. The warehouse buildings have a module of 6m and they are generally 12m wide, 24∼48m long and 8m high. Their structure is composed of reinforced concrete and wooden truss. All warehouse buildings have a rectangular form. Now the diverse commercial programs occupy the original space. Modern warehouse in Gunsan has the spatial and symbolic value as industrial heritage. Therefore, it is necessary to respect the original value of modern warehouse and to create a reusing space for the current generation. It is also essential to verify restoring possibility of three symbolic warehouse buildings in the harbour that were demolished.

In this paper, low birth rate due to aging in adramatic increase in the older population diversified modern social welfare services to meet the demand of the Ubiquitous Network approach to the introduction of social welfare through feasibility studies, modern social welfare facilities for the operation of the future direction and development of alternative to evaluate the present

As a composed unit of modern Han characters,the mark comes from conditional hieroglyphic writing.It build up the mark character which act as the meaning and voice units in combined character. The mark symbol and the mark character have an important role in character teaching.

Western style timber roof trusses used as typical roof structures of buildings during a modern period have been developed with the interactions with their facade and functionality. The shapes of trusses and member sizes have been diversely changed by the purposes of architects, historical circumstances, and structural characteristics. For this reason, the change in the shapes of western style timber trusses along the times is one of important technology assets demonstrating the development of their structures during the modern period. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to find out their structural characteristics throughout parametric analysis of which parameters were determined from the collected and classified documents on western style timber roof structure built in the modern period carefully obtained from public institutions. Results of the parametric analysis are as follows. The number of king-post trusses and modified king-post trusses built between 1920 and 1937 reaches almost half of the total number of truss types investigated. The mean values of their spans, distances, tributary areas, and height are respectively, 10.5m, 2.4m, 24.37㎡ and 3.24m. The cross-section areas of trusses tend to reduce since the city construction law was enacted in 1920. Also, this study found that western architects usually used larger structural members than eastern architects and usages and finishing materials of roof trusses are not always considered as one of the important design parameters.

S. Freud가 주창한 정신분석(psychoanalysis)은 심층심리학(deep psychology)으로부터 출발되었는데 그 독창성은 무의식을 성적억압과 관련지었다는데 있다. 그러나 성적으로 너무 치우치면서 비판운동과 충동갈등 패러다임을 일부학자들은 수정하려고 하였다. Erich Fromm은 프로이트의 이론을 사회적 문화적 맥락에서 재조명하고 인간을 미리 결정된 본능에 따라 환경에 반응하는 존재가 아니라 스스로 판단하고 선택하며 살아가는 존재로 보았다. 현대 수정주의 이론가 Jacques Lacan은 무의식에 선재하는 언어 욕망, 상상계 등의 개념을 통해 인간의 정신을 설명하고자 했다. 특히 아이는 자아와 언어와 사회로 형성된 3차원의 질서 속에서만 개별성을 획득할 수 있다고 보고 언어가 출현하면 무의식이 구성된다고 말할 수 있는데 무의식을 구성하는 기본 억압이란 언어의 출현 이외에 다른 것이 아니라고 주장했다. 한편 프로이트주의에 대한 비판적 담론은 이성이 인간과 존재하는 것이 최고의 기능성이라고 주장하는 Herbert Marcuse, 현대사회는 사적․성적 실험이 급진적으로 확대되고 있을 뿐만 아니라 자아의 철저한 파편화와 사회 조직의 침투가 시작되고 있다고 하는 Willhelm Rcich, 자기도취적인 자아는 ‘생존주의 문화’의 산물이라고 보고 이러한 유폐된 심성은 가부장적인 가족의 쇠퇴와 연결되어 있음을 예리하게 지적 Christoper Lasch, 정신분석은 성의 고백과 사회 통제의 유지를 위한 억압적인 조처라고 하는 Michel Foucault의 견해 등을 생각해 볼 수 있다.Mikhail Bakhtin은 프로이트의 충동이론이 아무런 근거가 없는 주장이라고 비판하면서 생물학의 심리학화, 주관주의화라고 말하고 유기체의 모든 객관적, 생물학적 형태와 과정은 주관적이고 심리적인 것들 속에 용해되어 버린다고 하며 방법론적으로 볼 때 의식심리학과 본질적으로 차이가 없다고 비판한다. 프로이트주의에 대한 비판적 담론에서 현대적 의미의 정신분석학적 논의는 현대사회의 각 개인들의 무의식적 동기들에서 더 넓은 세계 쪽으로 나아가는 강력한 해석적인 디딤판을 제공한다는 것이다. 이것은 사적 환상이 공적으로 되는 그러한 변형과정을 연구하는 것이고 정신분석학의 개념을 문학, 예술, 문화 등 다양한 영역으로 응용하고 확대함으로써 문화와 억압으로부터의 자유를 찾아야 한다는 것이다. Lacan은 치료가 아니라 욕망의 적극적인 추구를 강조하여 욕망은 인간의 본질이며 대타자의 욕망이고 무의식은 대타자의 담론이라고 정식화한 점에 주목해서 실재가 본질에 앞선다는 명제를 중시해야 할 것이다. 결국 욕망은 이미지를 형상화해서 문화로 탈바꿈하는 노력이 필요하다. 특히 현대인의 성 역할이나 성 이데올로기에 민감하다는 것에 착안하여 페미니즘의 성역할과 정신분석학적 접근은 여성들의 사적인 고통과 개인적인 억압을 낳는 외부적인 사회 조건에 대응 한다는 차원에서 매우 중요하다. 페미니즘과 정신분석 사이의 이론적인 대화는 육아의 분석과 그 문화적인 귀결들에 대한 분석에 특히 중요한 것이었다. 많은 페미니스트들이 보기에 사회적, 성적 억압에 대한 프로이트의 비판은 성적 차이와 젠더 위계의 역학을 이해하는데 결정적으로 중요한 것이다. 이상의 논의에서 인간은 단지 유전자에 의해서만 형성된 존재가 아니라는 것이다. 이는 인간을 단순히 그가 소속되어 있는 사회의 산물이라고 말 할 수 없는 것과 마찬가지이기도 하다. 그러므로 생물학적 결정론으로서의 정신분석학이 해석과 이해를 필요로 하는 인문과학적 요소를 품고 있는 것이다. 인간은 그의 유전자 이상이며, 그 사회 이상인 것이다. 결론적으로 우리에게 전해진 본성을 초월할 수 있는 우리의 핵심적인 인간성을 확인할 필요가 있다. 과학이 주는 풍요로움 속의 인간성 상실과 고독은 인간의 정신과 개성을 존중하는 종교와 예술을 통해서 해소해야 할 것이다. 그 중심에 정신분석이 위지하고 있으며 그 가치를 인정받아야 할 것이다. 정신분석(Psychoanalysis)의 담론(Discourse)은 정신의학(psychiatry)의 영역에만 국한된 것이 아니라 다학제적 접근을 통해 다양한 교류를 넓혀야 할 것이다.

This paper is to examine Gerhard Richter’s“ Atlas” as an artistic symbol of the memory archive with the theme of aporia which is one of the characteristics of the modern art.“ The Atlas” which is composed of 800 huge tafels reflects Richter’s perspective where we can recognize his psychological and work’s source. It is obtained through examining 10,000 pictures, and is also a unique document that shows the life of the artist. The contents of“ the Atlas” have been added and expanded continuously, which make it said to be finished, but it still remains as a non-complete work. According to Derrida, the desire for an archive is an illness that reaches for the death and is a part of the desire of finding and possessing the beginning or origin of everything. Derrida realized through the archive fever in“ Moses and Monotheism”, Freud’s desire of possessing the beginning of everything. This fever is to be seen in situations where death is urged. Therefore, the archive fever is a journey towards the death. The desire to make an archive comes from the inquiry of repeating something, and according to Freud, this desire for repetition can be seen as going towards death. When Derrida was studying Freud’s“ Moses and Monotheism”, he did not overlook Freud’ s archive fever. This has a connection to Richter’s archive fever in“ the Atlas”, reflected in the war and ideology due to the repetitive compulsion of trauma. Derrida said that the reason for Richter examining the same theme repetitively was the archive fever and is at the same time a movement towards the death. Consequently, trauma exists through the archive, and the archive continues through the trial of finding the beginning. Nothing can stop this except the death and that is why death is to be found at the end of the journey. This paper examines Richter’s memory archive in the three directions. First, I illustrate the repetitive compulsion shown in“ the Atlas” and resulted from trauma in an aporaic way to concentrate only on the archive, and examine the aporaic narrative of the author. Second, I examine the various methods of different modern artists to express their “after death memory” when they overcame their trauma. Finally, I examine the aporaic method that is illustrated through the process of fusing and transforming photographs, which shows the objective truth with art. In other words, I examine the method that is exposed between the photographic truth and artistic creation.

If the fine arts based on the European Existentialism after the Second World War had started saying‘ no’ about all that is humane, asked the meaning of ‘existence’ from the‘ no’, and expressed‘ essence and reality’ of human, the Korean fine arts accepted psychological responses about the absurd situations being the reality of the times of the 4․19 revolution and the 5․16 military coup in the 1960s after the Korean War as the universal dimension of the human spirit. The Korean artists started to accept Existentialism from the 1950s, which appeared actively in the early 1960s, and especially intellectual-oriented Existentialism was a representative of the times. In those days, younger generations gained their experience of the Korean War at first hand, and revealed political and social negation and challenge of all existing values with the oppressed mood. Their essential expressions began with the existential question and rebellious violence which were shared with the writers of younger generation who tried to correspond existential situation and consciousness of heated lives on their own art. If Europeans after the Second World War had found the answer about serious question like "Who Am I ?" in the form of Existentialism, the Koreans tried to find the answer about their own lives in absurd situation of the times after the Korean War. The Sculptures of Oh Jongwook also changed in the 1960s through his selfconsciousness of the social situation and war experience. The tragedy of the human death appearing remarkably among his sculptures was expressed as a part of the heated lives of the absurd social conditions in those days. His main style was iron-welding. Because of his sensitive response on the condition of the times, the works of molding expressing the death appeared in those of Choi Manlin, Ko Youngsoo, and Shin Sukpil. In Europe, the absurdity of the humanbeings in the sculptures of Germaine Richier and Ce'sar Baldacchini was symbols of pain, isolation and fear.

The purpose of this study is to understand the transition process of Korean architecture and urbanism from traditional state to modern state, by investigating the development of modern survey and the characteristics of survey drawings during the Great Han Empire (大韓帝國), the early modern Korea. The governmental efforts of the Great Han Empire to introduce a modern survey system named Gwangmu Land survey (光武量田事業) ended in failure. After the Russo-Japanese War (露日戰爭, 1904-1905), the Residency-General (統監府) held the hegemony of Korean Peninsula. It reintroduced a modern survey system for the survey of land and buildings all over the country and enforced the Land and Buildings Certification System (土地家屋證明制度). Since then, the land and buildings survey was propagated rapidly and the modern system for land use was gradually organized. With the progress of modern survey, the survey bureau of Cabinet (內閣) and Department of Royal Household (宮內府) created survey drawings that had some characteristics of colonialism. Takjibu (度支部) produced cadastral maps of major cities, with which the modern land system was developed. In addition, the Royal Property Bureau (帝室財産整理局) produced survey drawings of land and buildings owned by the Royal Household which were finally converted into modern facilities.

This study was to analyze the architectural characteristics and facade construction of brick masonry auditorium through the Auditorium of Namsan Primary School in 1936. The results of this study were described separately as follows. 1. The auditorium is located away from the school buildings, and its plane is a chamber of rectangle type with an entrance installed on each of the four sides. 2. The external appearance is Renaissance eclectic style, laid red bricks on the lower wall of the window and having a mansard roof. The front and the rear are symmetric with respect to the projected wall at the center. 3. As to the structure of the building, a concrete lower wall was built on the concrete continuous footing, and the brick wall was constructed on the lower wall. The roof is queen post roof truss, and the wall girders were installed on the brick wall. 4. The auditorium has had a number of repairing and maintenance works, which changed the roof and windows outside and the floor, walls, ceiling, etc. inside. 5. The decorative elements of external appearance include lower wall, brick wall, entrances, windows, roof, and dormer windows. The brick wall gives verticality and solidity to the surface of the wall, and the lower wall and wall girders are connected like a cornice of the wall. The surface of the mansard roof and dormer windows express a stable vertically oriented shape.

According to it, a final goal of this study sets up ‘Renovation of the Red brick architecture’ and development of theoretical foundation and substantial conservation about Red brick architecture through historical records must be settled without delay. Firstly, it analyzes related terminology and adjusts brick architecture's history and features for architectural authenticity about Red brick architecture. It would study production and construction process of brick in korea. From analysis of records, brick of traditional meaning is ‘Jeondol’ and western brick of modern meaning is ‘Red brick’. ‘Brick’ defines a common designation. This study shows definition of words based on documents published until 19th century and a korean language and architecture terms dictionary. In view of this results, the meaning of brick which combines different types extensively uses ‘Chu(甃)’, ‘Jeon(塼, 磚, 甎)’, ‘Byeok(甓)’ according to the purpose of use and the current of the times. In case of ‘Jeon’, it uses jointly different types such as ‘塼’, ‘磚’, ‘甎’. but ‘塼’ is frequently used. Even though these words like ‘byeok(甓)’ used individual or combination types until the late 19th century, there is no use because of japanese terms in japanese colonial. After liberation, it was the term of the traditional brick. Brick is generally used through modern times. In an unabridged Korean language dictionary, it defines this term as orthodox korean ‘壁乭’ and ‘甓乭’. At that time of japanese colonial, ‘Yeonwa(煉瓦)’ used in combination with brick. Due to influence it, it partly uses until now but it is not in common use. Also, a Korean language dictionary contains transcription of ‘Yeonwa’ with same definition as ‘Byeokdol(甓乭)’. In the other side, it results from translating japanese into Korean. It would make exact definition of ‘Yeonwa’.

Related research on artificial cultivation of the edible fungi in modern China can be traced back to 100 years ago. The earliest article about the cultivation techniques of the edible fungi was published in 1897 on Agricultural Study Newspaper sponsored by Shanghai Agricultural Society. From the late 1800s to 1940s, the elder generation of scholars including Zou Bingwen, Hu Changzhi, Pan Zhinong, Li Shiyi, Sun Yunwei, and Yu Xiaotie, etc. not only introduced many foreign techniques in edible fungi cultivation a nd disseminated scientific knowledge and cultivation techniques, but also held various edible fungi talents training courses, set up experimental bases, and conduct edible fungi cultivation experiments. Those have laid a preliminary foundation for the modernization of China’s edible fungi cultivation techniques. After the founding of the PRC, the edible fungi cultivation industry has gained more space for development, and has achieved many milestone achievements, mainly including the tremella artificial cultivation technique, the hedgehog hydnum artificial cultivation technique, the Xianggu artificial cultivation with crushed-wood material technique, the white mushroom fine breed selection and breeding and cultivation technique improvement, the black fungus cultivation with crushed-wood material and fine breed selection and breeding, and the golden needle mushroom find breed selection and year-round cultivation technique innovation, as well as the acclimatization of wild edible fungi and the development of new varieties of edible fungi. These inventions and innovations have provided solid technical support to the development of the edible fungi industry in China. The reform and opening-up starting 1978 has provided a favorable policy environment for the development of the edible fungi industry in China. In the period of more than 30 years thereafter, the edible fungi industry in China has been developing rapidly, with the annual yield rocketing from 60,000 tons in 1978 to 20.2 million tons in 2009, and the proportion of the yield against total world yield growing from 5% in the past to more than 70% at present. During this historical period, many research institutions and scientific research staffs have made important contributions to the development of the edible fungi industry in China. Among them, the most important achievements are made by Researcher Chen Meipeng from the Institute of Edible Fungi of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Professor Yang Xinmei from Huazhong Agricultural University, Researcher Huang Nianlai from Fujian Sanming Mycological Institute, and Professor Zhang Shuting from Chinese University of Hong Kong. When we look back, we treasure the outstanding achievements made by the elder generation of scholars on the development of the edible fungi industry in China. When we look into the future, we are geared with enthusiasm and confidence, and we will work hard to achieve higher in the edible fungi industry in China.

This study aims to investigate the organizing background, activity and the limit of society sports group during the time of enlightenment in our society’s specific historic situation, and to analyze sports group situation after Japanese annexation of Kore