17-19세기 일본에서는 임진왜란에 대한 정보를 수집하고 정리하는 노력 이 지속되었으며, 전쟁 상대국이었던 조선과 명의 문헌도 수집 정리 대상에 포함되었다. 근세 일본에서 임진왜란 문헌군이 형성될 때 가장 큰 영향을 미 친 외국 문헌은 명나라의 「양조평양록」과 조선의 「징비록」이었으며, 그 밖 의 문헌들은 상대적으로 이용되는 비중이 낮았다. 이 논문은 이상과 같은 전 제에서, 김성일의 저작인 󰡔해사록󰡕과 「학봉선생문집」 그리고 김성일 그 자 신의 이미지가 근세 일본 특히 쓰시마 번에서 어떻게 유통되었는지에 대해 「조선통교대기」를 중심으로 검토하였다. 그 결과, 「학봉선생문집」 초간본에 포함된 「해사록」이 쓰시마로 넘어가서 이용되었음이 확인되었다. 또한 쓰시 마번과 일본 본토에서 공히 김성일과 1590년 통신사행에 대해 부정적･경멸 적 인식이 통용되다가, 「징비록」의 일본 유통으로 인해 본토에서는 그 인식 이 일변하여 “충신” 김성일 상이 수립되었음을 확인하였다.

다문화 이주여성을 위한 화훼장식 프로그램에 대한 참여자의 만족도, 프로그램 수강동기, 국적별로 구분하여 살펴본 결과 기관의 권유 및 원예활동의 관심에 따라 참여한 참여자 모두 프로그램에 대한 만족도가 높은 것을 알 수 있었으며 국적별로 러시아 그룹에서 만족도가 가장 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 화훼장식 프로그램 참여 후의 다문화 이주여성의 자아효용감의 변화에 있어서 전체적인 자아효용감 및 하위요인 별로 사회적 자아효용감 영역에서 통계적으로도 유의한 증가를 나타낸 것을 알 수 있었다. 이는 다양한 화훼장식 프로그램의 참여가 다문화 이주여성들에게 특정한 상황이나 행동에 얽매이지 않는 상황에서 자기 자신의 능력과 효용감을 표출할 수 있었다는 결과라 하겠다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 다문화 이주여성을 대상으로 한 화훼장식 프로그램은 다문화 이주여성들의 자아효용감을 상승시키고 화훼장식 프로그램의 만족도가 높을수록 자아효용감이 높아졌다는 연구 결과를 알 수 있었다.

경쟁지상주의와 개인주의의 확산으로 도시민의 정서와 심리적 불안이 사회적 문제로 확대되는 현대사회에서, 일반가정 대상으로 정서적 안정 및 친밀도 형성에 미치는 영향에 대한 도시농업원예활동 프로그램을 실시한 결과, 가족과 함께하는 시간을 갖는 과정 속에서 도시농업 원예활동이 가족의 정서적 안정 및 친밀도 형성 모두에서 긍정적인 변화에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

The world is facing a serious food and energy crisis. Plant mutation breeding has played an important role in overcoming this crisis and maintaining world stability. New techniques are required to achieve faster and more effective breeding. At RIKEN, we have developed a unique technology for mutation induction by using heavy-ion beams from particle accelerators at the RI Beam Factory. This development was achieved through an efficient synergistic link between agricultural science and accelerator physics. The use of ion beams for mutagenesis has a number of advantages: the approach has low exposure levels and high survival rates with high mutation rates, and it creates a wide variety of different mutations. Because heavy-ion beams provide a very high amount of energy, even a single ion is enough to significantly damage a gene – in fact, the beams have enough energy to break the double strand of the DNA. The technique is also very useful in producing mutants that lack just a single gene; multiple propagation technology can be used to convert these mutants into new cultivars. Examples of such breeds include ‘Safinia Rose’ (petunia), ‘Temari Bright Pink’ (vervena) and ‘Olivia Pure White’ (dianthus). The development period for producing new varieties is only 2 years. Over last decade, molecular biology has made great advancements through technological innovation. We use high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques such as next-generation sequence instruments and microarray technologies for analysis of gene mutations. Mutants have become more and more useful and important in modern genetic studies, enabling the discovery of genes that control important traits, and revealing the functions and mechanisms underlying their operations. The discovery of genes using mutants may lead to the emergence of a new field in biology, ‘Mutagenomics’.

본 연구는 현대 웨딩화훼장식의 통일성(Unity) 표현기법에 대한 인식과 선호도를 일반인과 전문가에게 설문하여 비교분석하였다. 통일성 표현기법의 개념을 인식하고 있는 경우는, 일반인 집단에서 인식하고 있는 경우는 로 전문가 그룹이 통일성의 개념에 대하여 화훼장식전문가 그룹과 일반인 그룹의 인식에 대한 집단의 인식도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 웨딩 화훼장식의 표현기법에 있어서 통일성에 대한 중요성 인식 정도는 전문가 그룹이 일반인 그룹 보다 더 높았다. 통일성 표현기법을 사용한 웨딩화훼장식의 선호도를 분석한 결과, 화훼장식가와 일반인 모두 통일성 표현기법의 웨딩화훼장식을 선택하였다. 오브제의 통일성을 이룬 화훼장식을 선택한 그룹은 이었으며 그렇지 않은 경우는 오브제를 전체 웨딩 화훼장식과 통일시킨 경우에 있어 선호 경향이 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 오브제 통일이 되었을 때 전체적으로 일체감을 이룬다는 이유를 가장 많이 선택한 것으로 나타났으며 고급스럽고 세련됨이 였고 유니크 하면서도 로맨틱하다는 이유가 였고 유행하는 스타일로 나타났다. 색채의 통일성을 이룬 화훼장식을 선택한 그룹은 91%(143명)이었으며 그렇지 않은 경우는 9%(14명)로 나타났고 색채를 통일시킨 것을 선택한 이유로는 고급스럽고 세련됨이 가장 비율이 높았으며 유니크 하면서도 로맨틱하다, 고급스럽고 세련된, 유행하는 스타일 순으로 나타났다. 화훼소재의 통일성을 이룬 사진을 선택한 그룹은 83%(130명)이었으며 그렇지 않은 경우는 17%(27명)로 나타났으며 화훼소재를 전체 화훼장식과 통일시킨 경우에 있어 선호 경향이 높은 것을 알 수 있었다.

This study tries to illustrate that oral history can open a new prospect in the field of a Korean church history, a modern history of Korea, and World history. Firstly, this paper deals with theoretical approach about oral history. A basic direction of oral history is to supplement establishing materials and to make people’s memories be historical. Furthermore, oral history aims at new historical fields through enlargement of interviewees and reflection on philosophy of history and historical theory. General historians overlook a religious inner side easily. However that is a mistake of ‘process-reduction.’ Oral history is an alternative overcoming that kind of mistake. Especially oral history of religion is a historical method to discover new histories by their own confess-language differed from the fact-language and the interpret-language. Secondly, this paper suggests that the oral history of religion probes many varieties of historical layer, focusing on the Christians who were participated in the Korean pro-democracy. Christian democratizers played a leading role under the military dictatorial government. Moreover, they consolidated not only people in many fields such as religion, press, student, judicial officer circles and so on nationally, but also compatriots overseas. Outside of those, this paper prefigures a possibility of enlargement of oral history by illustrating examples of various historical layers. Finally, the present writer finishes, giving discourse assignments to the readers. One is to reflect the way of sharing memory. If the survivors passed away, their experiences become extinct. In order to overcome that crisis, a oral history needs to be investigated, searched for the way of sharing memory. Another is to reflect on a position of a oral history between micro-history and macro-history. A oral history is located in the context of micro-history. Nevertheless, it is important to work a oral history having a mind to criticize individuality and generality in micro and macro dimension.

Up to recently at the modern education in Namyang the christian education’s influence before 1905 has not particularly received attention. But according to Shin Hak Wol Bo, the Namyang Church was founded in 1900 and in 1902 nine churches were established around Namyang. From the time in which the churches were founded, the schools of the boys and the schools of the girls for the modern education were built. The schools of boys were Boheung elementary school and Powell school and the school of girls was Jeha elementary school and the nine day schools of boys and girls were built in the nine churches. Teachers of these schools were Lee Chang Heoi and An Elizabeth. They taught the Hangul and arithmetic. Particularly after the girls and women were participated in the Bible Class, they grew into the women leader of church and the modern education patron. After 1905’s Protectorate Treaty nineteen schools were founded. Among these schools, three schools such as Boheung girl school, Bosung elementary school, and Bomyung elementary school were set up by christians and church. Many christians such as Lee Chang Hoi, Choi Sung Dae, Kim Hyeun Jun were participating in the establishment of Sangdong elementary school, Yangsung school, Songlim school, and Junkok Private House. Moreover Boheung school was the center of many schools and held the union sport and inspired the patriotism and the military spirit. And Boheung school and Boheung girl school with YangSung school established the ordinary course and the higher course and led the middle education. These two schools with the public elementary school joined the National Debt Compensation Campaign. The Namyang branch of Daehan-Jaganghoi was set up by the leadership of christians such as Lee Chang Hoi. Christians such as Kim Hee Kyung and Kim Hyeui Kyung and An Maria founded the EuiSungHoi and they participated in the National Debt Compensation Campaign. They established Women Education Society and gave the positive support for the women education. On the contrary Buddism and the Cheondogyo did not establish even a modern school. When we observe from this side Christianity led the modern education and the patriotic enlightenment movement in Namyang quantitatively as well as qualitatively. Christians such as Hong Sung Ha and Lee Chang Hoi among Namyang church exhorters and SeoYeuDa Myeon Head Choi Sung Dae, Kim Kwan Hyeon as Kim Hong Su’s son and An Elizabeth got into the positive act in the patriotic enlightenment movement with country governors such as Jang Ho Jin, Bang Han Duck, and the enlightened confucian scholars.

본 연구에서는 1777년부터 1910년까지의 측우기 자료와 1961년부터 2010년까지의 근대 자료를 이용하여 연최대치 독립 호우사상 계열을 작성하고, 그 특성을 비교해 보았다. 먼저, 각각의 강우자료로부터 독립 호우사상을 추출하기 위해 2시간 간격의 강우자료를 구성하고, 2 mm 의 임계값을 동일하게 적용하였다. 이와 같은 방법으로 추출된 독립 호우사상들을 대상으로 Freund 이변량 지수분포를 적용하여 연최대치 독립 호우사상 계열을 작성하고, 이변량 로지스틱 모형을 적용하여 이변량 빈도해석을 수행하였다. 그 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 1. 측우기 자료와 근대 자료로부터 추출된 독립 호우사상의 특성들은 서로 유사하게 나타남을 확인하였으며, 2. 근대 자료로부터 결정된 연최대치 독립 호우사상 및 특정 재현기간 별 호우사상의 총 강우량은 측우기 자료에 대한 결과보다 다소 크게 나타났지만, 지난 200년 동안 강우의 특성들에 큰 변화가 있었다고 판단하기에는 어려움이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

21세기 현대사회를 대중 소비사회, 또는 포스트모더니즘 사회라고도 부르는데, 이러한 포스트모더니즘이라는 새로운 시대사조, 혹은 문화조류가 광고계에도 큰 변화를 가져왔다. 소비 산업이 발달하고 매체가 다양화됨에 따라 광고에 대한 관심이 높아지는 가운데, 광고는 사회의 영향력 있는 하나의 문화로 자리 매김하게 되었다. 따라서 본 논문은 현대의 인쇄광고에서 나타나는 포스트모더니즘적인 특징과 표현양식의 의미체계를 밝히고, 포스트모더니즘 광고가 사회 · 문화적으로 어떠한 영항을 미치는가 살펴보았다. 연구의 순서는 다음과 같다. 1장 서론에서는 연구의 목적과 방법을 서술하였다. 2장에서는 포스트모더니즘의 개념 및 특성을 알아보았다. 3장에서는 광고에 나타난 포스트모더니즘 현상을 살피고 기술하였다. 4장에서는 인쇄광고에 나타난 포스트모더니즘의 사례를 모아 분석하였다. 5장에서는 앞서 기술한 내용을 토대로 결론을 도출하였다.

The vast writings on the Reformation and the Modern science have produced in terms of either-or. In other words, the relations between the Reformation and the Modern science have interpreted either in negative way or in positive way. The negative interpretations hold that the Reformation would have had little effect on modern scientific revolution. On the other hand, the positive interpretations argue that specific doctrines or attitudes affirmed by the Reformers and their followers contributed directly or indirectly to the growth of modern science. After brief discussion of each of these interpretations, this paper will claim that the correlationship of the Reformation and the Modern science would be explained more clearly when interpretations of their relation are explored in terms of Calvin’s principle of accommodation. For Calvin, accommodation is related to his understanding of God. According to Calvin, God reduces or adjusts to human capacities in order to reveal the infinite mysteries of his being. Because his mysteries are beyond the powers of human being to grasp. The paper will try to reveal the importance of Calvin’s accommodation theory through his understanding of nature. For Calvin, the world of nature represents traces of God’s handiwork. The world is a “mirror”, in which God may be viewed. Therefore, Calvin was intensely interested in exploring of nature. The attitude of Calvin toward nature enabled science to able to penetrate more deeply into the secrets of divine wisdom. Consequently, the paper shows that complexities of relation between the Reformation and the rise of modern science appears to be many-sided. In addition, this paper demonstrates that it is noteworthy to note the relations of religion and science in the Reformation era as an important instance historically.

The recent disaster of earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011 severely attacked East Japanese cities and people, and in addition, the accident of nuclear power station will inevitably damage the agricultural activities there. The economical depression influences on the horticulture and floriculture industry as well, through the reluctant consumption all over the country. Such a situation reflects a conventional perception that the garden plants or ornamental plants have been regarded as a symbol of capitalism, representing the success, luxury, beauty or other metaphors indicating the winners of business war. But as the word "culture" means "cultivation" originally, horti "culture" or flori "culture" should have played some roles in cultivating lands as well as cultivation of human minds, leading to develop a modern "culture" which may lay emphases on personality, originality, partnership, cooperation, diversity and so forth. In this article, a brief history of garden plants in Japan, as well as some current movements in Japanese horticulture and floriculture, is reviewed with some commodities which possess messages on creating a new humane culture.

현대 웨딩화훼장식의 통일성(Unity) 표현기법에 대한 인식과 선호도를 일반인과 전문가에게 설문하여 비교분석한 결과, 통일성 표현기법의 개념을 인식하고 있는 경우는 화훼장식 전문가 그룹이 통일성의 개념에 대하여 인식하고 있는 정도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 웨딩 화훼장식의 표현기법에 있어서 통일성에 대한 중요성 인식 정도에 있어서도 전문가 그룹이 일반인 그룹 보다 더 높았으며 통일성 표현기법을 사용한 웨딩화훼장식의 선호도를 분석한 결과, 화훼장식가와 일반인 모두 통일성 표현기법의 웨딩화훼장식을 선택한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 현대 웨딩홀화훼장식에 있어서 통일성 표현기법은 점점 더 트렌드화가 되고 있으며 전문가와 일반인 모두에게 선호되는 것을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구는 항구도시 칭다오가 20세기 전반에 근대도시로 형성되는 과정에 관한 연구이다. 칭다오의 근대도시화 과정은 동아시아 항구도시의 공통점을 보여주며 강대국 등 정치적 지배 세력에 의해 4개 시기로 구분된다. 첫 번째 독일 점령기 동안에는 칭다오의 구도심 영역이 집중적으로 형성되었다. 두 번째 일본 1차 점령기 동안 칭다오의 도심 영역은 북쪽과 동쪽으로 확장되어 기존 도심의 북쪽으로 금융 및 업무시설이 형성되었고 그 북쪽에서 대항에 이르는 지역에는 공업지역이 넓게 형성되었다. 세 번째 북양군벌 및 국민당 통치기 동안 칭다오는 국제적인 상업과 금융, 휴양도시로서 급격하게 확장되었다. 네 번째 일본 2차 점령기 동안 건축 활동은 활발하지 못했으며 이 기간 동안 일본은 중국 대륙 침략의 관문으로서 칭다오를 활용하고자 했다.

Six kinds of Korean Modern History’ Authorized Textbook have the fixed places in which the contents of Christianity were described. The Comparison between the tables of them shows the similarity of the large units, th meddle units, and the little units of six textbooks. According, first of all it must be examined that the places of Christianity in textbooks is fitting. The places of Christianity in textbooks were decided according to the editing principles of textbooks and the historical view. All textbooks have the nationalistic historical viewpoint and the immanent development historical viewpoint. Some textbooks have the left-oriented historical viewpoint plus these common features. When the textbooks were written with the nationalistic historical viewpoint and the immanent development historical viewpoint, the modernization and the armed independence movement as the most urgent of modern history tasks have the most important places. So the written contents of korean modern history were comprised with those. Now the debating problem is the cognition about the causes of the modernization. The nationalistic historical viewpoint and the internal development historical viewpoint have the viewpoint that the modernization was progressed by the internal development, but interrupted by the Japan. After that, the national independence was achieved by the armed independence movement and the modernization was progressed. But the Christianity contributes very much the modernizing process of Korea in the modern history. Therefore in the future, the some important roles of Christianity in the korean modernization process must be known and the Christianity should be recognized as the core of modernization. The upright historical viewpoint for the description of modern history has to be established for the recognition of the roles of christianity in the modernizing process. The new historical viewpoint should be comprised with the internal factors and the external factors.

Unlike the interpretations of some scholars, John Wesley did not have a fundamentalist world view, in which faith ignores or isolates scientific truth, as most revivalists are thought to have. Wesley tried to learn, understand, and use newly introduced scientific knowledge, information, and development. He was so eager to inform his followers of scientific truth as to write his own Compendium of Natural Philosophy, and revised and published it several times. Wesley was more familiar with the term natural philosophy rather than natural science, and he thought he was doing philosophy as universal knowledge. It is, however, hard to say that Wesley was simply an advocate of scientism. Wesley accepted scientific realities in the world, and he thought that the task of science is to describe the measurable and experimental facts and their processes and history. Wesley expected that the original intents and goals of the facts would be answerable by theology. In this sense, Wesley pointed out that the spot to answer all questions beyond science is the starting point of theology. In his thought, science and theology are well balanced, harmonized, and helpful for each other. Firstly, Wesley argued that science is the ground of theology, and the basis of theology. He believed that knowledge of the natural world leads people to faith in and study of God, the Creator and the Provider. On the basis of science, Wesley expected to begin the theology of creation and providence. He did not try to explain the nooks and crannies of facts with the verses from the Bible, because he thought that the mystery and awe is also part of science. He had such an optimistic view of science that he published a book of medical treatments for his preachers. Secondly, for Wesley science could be a ground in his eschatology. Especially, that the old Wesley was interested in natural science shows his expectation for the future, the new heaven and earth, and preparation for his own death. All the things which are mysteries and puzzle us now, believed Wesley, will be explained, understood, and solved in the end. Finally, Wesley’s science implied ethical requirements. As a minister, he tried to persuade his people to be “stewards” keeping the created world and restoring the corrupted parts with God’s grace. Wesley himself got involved in such issues as slavery, education, and female participation in ministry. In this sense, his theology as well as science showed somewhat radical and advanced aspects which some contemporary readers might be hesitant to follow.

A major history textbook for high schools, A Modern History of Korea for High School (Seoul: Kumsung Publishing House, 2007) described that Protestantism in Korea supported Japanese invasion to Korea. The text book has been used for many years by more than 50% high schools in South Korea. The argument of this book is very important because it might influence over high school students who think that the text book should always be correct. However, Protestantism in Korea was not the supporter of the Japan Empire in the turn-of-twentieth century Asia. In reality, Korea Protestantism had been appeared by Korean people as defender of Korean people against Japanese power. At that time Korea protestantism had been closely related to America which send their missionaries to Korea and helped its modernization. When Japan tried to put Korea in her power, King KoJong sent his envoy to the president Roosevelt of USA for help to maintain his independence. In reality, Japan government had considered Korean Protestantism as big obstacle for its rule over Korea. Japan had always be afraid of Korean Christianity and spied over it. Japanese army in 1911 arrested 105 important Christian leaders to destroy Korean churches. Also, in the last years of Japan imperialism, Japan governor-general of Korea expelled American missionaries from Korean peninsular to disconnect Korean Christian relationship with America. Finally, missionaries tried to maintain the principle of separation between church and state in Korea. They did not involve in political matter either on Korean nationalism or Japanese imperialism. This attitude of missionaries could not be satisfied with Japanese as well as Korean. However, they thought that their original mission in Korea is evangelization, but not independent movement of Korea.

본 연구는 진열중 조도 처리에 따른 재래종 돈육과 개량종 돈육의 지방산화 및 육색 안정성을 비교하고자 실시하였다. 평균 출하체중 66 kg의 재래종 돼지(거세돈) 5두와 112 kg인 개량종 돼지(, 거세돈) 5두를 도축하여 등심(M. longissimus) 부위를 에서 5일 동안 숙성한 다음 의 암실 및 3,000 lux에 7일 동안 진열하였다. 재래종이 개량종보다 높은 지방 함량을 가진 반면(p 함량을 가졌다(p