김정호의 ｢청구도범례｣에서 고지도의 경우 동서남북으로 나누어 작성하였지만 만약 상하·좌우에 약간의 차이가 있다고 하여 전체 지도를 비난하는 것이 아니란 지적을 통해 현재 고지도를 보는 시각에 대한 올바른 방법이라고 생각한다. 독도, 우산도는 울릉도 동남쪽에 있다. ｢청구도범례｣에 따르면 고지도상의 ‘우산도’의 경우 동쪽이나 동북쪽에 그려진 것은 이해할 수 있지만 서쪽이나 북쪽, 남쪽에 그려진 것은 우산도의 위치가 잘못된 것이다. 왜 그런 고지도가 나왔을까? 그 이유에 대해 해명하기 위해 이 글이 작성되었다. 『세종실록』 ｢지리지｣와 『신증동국여지승람』의 우산도·무릉도 설명을 통해 우산도는 무 인도임을 정확히 인식하였다고 보아야 한다. 울릉도가 울진에 가깝지만 우산을 먼저 들고 울릉도를 뒤에 기록한 것은 우산이 무인도임을 알았기 때문에 적을 것이 없어 먼저 기록하고, 울릉도에서 양자의 관계를 적을 수밖에 없는 사정 때문에 그러한 서술이 이루어진 것으로 볼 수 있다. ‘우산’, ‘무릉’을 순차적으로 기록한 것이 고지도상 본토와 울릉도 사이에 ‘우산도’를 표기하게 된 요인이 되었을 것이다. 울릉도 동(남)쪽에 ‘우산도’를 표기한 지도는 1693년 이후에 안용복이 울릉도와 독도를 건너간 이후 ‘울릉도쟁계’ 발생 이후, 1694년 장한상이 울릉도에 파견된 이후에 수토제가 확립되면서 주로 18세기 이후에 제작된 지도에 나온다. 조선 초기의 경우 주로 강원도에서 울를도와 독도를 드나들었지만 조선후기의 경우 경상도, 전라도 지역의 동남해연안민들이 울릉도와 독도에 드나들었다. 그들은 울릉도의 동북방 에 ‘우산도’가 있다고 생각하였다. 그런 인식을 가진 사람들이 많았기 때문에 조선후기 고지도에서 울릉도 동북방에 ‘우산도’를 표시하는 지도가 나온다는 것을 염두에 두어야 한다. ‘우산도’가 표기된 지도를 두고 ‘독도’라고들 한다. 특히 울릉도 동쪽에 그려진 ‘우산도’ 는 독도임이 당연하다고 주장한다. 그렇지만 울릉도 동쪽에 그려진 ‘소위우산도 ’는 독도 가 아니라 댓섬(죽도)이다. 영조때 강원도감사 조최수의 주기가 담긴 ‘우산도’는 ‘소위우산 도’를 빼고 ‘우산도’라고 하였고, 광활하다고 하였다. 이 주기가 담긴 ‘우산도’도 댓섬일 것이다.

우리사회가 고령사회를 맞이하여 국가 또는 사회에서 관심을 갖게 되는 대상층이 노인으로 집중되고 있어 노인이 겪는 빈곤, 건강, 고독감 등 고령화에 따른 노인문제를 새로운 사회문제로 인식하고 접근하려는 시각을 갖게 되었다. 본 연구는 주간보호 복지회관 여성노인을 대상으로 우울 향상과 자아존중감을 향상시키는데 목적을 두고 어떠한 변화가 있는지 알아보고자 실시되었으며 그 결과 우울정도는 프로그램 실시 이전에는 평균 25.4점 이었으나 실시 후에는 평균 18.5점으로 감소되었으며, 자아존중감은 프로그램 실시 전 평균 18.8점이었으나 실시 후에는 평균 23.3점으로 증가하였다.

The present study was investigated the effect of planting density on plant growth and yield of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Sowing density is one of the most important factors affecting yield. The value of roots have affected by shape, color, weight and degree of disease injury in ginseng. Also, it needed to minimize elapsed time for 5 years including pre-planting field management and cultivation period. We were conducted to evaluate that planting densities and varieties on the growth, yield and missing rate. The direct sowing was treated seeds density as a four levels (seeds; 72, 90, 120, 144) and 10 different varieties with 3 years old ginseng roots. Root weight was significantly affected by planting density and variety, but the number of lateral root and yield were affected by only planting density. Growth index was related to variety and planting density. Also, Root shape index was affected by both varieties and planting densities. Suitable planting density and variety were 120 plant per 1.62 m2 and Gopoong, respectively. Results showed that it was also a significant difference (p=5%) in variety of planting density on growth.

This study was carried out to have the basic and applied information to develop the cultivation methods and models and to increase the productivity of high-quality ginseng. Plant height was dramatically increased from one year old to four years old, and then it was grown up very slowly. Stem length was shown similar tendency as the plant height did. Its range were from 9.4 cm in one year old to about 42.4 cm in four year-old ginseng. The leaf area was clearly increased until four years old, 10.1cm2 in one year old to 204.9cm2 in four years old, while it was slightly increased after four years old. Root length was continuously increased from one year old until four years old, and then it was grown up very slowly. Tap root length which was measured was appeared about 8 cm from three years old to six years old, showing not much different among the year-olds. The root diameter was continuously increased from one year old to six year-old ginseng, about 2.9 mm and about 19 mm, respectively. The moisture content was higher on the shoot than that on the root. It was slightly decreased as they were getting old. In shoot part, the rate of leaves and stems based on dry weight was about 1 : 1. In the root, the dry weight of tap root was heavier than that of lateral root. The dry weight of shoot was decreased after four years old, while it of the root was continuously increased until six years old, resulting the production of ginseng root. Based on the results of this study, growth characteristics of shoot and root of ginseng were dramatically increased from one year old to four years old and then their growths were appeared different between shoot and root, showing not much growing in shoot and keep growing in root.

Korean ginseng has been used for thousands of years as an important medicinal plant. Lime-Bordeaux mixture (LBM) was made with copper sulfate and quicklime, which was sprayed instead of pesticides in ginseng field. Net photosynthesis (PN) was compared between Treatment and Non-treatment of LBM in 3 Year Old Ginseng. PN in control plot recorded 2.94μmol (CO2) m-2s-1 at the first day of experiment, which was similar until the last day of experiment. However, The PN in LBM recorded 2.23μmol (CO2) m-2s-1, which was lower than that in control plot. As time goes by, The PN in LBM was gradually increased up to 3.21μmol (CO2) m-2s-1 and finally, it was similar with that in control plot at 7th day as a 3.20μmol (CO2) m-2s-1).

Lime-bordeaux mixture has been used to prevent diseases in the field of ginseng. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of lime-bordeaux depending on the concentration and treatment time on major diseases of ginseng such as Alternaria blight and anthracnose, and to evaluate the root growth of ginseng. Lime-bordeaux caused damage on leaf when it was sprayed on ginseng between April and early May. No difference was found in root growth by spraying lime-bordeaux mixture between ratio 4-4 and 8-8 ratio in concentration. Plot of 6-6 raito and 8-8 ratio appeared to be similar efficacy compared to that of practical chemical control. However, the plot of 4-4 ratio showed lower than that of chemical control.