The process of berthing/deberthing operations for entering/leaving vessels in Busan northern harbor was analyzed and evaluated by using an integrated VTS(vessel traffic service) system installed in the ship training center of Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea. The integrated VTS system used in this study was consisted of ARPA radar, ECDIS(electronic chart display and information system), backup(recording) system, CCTV(closed-circuit television) camera system, gyro-compass, differential GPS receiver, anemometer, AIS(automatic identification system), VHF(very high frequency) communication system, etc. The network of these systems was designed to communicate with each other automatically and to exchange the critical information about the course, speed, position and intended routes of other traffic vessels in the navigational channel and Busan northern harbor. To evaluate quantitatively the overall dynamic situation such as maneuvering motions for target vessel and its tugboats while in transit to and from the berth structure inside a harbor, all traffic information in Busan northern harbor was automatically acquired, displayed, evaluated and recorded. The results obtained in this study suggest that the real-time tracking information of traffic vessels acquired by using an integrated VTS system can be used as a useful reference data in evaluating and analyzing exactly the dynamic situation such as the collision between ship and berth structure, in the process of berthing/deberthing operations for entering/leaving vessels in the confined waters and harbor.

Due to change of various marine environments according to seawater temperature rising, Japanese common squid(Todarodes pacificus), which was distributed in East Sea, was recently caught in Yellow Sea during a summer season from 2006. The fishery resources density research was carried out in Korea-China Provisional Water Zone using trawl fishing gear and acoustics in National Fisheries Research & Development Institute in Korea. This paper showed the analysis on the acoustical backscattering strength by two frequencies(38kHz, 120kHz) for Japanese common squid by acoustical scattering theoretical model based on size distribution for survey period, and estimate the density distribution for squid s integrated layer which was extracted from any scatterers distributed in water column using two frequency difference method which has been used to distinguish fish shoals or specific target scatterers from sound scattering layer which is composed of various zooplankton. Furthermore, the entire range of their density estimation was suggested using by Monte Carlo simulation under considering each uncertainty such as size distributions or swimming angle and so on in survey area.

This study shows that the distribution density of snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio, was estimated using an underwater video monitoring system attached on the towing sledge. The field experiments were carried out at the coastal waters around Chuksan, East Sea, where ranged from 110 to 130m depth during September and October 2007. The sledge was towed for 40 minutes and the towing speed was controlled between 1.5 to 1.7 knot and each research areas were calculated to multiply towed distance by the detection width of the video monitoring system(1.2m), and then, distribution density of snow crab in each observations were estimated as a counted number of crab per 1,000m2. The result shows that their survey, taken between two months, reflected similar results during survey period, and the maximum and mean distribution densities in September estimated to be 77.0(number/1,000m2) and 19.9, respectively, and those of October were 36.0 and 21.8, respectively.

The choice behavior of the octopus in response to the environment-friendly colored sinker for octopus driftline and the sinker's fishing effect were studied under experimental conditions in the water tank and the field. The colors of the sinkers used for the experiment are white, black, yellow and green. Artificial baits are attached to the sinkers in order to attract the octopuses in the experiment. In the water tank experiment, two sinkers of two different colors are placed in a compartmentalized corner of the rectangular tank, and a CCD camera records the choice behaviors of the octopuses to the colored sinkers. In the field experiment, the catch investigation of octopus for each colored sinker was conducted 14 times in total by using 2(A, B) commercial fishing boats at the coast of Gangneung within 30m of depth in 2006. The number of colored sinkers per operation was a total of 24-40 pieces with the same number of sinkers individually for four colors. As a result, it was found that the octopus selected white the most followed by black and yellow in their choice of colored sinkers in the water tank experiment, and green was the lowest in their choice. Even in the field experiment, the sinkers of white and black showed a higher catch of octopus than the sinkers of yellow and green.

To study the behavioral reaction of common squid Todarodes pacificus, to different colors of LED light, individual distribution in the dark condition without LED light stimuli, individual distribution when four colors of light stimuli were at the sections of end and middle of water tank and the changes of gathering rates as the elapse of illuminating time were examined. When it was dark, the distribution of the fish in each section of the tank was U-shape regardless of the investigating time intervals, which means that Todarodes pacificus gathered at the both ends of the tank. The individual distribution when light stimuli were at the one end of the tank showed the tendency of gathering at the illuminated section and decreasing at the opposite section. There were 448 of them at the end of the tank when the light was blue, 352 when white, 302 when green and 132 when red. Thus the fish liked blue light the most, followed by white light. The variations of gathering rate at the both ends of tank as illuminating time elapsed showed the tendency of increasing at the light section (A section), however, it showed the tendency of decreasing at the darkest section (F section). The individual distribution showed the tendency of letter Λ of gathering at the center and decreasing at the both ends mostly when the light stimuli were at the middle section of tank. The gathering rates at the lighting section were 80.4% when red, 76.4% when white, 69.6% when green and 56.7% when blue. The fishes showed the affinity for the red light mostly, followed by the white light source. The red light and blue light showed the opposite when the light stimuli were at the one end of water tank. The variations of gathering rates as the elapse of time at the lighted section showed the tendency of gradual increasing in the four light sources. The color of light source showing the highest gathering rate within 25-30 minutes of light stimuli was the white, followed by the red.

A series of fishing experiments was carried out in the eastern coastal waters of Korea from January, 2002 to March, 2003, using gill nets of different mesh sizes (m 180, 210, 240, 270 and 300 mm) to determine the size selectivity of gill net for female snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio. The catch of experimental gears was mostly snow crab (97%), Chionoecetes opilio. The maximum carapace length (RL) of each female snow crab caught in the fishing experiments was measured. The master selection curve was estimated by applying the extended Kitahara s method. The selection curve showed that the gill nets of larger mesh size allowed more female crabs of small carapace size to escape. The optimum values of RL/m for 1.0 of retention probability was 0.563 and RL/m was estimated to be 0.249, 0.290, 0.319, 0.344 and 0.367 when the retention probability were 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5, respectively.

There are increased in using the bio-ethanol, as the carbon neutral attracts many researchers due to a reduction in carbon dioxide spotted as the global warming gas. A gasoline engine with 100% of the bioethanol was developed and used in Brazil already, but researches of using the bio-ethanol in diesel engines are lack. In this study, combustion tests with blend fuel of the gas oil and bio ethanol by 50% maximally due to a low cetane number of bio-ethanol were accomplished as a basic study of introduction of using the bioethanol in diesel engines. The result was that smoke emission was decreased with increase in proportion of the bio-ethanol, due to the increase of a amount of pre-mixed combustion with ignition delay. Although the amount of CO2 is reduced according as the bio-ethanol is used(carbon neutral), the emission of CO2 with increase in the proportion of the bio-ethanol was more increased due to lower a heat value of bio-ethanol than gas oil.

For the safety and cost reduction in the navigation, the automatic and intelligent system has been developed for the vessel, and the most important factor in the system is to decide the collision risk exactly. In this paper, we propose an advanced collision risk decision system for collision avoidance of the system. The conventional researches using DCPA and TCPA for calculating the collision risk have a problem to produce a same collision risk regardless of bearings for the ships, if they are located in the same distance from own ship. To solve this problem, in addition to DCPA and TCPA, we introduce the factor of VCD(variation of compass degree) and constant, CR which derived from COLREG'72(International Regulation for Preventing Collision at Sea, 1972) for evaluating the collision risk including even the burden of own ship navigator due to the encountering angle of each vessels. We decided the collision risk legally by the rule considering the relative situation of vessels. And therefore, the proposed system has two advantages, of which one is to produce more detail collision risk and another is to reflect the real underway situation in conformity with the rule.

For an effective management of fisheries resources, we need fisheries informations necessary for the establishment of reasonable fishing effort and TAC distribution. We carried out fishing research using trammel nets in the coastal sea of Susan-port(Yangyang, Gangwondo, Korea) and Hupo-port(Uljin, Gyeongbukdo, Korea) and analyzed fishing power variation of the fishing gear in terms of species composition, condition and so on for both sites. A total of 29 species were caught with most dominant species of Hippoglossoides dubius followed by Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini, Lophius litulon and Alcichthys elongatus in Susan. The total number of species caught in Hupo was 37 species with most dominant species of Todarodes pacifius followed by Lophius litulon, Hexagrammos agrammus and Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini. CPUE of Susan fishing area per trammel net was 12.74 fish and 2.00kg on average, while it was 6.80 fish and 2.27kg on average for Hupo. The fishing power index for both sites was 1, placing the two fishing grounds in a same level.

The fishing lamp is a fishing gear that gathers fish at night. But the cost of oil, which is used to light fishing lamp, has been risen significantly up to 30-40% of total fishing costs. Therefore it is very urgent to develop an energy economical fishing lamp in order to solve the business difficulties of fisheries. Under this background, this research aims at developing a fishing lamp for squid jigging and hairtail angling fishery using the LED, which has excellent energy efficiency and durability. The LED fishing lamp developed can be controlled to fix a fit direction of fish shoal deep because a fishing lamp can be adjustable up and down directions. One unit of fishing lamp has about an 80Watt capacity and the frame of fishing lamp is made of aluminium to emit generated heat of LED to outside. The LED lamp developed was highly durable, only 5.7% of emitting efficiency decreased for 18 months. The illuminance of a unit LED lamp was 2,070lux at 1m and 21lux at 10 m distance, and the intensity of LED lamp system emitted 2,580lux and 400lux at the respective distances. After development of this fishing lamp, 100 units are installed on operating fishing vessels. Experimental results show that energy consumption of squid jigging and hairtail angling was reduced by 40% and 87%, respectively. In conclusion, our methods showed elevated fishing power, compared with traditional fishing method: 37.7% for squid jigging and 24.5% for hairtail angling.

This paper is to investigate the effect of the immersion time in the traditional hairtail hand line for developing the fishing methods and the fishing gear in the coast of jeju. The operating of 32 times was made with each different immersion time of hairtail hand line, and the relations between the catch and the immersion time were examined. As the result, targeted species rate was over 98% of total catch. From about 800 seconds after casting, the hooking rate was decreased and the bite loss rate was increased, it seems to be made by the decreasing factors of predators including the cutting of branch lines etc. In addition, it was supposed that the hooking rate and the bait loss rate had a deep connection with feeding time zone. The level of the correlation coefficient of the bait loss rate according to the immersion time was 0.54 at p≤0.01, in the case of the hooking rate, 0.59 was chosen after about 800 seconds. The hooking rate and the bait loss rate according to the hook number were not irrelevant to the fish school layer. Additionally, it was assumed that the bait loss rate was related to the depth of water.

To compare and evaluate the suitability and comfort levels of the environment on board a stern trawl training ship, KAYA(GT: 1737 tons, Pukyong National University), with the international standardization guide ISO 6954:2000(E), measurements of the hull vibration on accommodation areas and working areas of the training ship from July 8 to July 10, 2008 were completed upon KAYA's linear sea route. The vibrations along the z-axis were measured with the use of a 3-axis vibration level meter, which included a marine vibration card. Results show accelerations of the vibrations on the passenger's accommodation area to be 42.0-115.8(average: 78.0, standard deviation(SD): 21.0) mm/s2, which is largely below the permissible upper limit, but 75 % of the observation points exceeded the permissible lower limit of 71.5 mm/s2, indicating a comfortable environment. The accelerations of the vibration in a frequency of 10-24Hz lowering the visual performance were measured at 2.5-12.0(average: 7.6, SD: 3.1) mm/s2. The crew s accommodation area experienced vibration accelerations of 42.9-82.3(average: 93.1, SD: 53.1) mm/s2, which is generally below the permissible upper limit of 214.0 mm/s2, and 62.5% of the observation points did not exceed the permissible lower limit of 107.0 mm/s2, denoting a level of comfort. The acceleration of the vibration in a frequency of 10-24Hz were 4.7-28.3(average: 12.4, SD: 8.8) mm/s2. On the crew s working area the accelerations were measured at 86.9-153.9(average 119.3, SD 18.0) mm/s2. These values were generally below the permissible upper limit of 286.0 mm/s2 and only 12.5% of the observation points did not exceed the permissible lower limit of 143.0 mm/s2, the level at which a high level of comfort is maintained. The accelerations in frequency of 10-24Hz and 30Hz were 9.1-29.8 (average 13.8, SD= 4.5) mm/s2 and 8.9-13.7 (average 11.8, SD 2.1) mm/s2, respectively. In conclusion the boarding environment of the training ship was good in general although an improvement of the vibration condition partially needed on the crew s accommodation area near the engine room.

In this study, the hydrodynamic coefficients were measured using various nettings to analyze the change of drag coefficients and lift coefficients as a basic study for deriving hydrodynamic coefficients. The data on hydrodynamic force obtained from the flume tank tests were used to compare and analyze the hydrodynamic coefficients based on Reynolds number. Standardized hydrodynamic coefficients were then assumed during the analysis procedures. The hydrodynamic coefficients were measured using the 9 kinds of nettings in which had the same total projected area with different diameters and mesh-grouping ratio. These different netting systems : mesh-grouping ratio. The results of the test of nettings were as follows; First, the drag coefficients of nettings increased when the higher attack angles applied, and decreased with the increased flow speed and netting twine diameter. Second, the lift coefficients of nettings showed the increased values until the attack angle 30 degree, but decreased for the attack angle over 40 degree. Third, the hydrodynamic coefficients of netting decreased as the Reynolds number increased, and reach at slightly states in the highest numbers. Fourth, the hydrodynamic coefficients were derived from a functional formula considering attack angles and Reynolds number, and presented in the three dimensional space.

Ecological risk assessment(ERA), developed in Australia, can be used to estimate the risk of target, bycatch and protected species from the effects of fishing using limited data for stock assessment. In this study, we employed the ERA approach to estimate risks to tunas, billfishes, sharks, sea turtles and other species by the Korean tuna longline fishery in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean using productivity and susceptibility analyses of the ERA based on low(<1.30), medium(1.30-1.84) and high risk(>1.84). Albacore, bigeye, yellowfin, skipjack and bluefin tunas were generally evaluated in the medium risk. The susceptibility of tuna species, however, had higher risks than the productivity. Billfishes were also at medium risk, while sharks were at high risk by the tuna longline fishery. The risk of productivity was generally high, because most sharks caught by the tuna longline fishery have high longevities, i.e., over 10 years, including ovoviviparous species. Susceptibility, which is related with the selection of fishing gear, was also high, because the longline fishery has no gear modifications to prevent bycatch of protected species. Not only target tuna species were influenced by the tuna longline fishery in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, but also nontarget species, such as pomfret, mackerels rays, sea turtle were done. Ecosystem-based fishery assessment tools, such as productivity and susceptibility analysis(PSA), have the ability to provide broad scientific advice to the policy makers and stakeholders.

This experimental study was carried out to obtain the base data for saving the man power in the fishing operation of largehead hairtail hand line by using the continuous type hand line system with a rotary device which could make a main line move automatically. In order to solve the twists and entangling on the main line happened during operating test, the resistance board was suspended at the end of the main line at sea. As the result, there were no problems of tangling and so on due to up and down moving of a main line. According to the control of a fixed angle of guide roller, it was possible to prevent the main line to be separated from a side roller and a guide roller. In addition, PVC tube between a guide roller and a side roller enabled a main line to be moved smoothly without any entanglement.

Experimental fishing operation by the shrimp beam trawl was carried out to investigate the bycatch in order to develop the selective fishing gear of the shrimp beam trawl fishery. The experimental trawling was performed by the prototype fishing gear in coast sea of Boryeong, Buan, Kangjin, Tongyeong and Geoje from 30 April to 13 November 2005. Bycatches of the experimental trawling were analyzed species composition, total length composition. The results obtained can be summarized as follows; Target fishes caught by the shrimp beam trawl were Palaemon gravieri, Crangon Hakodatei, Trachysalambria curvirostris, Parapenaeopsis tenellus, Rhynchocinetes uritai and Matapenaeus joyneri. And their fishing rate and total length range were 50.0%, 46.0%, 2.6%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.3% and 40-80mm, 40-80mm, 120-150mm, 60-80mm, 60-80mm, 60-120mm respectively. Bycatches caught by the shrimp beam trawl consisted of fishes of 30 kinds, 6 kinds of mollusk, 5 kinds of shellfishes and 3 kinds of crabs. The main fish was Engraulis japonicus, Platycephalus indicus, Paralichthys olivaceus, Leiognathus nuchalis and Conger myriaster, their occupied rate were 47.0%, 16.6%, 13.6%, 5.5%, 2.7% respectively, and their total length range were 60-150mm, 80-410mm, 80-600mm, 30-80mm and 150-460mm respectively. A number bycatch rates of shrimp beam trawl fishery were 99.7% in Buan, 60.0% in Kangjin, 14.6% in Boryeong, 10.6% in Tongyeong and 2.7% in Geoje, The weight bycatch rate were 99.9% in Buan, 75.1% in Kangjin, 57.1% in Tongyeong, 47.4% in Boryeong and 15.4% in Geoje.

The snow melting system by electric heating wires which is adopted in this research is a part of road facilities to keep surface temperature of the road higher than freezing point of water for melting the snow accumulated on it. The electric heating wires are buried under paved road at a certain depth and operated automatically and manually. Design theory, amount of heating, and installation standard vary according to economic situation, weather condition, installation place and each country applying the system. A main purpose of this study is figuring out the appropriate range of required heat capacity and installation depth and pitch for solving snowdrifts and freezing problems with minimum electric power consumption. This study was performed under the ambient air temperature(-2℃, -5℃), the pitches of the electric heating wires(200 mm, 300 mm), heating value(250 W/m2, 300 W/m2, 350 W/m2).

Recently a modern style sailing boat suitable for Korean sea was designed through full three dimensional design skill by the authors. In this paper, based on this three dimensional hull and deck design, a production process of 31ft class cruiser sailing boat was developed. First of all, it was possible to make the digital mock-up for design boat. Through this mock-up and RP(rapid prototyping) modeling, an appropriate general arrangement of design boat was able to be determined at final. And also the female deck mould was able to be made by a 5-axis NC cutting machine. By doing this method, more higher efficiency and precision for sailing boat production could be achieved than before. Through this research the total process of design and construction for the designed boat was established.

A self-regulatory community fisheries management program in Korea is designed to enhance fisheries resources, to protect fishing grounds of self-regulatory communities, and to manage their fisheries resources by their own regulations and knowledge. This study explored an applicable ecosystem-based management plan based on the scientific investigation and analysis. This study suggested objectives, indicators and reference points of the ecosystem-based resource management system which are applicable to selfregulatory community fisheries. The objectives of the management system are to maintain sustainable fisheries production, to maintain optimum fishing intensity, to reduce by-catch, to conserve spawning ground and habitat, to maintain optimum habitat environment, to increase/maintain abundance of prey species, to increase/maintain stock biomass, and to conduct stock enhancement on the basis of scientific assessment. The improved methods for the assessment and management are introduced by demonstrating a self-regulatory fishery which targets on hen clam in Dong-li fishing village in Busan.

To examine species composition, abundance and biomass of demersal organisms in the East Sea, bottom trawl survey was conducted at 7 sea areas from 2005 to 2007. A total of 107 species were collected and were composed of 54 fish species, 16 crustacea, and 37 mollusks in the East Sea from 2005 to 2007. Yearly abundance per area which caught by trawl survey in the East Sea from 2005 to 2007 ranged from a high of 292,234inds./km2 in 2005 to a low of 192,092inds./km2 in 2006. The abundance by sea area showed a peak in 76 sea area, and the lowest in 63 sea area. The abundance per area by season showed a peak in summer, and the lowest in spring. The most dominant species in abundance were Clupea pallasii, Neocrangon communis, Chionoecetes opilio. Yearly biomass per area which caught by trawl survey in the East Sea from 2005 to 2007 ranged from a high of 10,322kg/km2 in 2006 to a low of 7,096kg/km2 in 2005. The most dominant species in biomass were Chionoecetes opilio, Clupea pallasii, Dasycottus setiger. The biomass by sea area also showed a peak in 76 sea area, and the lowest in 93 sea area. The abundance by season also showed a peak in summer, and the lowest in spring. As a result of cluster analysis, demersal organisms community of 76 sea area showed a large difference with other sea area, and that of summer showed a large difference with other season.