세계적으로 꿀벌의 감소는 양봉산업에 대한 직접적인 피해와 간접적으로는 방화활동에 의존하는 식물들이 영향을 받아 농업적, 경제적으로 큰 손실을 초래한다. 이런 꿀벌 감소의 원인중 하나인 노제마병은 그 자체에 의한 피해와 더불어 다른 병원체에 대한 꿀벌의 감수성을 높여 그 피해를 가증시킨다. 국내 농가의 경우 80% 이상의 봉군이 노제마에 감염된 것으로 보고되어 있고, 현재 전 세계적으로 항생제 일종인 퓨마기린(상품명: Fumagillin - B)만이 유일한 방제제로 등록되어 있으나 그 효과는 미진한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 곤충병원성 곰팡이 342개 균주의 대사산물을 이용하여 스크리닝 방법으로 노제마의 포자 발아를 억제하는 균주의 항균활성을 평가하였고, 선발된 균주를 이용하여 서양종 꿀벌(Apis mellifera)에 대한 안전성 평가와 생물검정을 통해 꿀벌 노제마병의 생물학적 방제제로서 곤충병원성 곰팡이 대사산물의 적용 가능성을 확인하였다. 선발된 균주들은 Nosema ceranae에 대하여 증식억제 효과를 가지고 있으며, 꿀벌 노제마병의 생물학적 방제에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The identity of toxin producers remains only hypothesis unless there were identified by strain isolation and analytical confirmation of both the cyanotoxin production and the genetic identity of the monoculture. The purposes of this study were to identify a morphologic and phylogenetic classification in Aphanizomenon flos-aquae strains isolated from the Nakdong River and to investigate the potential ability of the strains to produce toxins such as saxitoxin and cylindrospermopsin using target genes. The 16S rRNA and sxtA, sxtI, cyrA, cyrJ genes were analyzed on two strains (DGUC001, DGUC003) isolated from the Nakdong River. Morphological features of the strains were observed a shape of aggregated trichomes in parallel fascicles which can reach up to macroscopic size and a hyaline terminal cell without aerotope. In addition, the 16S rRNA phylogenetic analyses showed that the strains were identified as the same species with high genetic similarity of 98.4% and grouped within a monospecific andsupported cluster I of Aphanizomenon flosaquae selected from GenBank of the NCBI. The cyrA and cyrJ genes encoding for the cylindrospermopsinbiosynthesis were not detected in the present study. The sxtA gene was in detected both the two strains, whereas the sxtI gene which had been suggested as a suitable molecular marker to detect saxitoxin-producing cyanobacteria was not found both the strains. Thus, the two strains isolated from Nakdong River were identified as the same species of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Ralfs ex Bornet et Flahault 1888, the two strains were confirmed as potential non-producing strains of the saxitoxin and cylindrospermopsin.

Euiam and Paldang Reservoirs have often been facing water quality problems, such as eutrophication, algal blooms and off-flavors by treated wastewater effluent (TWE) in the North-Han and the Han River basins, but little is examined on the direct biological effect of TWE. This study tested algal growth potential (AGP) of four TWEs discharged into Euiam and Paldang Reservoirs to evaluate water fertility in September 2014 and March and September 2015. Test alga was used Anabaena circinalis isolated from Paldang Reservoir. Mean concentration of T-N and T-P in TWEs was 3,956.7 μg N L-1 and 50.8 μg P L-1, and the proportion of NO3-N and PO4-P to the total fraction was 72.1% and 40.8%, respectively. Both N and P were high in TWEs, but much higher N than P concentration indicates strong P-limitation. As a consequence, the maximum AGP was determined by PO4-P concentration (r=0.998, p<0.01). Mean AGP value was 15.4 mg dw L-1 among four effluents indicating its eutrophic condition. Due to the establishment of tertiary (advanced T-P) treatment method in the studied plants recently, P concentration was significantly decreased in TWEs compared to the years prior to 2012. However, P concentration seems to be still high enough to cause eutrophication and algal blooms. Therefore, wastewater treatment to P-free level needs to be considered if effluents are directly discharged into the drinking water resources.

지금까지 한국산 다듬이벌레는 3개 아목(Trogiomorpha, Troctomorpha, Psocomorpha)의 7개 과에서 14종이 알려져 있다. 채집된 재료 를 바탕으로 동정을 실시한 결과, 2개 아목에 속하는 다음과 같은 10종을 추가한다: [Troctomorpha] Amphientomidae: Ancylentomus macrourus (Li, 1997); [Psocomorpha] Amphipsocidae: Amphipsocus japonicus (Enderlein, 1906), Caeciliusidae: Valenzuela oyamai (Enderlein, 1906), Paracaecilius japonicus (Enderlein, 1906), Stenopsocidae: Cubipilis aphidiformis (Enderlein, 1906), Stenopsocus immaculatus (Stephens, 1836), Peripsocidae: Peripsocus didymus Roesler, 1939, Psocidae: Amphigerontia anchorae Li, 2002, Psococerastis tokyoensis (Enderlein, 1906), Trichadenopsocus alternatus Li, 2002. 이 미기록종들에 대한 성충 및 진단형질의 사진을 제공하였다.

The Youngsan River estuary was physically changed by the construction of a sea embankment at near the mouth of estuary. Weirs were also constructed recently in the freshwater zone and it was reported that algal blooms occur more frequently. The freshwater introduced into saltwater zone from sluice gates of the embankment affects water quality but it has not been addressed that how the freshwater inputs influence the health of marine ecosystem. In this study, we used the data of water properties and phytoplankton communities collected at three stations for 4 days including before the freshwater discharge, during the discharge and after 1 and 2 days of discharge events. WQI (water quality index), TRIX (trophic status index) and P-IBI (phytoplankton index of biotic integrity) were used to evaluate the ecosystem health and long-term data were also utilized to determine the criteria for P-IBI. The results showed that grades of the ecosystem health assessed by the indices were low at the station near the gates and increased as downstream. However, the temporal pattern of grades was different depending on methods. Grades of WQI and TRIX decreased during the discharge and restored after the discharge whereas the grades of P-IBI decreased slightly even after the discharge. This suggests that P-IBI is more applicable to estuarine systems where experience extreme change of water properties than WQI and TRIX since P-IBI includes phytoplankton that can respond quickly to the change.

목 적 : 뇌 관류검사에서 일곱번의 exponential delay spacing PLD(post labeling delays)로 brain perfusion영상을 획득하여 재구성한 corrected rCBF(cerebral blood flow)map과 single PLD로 획득, 재구성한 rCBFmap을 비교하여 그 진단적 유용성을 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 2016년 6월부터 10월까지 뇌 혈관성 질환 의심 및 확진 환자 30명(환자의 평균 연령은 53.1세이고 남자12명 여자18명)을 대상으로 연구하였다. MR system은 Discovery 750W(General electronics. USA), 32channel head coil을 사용하였다. single delay ASL은 512 sampling points on 8 spirals, TR:4466ms, TE:10ms, NEX:2, post label delay:1525ms 의 권고 parameter, 7delays eASL은 640 sampling points on 4 spirals, TR:5868ms, TE:10ms, NEX:1의 권고 parameter 를 제외한 나머지 parameter 인 slice thickness: 6mm, number of slice:26, labeling plane: acquisition volume하방 20mm 로 동일하게 하고, post labeling delay를 각각 1회, exponential spacing 7 delays(label duration 1000ms~3500ms)로 하여 spirals 3D fast spin echo imaging sequence로 데이터를 획득, rCBFmap과 corrected rCBFmap을 비교하였다. 영상평가는 정량적 평가와 정성적 평가로 나누어 실시하였다. 정량적 평가는 각각의 rCBFmap에서 상대적 정상 flow가 유입된다고 판단되는 cerebellum의 CBF-value를 100%기준으로 하여 lesion이 확실한 단면, 또는 중간 번째 단면의 rCBFmap에 frontal lobe 4, parietal lobe 2, occipital lobe 2, 총 8구역에 동일한 크기의 ROI를 통해 측정한 CBF-value와의 대비(%)로 수치화 하여 평가하였고, 정성적 평가는 영상의학과 두경부 신경계 판독의 1명과 MRI실에 근무경력 3년 이상인 방사선사 2명 을 대상으로 리커트(Likert scale) 5점 척도로 평가하였다. 정량적, 정성적 평가 모두 SPSS 23.0(SPSS INC. Chicago. IL. USA)을 이용하여 p<0.05일 때 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 판단하였다. 측정, 평가자간 신뢰도는 반복 측정치를 이용한 급 내 상관계수인 ICC(intraclass correlation coefficient)를 구하여 0.75(p<0.05) 이상 나올 경우 신뢰성이 높은 것으로 간주하였다. 결 과 : 정량적 평가에서는 각 측정 부위에 대한 백분위 상대치의 평균값에서 측정 region A에서만 7delays eASL기법이 0.61낮은 수치를 보였을 뿐 B~H에 이르는 전 구간에서 각각 4.32, 7.69, 18.33, 11.46, 26.26, 16.47, 19.9만큼의 상대치 평균 차이가 높은 값을 보였고 모든 측정부위의 p-value는 p<0.05로 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 측정자간 신뢰도는 0.805~0.869(p<0.05)로 나타났다. 정성적 평가에서는 리커트 5점 척도 결과 single delay ASL, 7delays eASL 각 각 혈 류신호 균일성에서 2.75±0.94, 4.19±0.78 , 백질 회백질 구분에서 3.64±0.57, 4.08±0.81, 지연혈류 표현에서 2.25± 0.95, 4.16±0.83, 관류대조도 표현에서 3.75±0.50, 4.75±0.50의 결과를 보였다. 비교결과 7delays eASL의 평균 점수가 모두 높았으나 백질 회백질 구분 항목에서 p>0.05(p=0.130)으로 통계적 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았고 나머지 항목에서는 p<0.05(p=0.006, 0.007, 0.004)로 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 평가자간 신뢰도는 0.774~0.854(p<0.05)로 통계적 으로 높은 신뢰도를 나타냈다. 결 론 : 7 delays eASL을 이용하여 획득한 뇌관류(brain perfusion)영상은 single delay ASL의 영상과 비교했을 때 진단적으로 유효하다고 판단할 수 있다. 비교적 긴 시간 동안 혈류의 정보를 획득함으로 검사과정에서 발생 가능한 기술적 오류를 줄이고, 상대적으로 놓칠 수 있는 지연혈류의 확인이 가능한 7delays eASL 기법은 내인성(endogenous) 관류 획득 방법으로, 진단적으로 보다 개선된 뇌 관류영상을 얻는데 유용한 방법이라 판단된다.

목 적 : 표면코일의 신호강도를 최대로 하려면 Z축에 90°로 위치시켜야 한다. 그러나 여러 가지 원인으로 인해 코일의 기울 어짐이 빈번히 발생하는데, 위와 같은 경우 신호강도가 줄어들게 되어 병소의 경계를 불분명하게 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서 는 표면코일이 어느 정도 기울어질 때 신호강도가 저하되는지 측정하여 기준 각도를 제시함으로써 코일의 기울어짐으로 인해 신호강도가 저하되는 문제점을 개선해 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 연구방법은 표면 코일의 각도 변화에 따른 신호강도를 측정하기 위해 각도를 변화시킬 수 있는 틀을 자체 제 작한 후, Z축을 기준으로 0°에서부터 180° 까지 10°씩 표면코일을 변경시켜 구형 팬텀 영상을 획득하였다. 영상획득은 1.5T 초전도 자기공명영상 장치와 4채널 loop large 코일을 사용하여 표준 T1과 T2 영상을 획득하였으며, 획득한 영상의 신호강 도는 영상평가프로그램을 이용하여 측정하였고 측정된 신호강도는 일원배치분산 분석과 사후분석을 이용하여 신호강도가 급격히 저하되는 기준 각도를 알아보았다. 결 과 : 연구결과 신호강도는 T1, T2 영상 모두 90°(X-Y 평면)에 가까울수록 높게 측정 되었고 멀어질수록 감소하였다. 신 호강도가 급격히 저하되는 기준 각도를 알아보기 위해 일원배치분산분석과 Duncan의 사후분석을 시행한 결과 유의수준 0.05에 대한 부 집단 중 T1, T2 강조영상 모두 70°, 80°, 100°가 통계적으로 90°와 유의한 차이가 없어 동일한 신호강도임을 알 수 있다. 결 론 : 결론적으로 몸통이나 사지 등 body 코일을 사용하여 검사를 시행할 경우, 머리 쪽으로는 10°, 발쪽으로는 20° 이상 기울어지지 않는다면 보상이 필요 없으므로 보상 물질을 사용해 신호강도를 감소시키는 것보다 사용하지 않는 것이 최적의 신호강도를 얻을 수 있는 방법이라 사료된다

This study explored spatiotemporal variability of water quality in correspondence with hydrometeorological factors in the four stations of Euiam Reservoir located in the upstream region of the North-Han River from May 2012 to December 2015. Seasonal effect was apparent in the variation of water temperature, DO, electric conductivity and TSS during the study period. Stratification in the water column was observed in the near dam site every year and vanished between August and October. Increase of nitrogen nutrients was observed when inflowing discharge was low, while phosphorus increase was distinct both during the early season with increase of inflowing discharge and the period of severe draught persistent. Duration persisting high concentration of Chl-a (>25 mg m-3: the eutrophic status criterion, OECD, 1982) was 1~2 months of the whole year in 2014~2015, while it was almost 4 months in 2013. Water quality of Euiam Reservoir appeared to be affected basically by geomorphology and source of pollutants, such as longitudinally linked instream islands and Aggregate Island, inflowing urban stream, and wastewater treatment plant discharge. While inflowing discharge from the dams upstream and outflow pattern causing water level change seem to largely govern the variability of water quality in this particular system. In the process of spatiotemporal water quality change, factors related to climate (e.g. flood, typhoon, abruptly high rainfall, scorching heat of summer), hydrology (amount of flow and water level) might be attributed to water pulse, dilution, backflow, uptake, and sedimentation. This study showed that change of water quality in Euiam Reservoir was very dynamic and suggested that its effect could be delivered to downstream (Cheongpyeong and Paldang Reservoirs) through year-round discharge for hydropower generation.

The objective of this study was to determine the growth characteristics of cool (C1) and warm season grasses (C2) in pastures mixed with C1 and C2 at an altitude of 400 m in Jeju island to establishing pasture suitable for grazing horses and to evaluate the effect of pastures mixed with tall and short type grasses on the intake characteristics of horses. C1 used in this study was Kentucky bluegrass, redtop (short type grass) and tall type grasses were orchardgrass and tall fescue, respectively. Treatments of this study were consisted of four groups and the short type grass used in pastures mixed with C1 and C2 was mainly bermudagrass. Four treatment groups were follow as; Treatment 1 (bermudagrass + Kentucky bluegrass + redtop) 2) Treatment 2 (bermudagrass + tall fescue + orchardgrass) 3) Treatment 3 (Kentucky bluegrass + redtop) 4) Treatment 4 (tall fescue + orchardgrass). Bermudagrass was a little winter killing and inhibition of plant growth at an altitude of 400 m. Plant heights in pastures mixed with C1 and C2 were grown better than that in pastures mixed with C1. Especially, plant height in Treatment 4 was higher than other treatments. Dry matter yield was in the following order: Treatment 4> Treatment 3> Treatment 2> Treatment 1. Dry matter yield in pastures mixed with C1 increased as compared with pastures mixed with C1 and C2. Dry matter yield in Treatment 3 was higher than other treatments. In the first investigation regarding vegetation distribution, bermudagrass ratios among grasses in Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 were 11.7 and 13.3%, respectively. The growth of bermudagrass in winter was low due to the cold damage. However the growth of Kentucky bluegrass, redtop, tall fescue and orchardgrass was good. In the second investigation, bermudagrass ratios among grasses in Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 were 5.0 and 11.7%, respectively. Growth of forage in the second investigation was poor as compared to the first investigation. nutritive values(crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber content, acid detergent fiber content, digestibility) were good in pastures mixed with C1 Especially, nutritive values in pastures mixed with tall was higher than those of pastures mixed short grasses. P content among minerals in Treatment 1 was higher than other groups. However, the content of Ca, Mg and Mn were lower. The contents of Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn and Fe in Treatment 2 were higher. However, the contents of K, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn and Fe in Treatment 3 were lower. Therefore, we suggest that cool season grasses with short grasses were sowed to establishing pasture suitable for grazing horses at an altitude of 400 m in Jeju island.

본 연구는 농후사료의 급여수준을 달리하여 제주산마 에게 급여하는 경우에 체중 변화, 장내 미생물 조성 및 혈액성상의 변화에 미치는 효과를 구명하기 위하여 수행 되었다. 공시축으로 24-36개월의 제주산마(제주마×더러브 렛) 14두를 공시하였으며, 농후사료의 급여수준을 체중의 1.5%(5두), 2%(4두)와 2.5%(5두)로 급여하여 봄과 겨울 증 체율 및 혈액 특성과 생리적 변화를 조사하였다. 봄에 총 증체량은 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% 급여한 처리구에서 12.6kg, 21.5kg, 29.0kg, 겨울에 총 증체량은 21.6kg, 28.0kg, 42.6kg을 나타냈고, 일당 증체량은 봄에는 0.23kg, 0.39kg, 0.54kg, 겨울에는 0.40kg, 0.52kg, 0.79kg을 나타내어 체중의 2.5%를 섭취한 구에서 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 내독 소는 농후사료 과다 섭취에 의해 그람음성균의 세포벽에 서 방출되는 물질로 봄에 시행한 시험에서 3주차 때 농 후사료를 체중의 2%와 2.5%를 급여한 처리구에서 유의 적으로 낮은 결과를 나타내었으나(p<0.05) 이후에는 점차 모든 처리구에서 수치가 비슷해져 적응하는 경향을 보여 모든 처리구가 농후사료 급여에 적응하는 경향을 보였다. 봄에 실시한 실험에서 8주차에 분 pH는 농후사료를 체 중의 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% 급여한 처리구에서 각각 6.2, 5.8, 5.7로 나타나 농후사료를 체중의 2%와 2.5%를 급여한 처 리구에서 유의적으로 낮은 결과를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 직장온도는 겨울에 실시한 실험에서 8주차에 농후사료를 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%. 급여구에서 각각 37.8℃, 37.9℃, 38.4℃ 를 나타내어 농후사료 2.5% 급여구에서 직장온도가 유의 적으로 높은 수치를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 분내 미생물에 서는 셀룰로오스와 탄수화물(구조 탄수화물) 분해에 관여 하는 미생물로 알려진 Fibrobacter가 체중의 1.5% 급여했 을 경우 총 미생물군에서 2.49%를 차지하였고, 2%와 2.5% 급여구에서는 각각 1.42%와 1.09%를 차지하여 농후 사료 급여량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 결론적으로 농후사료 2.5%의 급여가 비육마 사육 방법으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

PURPOSES: The main purpose of this study is to develop a high elastic modulus and low-shrinkage roller-compacted concrete base (RCCB) in order to prevent fatigue cracking and reflective cracking in the asphalt surface layer of composite pavement. Using a rigid base material with low shrinkage can be a solution to this problem. Moreover, a strong rigid base with high elastic modulus is able to shift the location of critical tensile strain from the bottom of the asphalt layer to the bottom of the rigid base layer, which can prevent fatigue cracking in the asphalt layer. METHODS: Sensitivity analysis of composite pavement via numerical methods is implemented to determine an appropriate range of elastic modulus of the rigid base that would eliminate fatigue cracking. Various asphalt thicknesses and elastic moduli of the rigid base are used in the analysis to study their respective influences on fatigue cracking. Low-shrinkage RCC mixture, as determined via laboratory testing with various amounts of a CSA expansion agent (0%, 7%, and 10%), is found to achieve an appropriate low-shrinkage level. Shrinkage of RCC is measured according to KS F 2424. RESULTS : This study shows that composite pavements comprising asphalt thicknesses of (h1) 2 in. with E2 > 19 GPa, 4 in. with E2 > 15 GPa, and 6 in. with E2 > 11 GPa are able to eliminate tensile strain in the asphalt layer, which is the cause of fatigue cracking in this layer. Shrinkage test results demonstrate that a 10% CSA RCC mixture can reduce shrinkage by 84% and 93% as compared to conventional RCC and PCC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of numerical analyses using various design inputs, composite pavements are shown to be able to eliminate fatigue cracking in composite pavement. Additionally, an RCC mixture with 10% CSA admixture is able to reduce or eliminate reflective cracking in asphalt surfaces as a result of the significant shrinkage reduction in the RCC base. Thus, this low-shrinkage base material can be used as an alternative solution to distresses in composite pavement.

The purpose of the study was to simplify standard HACCP manual for improving the on-site applicability and increasing the implementation rate of HACCP program for small- and medium-sized dairy farms (SMDF). A survey was carried out in 32 SMDFs using a structured questionnaire. The results indicated that the number of workers had a positive correlation with HACCP certifications (p < 0.05). Most of HACCP non-certified farms (66.7%) were run by two workers with 40-60 cows and milking yields of 1,000-1,500 L per day. Major drawbacks for dairy farmers to implement current HACCP system were the difficulties in daily recording and facility management (40%). On the basis of the survey results, it was suggested that the development of on-site standard HACCP manual and user-friendly record chart with O/X checklist were the most urgent factors to increase HACCP implementation rate. In addition, the alternative third party service for microbial and chemical tests could also be accompanied for small-sized dairy farms.

Relatively low efficiency in anaerobic digestion process is mainly caused by unproper mixing method. In this study, tray motion type agitator was applied in actual anaerobic digestion tank in order to improve the digestion efficiency, equalize the flow velocity distribution and energy saving. The impeller of tray motion type agitator was reciprocated vertically. Gas lift type agitator and tray motion type agitator appears almost same mixing efficiency include digestion rates. However, tray motion type agitator have shown that lower energy consumption compared to the conventional gas lift type agitator. Implementation of tray motion type agitator in the anaerobic digestion tanks contributed to the stabilization of mixing environment, efficiency and energy efficiency of the tank.

This study was performed to investigate the quality characteristics of Yanggaeng, including color, pH, total polyphenol contents, and antioxidant activities, with the addition of aged garlic extract (0, 3, 6, 9 or 12%), aged at low temperatures. Among the color characteristics, the lightness value decreased, and the redness and yellowness values increased, proportional to the amount of garlic extract concentrate added to Yanggaeng. The pH of Yanggaeng significantly (p<0.05) decreased according to the amount of aged garlic extract added. Total phenol contents of control (0% aged garlic extract added Yanggaeng) was the lowest, followed by 3, 6, 9, 12% aged garlic extract added to Yanggaeng (88.15, 118.39, 156.91, 208.79 mg/g, respectively). Antioxidant activities, such as DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, significantly increased with increase in the aged garlic extract concentration. In the sensory evaluation for Yanggaeng, 6% aged garlic extract added to Yanggaeng had the highest score in taste, flavor, and overall acceptance. Based on these results, it is suggest that the addition of 6% aged garlic extract to Yanggaeng can be developed as a product for the elderly.

Recently, as demand for Electric Car has been increasing, it has been a main factor that maximizing performance and ensuring the stability of the Electric Car battery to increase the reliability of Electric Car. Above all the study on thermal control in a big influence on the performance and battery life is growing in parallel. This study has compared cooling effect of an Electric Car battery between battery with Heat Sink and without Heat Sink for optimum design of Electric Car battery. Battery is simply modeled into four cells, divided into two cases of battery with Heat Sink that attached on the cell's side and without Heat Sink. And this research was conducted on forced convection. The battery which is designed by this way was numerically analyzed by CFX 14.5. Numerical results, revealed that the battery with Heat Sink was superior in terms of cooling effect. According to the numerical analysis by battery cell's temperature variations, the battery with Heat Sink turned out to be superior in cooling effect to the battery without Heat Sink.

There is a growing concern on the improvement of water distribution pipeline for multi-regional water supply system in Korea along with its aging infrastructure. Rehabilitation of large diameter pipeline is more efficient in cost and time compared to replacement with trenching. The procedure for rehabilitation are diagnosis, cleaning, spraying coating material, and final inspection. The internal state of pipeline was carefully diagnosed and got C grade, which required rehabilitation. We found that 17,274,787,000 Korean won could be saved after pipe surface coating because of increased C coefficient of Hazen-Williams equation. Optimal coating material was D polyurea. We also found optimal distance between spraying nozzle and pipe wall to be 70 - 80 cm, which were critical factors for coating quality. This study also illustrated the time for spray drying to be more than 30 min. These results could be used in the quality control process during rehabilitation of aged pipelines.