Ooencyrtus nezarae lshii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a major egg parasitoid of Riptortus pedestris (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae). One of the components of the aggregation pheromone of R. pedestris, (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate (E2HZ3H), is known to attract O. nezarae female. Response of O. nezarae females to E2HZ3H and its isomers was studied using electro-antennogram (EAG) and field tests. O. nezarae females showed higher antennal response to E2HZ3H and Z2HE3H isomers than E2HE3H and Z2HZ3H. In field tests, O. nezarae females were attracted to E2HZ3H traps, but not to Z2E3 traps. Interestingly, the blend of E2HZ3H and Z2HE3H showed significant antagonistic activities to the attraction of O. nezarae females in the field. We conclude from this study that Z2HE3H is a potent antagonist to the behavioral response of O. nezarae.

There are many other detection methods for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. However, Baermann funnel method, PCR-based methods, which are laborious and time consuming processes that are unsuitable to rapid diagnose the Pine Wilt Disease (PWD) on the field. For these reasons, the aim of our experiment is not only to apply field diagnostic for pine wood nematode (PWN) but also to reduce total time for detection PWN in the pine trees by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with phosphate (Pi)-induced coloration reaction which could be yes or no answer for detection of PWN has not required UV detector but it just could be discriminated by naked eyes within 30 min. Genomic DNA was directly extracted from pine wood chips by Wood Chips Direct Lysis procedure which can be used for LAMP only after simple dilution. Our results suggest that LAMP-Pi detection method, simple and rapid method for detection of PWN, could be applied to the field diagnostic for PWD.

We had evaluated of insecticidal effect from Insecticide-treated net (ITN) that coated by deltamethrin against Monochamus alternatus which serves as a vector for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In this experiment, vector has been shown that rapid insecticidal effect response time within 1 hour when they were contacted with ITN. In addition, vectors were showed high mortality within 48 hours. To evaluate insecticidal persistency of ITN and whether releasing insecticide to water, ITNs were soaked in water over various time periods. Water has not shown insecticidal effect to vectors and small amount of insecticide were detected that would not be harmful to other non-target organic being such as honeybee. Also, reduction of insecticidal effect was not observed from the ITN. Taken together, our results suggest that ITN had got highly insecticidal effect to vector as well as could be applied to effectively prevent dispersal of the vector on the field.

A aderid genus Phytobaenus Sahlberg is reported from Korea for the first time based on P. amabilis amabilis Sahlberg. In Korea, only one aderid species, Hylophilus praescutellaris Pic, has been recorded in Korea. A redescription of the species and illustrations of diagnostic characteristics including male genitalia are provided.

White rice with grains is a nutritious meal that richly contains fiber, vitamin and mineral, but it is difficult for elderly people to masticate some grains and beans due to its hardness. This study was aimed to find the optimal mixing ratio of rice with texture modified grains and beans by comparing rheological properties. Beans were soaked in tap water for 24 hr at 20°C, cooked under pressure (1hr at 121°C), frozen for 24 hr at -18°C, and thawed in water bath for three hr at 30°C. The samples were submerged in macerating enzyme solution, left under vacuum at 60 mmHg for 5 min to infuse the enzyme into the intercellular spaces of samples, and rapidly returned to the atmospheric pressure. The samples were removed from enzyme solution, sealed in plastic bag, placed at 70°C for 20 min for enzyme activation and inactivated at 95°C for 15 min. The grains and texture modified beans were added to white rice with different ratio, soaked for one hr in enzyme solution under warming condition at 70°C, and steamed with electric pressure cooker. Cooked meals were rapidly cooled at -18°C for one hr, placed at 20°C for another one hr, and then rheological properties were measured with texture analyzer. The hardness of texture modified rice with grains was reduced to 2.3 ~ 4.1 × 104 N/m2 and the hardness of rice with beans was reduced to 3.8 ~ 4.8 × 104 N/m2 depending on mixing ratio. The cohesiveness was reduced by 1/3 ~ 2/3 respectively, while adhesiveness was not changed significantly, compared to those of cooked rice. These results suggest that cooked rice mixed with 30 ~ 40% of grain and 6 ~ 10% of bean would be appropriate for elderly people to consume without chewing difficulty.

The objective of this study was to investigate to influence of glutathione (GSH) on development and antioxidant enzyme activity in tetraploid porcine embryos. Tetraploid embryos were produced using parthenogenetic 2-cell embryo by electrofusion method. Tetraploid embryo development was observed every 24 hours and intracellular antioxidant enzyme activity was measured at 120 hours after electrofusion. The 4-cell to 16-cell stage tetraploid embryos was increased in 100 and 500 μM GSH-treated groups compared control group at 48 hours (P < 0.05) but cleavage rates were not significantly different among the GSH treatment groups at 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. Blastocyst formation was significantly increased by 300 and 500 μM GSH at 120 hours in tetraploid embryos (P < 0.05). But blastocyst cell number were not significantly different among the GSH treatment groups (16.4 ± 0.8, 16.8 ± 2.6, 18.5 ± 2.8 and 17.5 ± 1.8). The intracellular antioxidant enzyme level was increased in 500 μM GSH compared to 0 and 100 μM GSH (P < 0.05). We suggest that GSH may be improve development of tetraploid embryo in pigs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of uterine histotroph on embryo development and the expression of cysteine-rich protein 2 (CRP2), coatomer subunit gamma-2 (G2COP), myoglobin (MYG), vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGFD), collagen alpha 4 chain (COL4) and galactoside 3-L-fucosyltransferase 4 (FUT4) proteins in porcine embryo during pre-implantation. Uterine histotroph (UH) was collected from uterine horn on corpus albican phase, and embryos were cultured in porcine zygote medium with UH for 168 hours. Cleavage and blastocyst formation of embryo were detected at 168 hours after in vitro fertilization. And CRP2, G2COP, MYG, VEGFD, COL4 and FUT4 proteins were observed using confocal laser microscope. In results, embryo cleavage rate was not significantly changed by UH, but blastocyst rate was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in UH-treated embryos. Moreover, CRP2, G2COP, MYG, VEGFD, COL4 and FUT4 proteins were expressed in blastomere. CRP2 in embryo was significantly overexpressed (P<0.05), but not G2COP, MYG, VEGFD, COL4 and FUT4 proteins. In summary, UH on corpus albican phase was increased CRP2 protein in embryo, and inhibited blastocyst formation in preimplantation porcine embryos, suggesting that CRP2 may play an interrupter on embryo development in pigs.

The present study investigated the floral scent pattern and intensity of the floral organs in various species and cultivars of Maxillaria at different flowering stages using an electronic nose with 6 metal oxide sensors. The scents of species and cultivars showed various patterns overall, especially that of M. tenuifolia. The scent patterns of cultivars derived from M. variabillis formed a clustere that differed greatly from the origin M. variabillis. In M. tenuifolia, the scent pattern differed by stage, and was strongest at the initial flowering stage. Each floral organ showed different scent patterns; the sepal emitted the strong scent of all floral organs. This study establishes baseline data for the analysis scent of Maxillaria scents and for breeding aromatic orchids.

Porous carbons have attracted much attention for their novel application in gas storage. In this study, porous graphite nano-fiber (PGNFs)-based graphite nano fibers (GNFs) were prepared by KOH activation to act as adsorbents. The GNFs were activated with KOH by changing the GNF/KOH weight ratio from 0 through 5 at 900°C. The effects of the GNF/ KOH weight ratios on the pore structures were also addressed with scanning electron microscope and N2 adsorption/desorption measurements. We found that the activated GNFs exhibited a gradual increase of CO2 adsorption capacity at CK-3 and then decreased to CK-5, as determined by CO2 adsorption isotherms. CK-3 had the narrowest micropore size distribution (0.6–0.78 nm) among the treated GNFs. Therefore, KOH activation was not only a significant method for developing a suitable pore-size distribution for gas adsorption, but also increased CO2 adsorption capacity as well. The study indicated that the sample prepared with a weight ratio of ‘3’ showed the best CO2 adsorption capacity (70.8 mg/g) as determined by CO2 adsorption isotherms at 298 K and 1 bar.

This paper will discuss the role of humanship in marketing non-profit, for-profit, and public policy. Humanship is defined as leadership in one’s life or self-sponsorship through finding an optimal balance between awareness and action by focusing on one’s internal locus of control. In essence, it reflects the need to bring the ‘human’ back to the center stage as the end and not just the means to service, product, and policy delivery. In addition, strengths perspective is presented as the theoretical foundation of branding of such human strength—highlighting the benefit of tapping into one’s strengths in generating positive program outcomes (non-profit), favorable product image and increased sales (for-profit), and improved policy impact (public policy). The added value of branding humanship has to do with the consumers’ shift in seeking the virtues that define quality of life, happiness, and meaning in life as they relate to services, products, and policies. Since of the inception of the Association for Consumer Research (ACR) with the mission “to improve the quality of life and well-being of consumers,” consumer researchers contributed to Consumer Transformative Research (TCR) movement have investigated various areas of social problems such as poverty (Blocker, Ruth, Sridharan, Beckwith, Ekici, Goudie-Hutton, et al., 2013), health (Criag, Burton, & Netemeyer, 2009; Grier & Kumanyika, 2009; Anderson & Ozanne, 2009), motivation (Burroughs, Chaplin, Pandelaere, Norton, Ordabayeva, Gunz, & Dinauer, 2013) as well as multiple methodological considerations. There is much more to be done in this arena for future TCR research and application of humanship as a new concept to make the human agent the empowered driver of non-profit, for-profit, and public decisions for whom the ultimate benefits will return. The human-centered approach empowers the consumers and will ultimately closes the gap in the principal-agent dilemma—who is the end beneficiary—in the ever more contracted out development of services, products and policies in the context of seller- buyer relationships. This requires transforming the traditional model of focusing on the ‘how’ through transactional relationships—normalized by the ‘give and take’ interactions in market economy—to a new model that values the question of ‘why’ consumers will decide to use the services, products, and policies. Therefore, branding based on humanship becomes a significant strategy in any organizational management. This paper discusses benefits and challenges of branding human strength are discussed in the context of working with low-income consumers through two case studies: Transforming Impossible into Possible (TIP) in Chicago, USA and DAIL Community in South Korea.

Ganoderma lucidum, a species of the class Basidiomycetes, attracts international attention due to the wide variety of its biological activities and great potential as cosmetic ingredient, such as skin care cosmetics including ‘skin-whitening’. However, there is little information available regarding the tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the chemical composition and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the G. lucidum. To isolate active single compound from G. lucidum (GASC), we conducted ethanol extraction and chloroform fractionation. In addition, we assayed the inhibitoty effect of tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. In the present study, we identified a GASC, which exhibited inhibitory effects of cellular tyrosinase activity, the protein expression of cellular tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1, 2. In additional, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), as known as crucial regulator of melanogenesis-related genes, was down-regulated by treatment with GASC in a concentration-dependent manner. GASC exhibited significant inhibition of tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis in B16F10. The finding that melanogenesis inhibitory effect of GASC will contribute to facilitate various approaches of this mushroom for use in skin whitening products.

In our previous study, active-single compound (ASC), inhibitor of melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cell, was identified from Ganoderma lucidum. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the change of the ASC contents in G. lucidum when oriental raisin tree (ORT) was added in cultivation of G. lucidum. In HPLC analysis, significantly increased ASC peak was observed in G. lucidum extract supplemented with 15% (v/v) of ORT. In addition, melanogenesis inhibitory effect of G. lucidum extract supplemented with 15% of ORT significantly increased when compared to G. lucidum extract without ORT supplementation. Furthermore, ORT supplementation increased mycelial growth of G. lucidum in both solid and liquid cultivation. These results suggest that oriental raisin tree is useful as natural ingredient for increasing bioactivity including skin-whitening effect and mycelial growth of G. lucidum.

In the present study, we evaluated the effect of CGM on osteogenic differentiation of cultured osteoblasts, and determined whether combination treatment with LLLT had synergistic effects on osteogenic differentiation. The results indicated that CGM promoted proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblasts at the threshold concentration of 10 μg/ml; whereas, CGM showed cytotoxic properties at concentrations above 100 μg/ml. ALP activity and mineralization were increased at concentrations above 10 μg/ml . CGM in concentrations up to 10 μg/ml also increased the expression of osteoblast-activated factors including type I collagen, BMP-2, RUNX2, and Osterix. The CGM (50 μg/ml) and LLLT (80 mW for 15 sec) combination treatment group showed the highest proliferation levels, ALP activity, and mineralization ratios. The combination treatment also increased the levels of phosphorylated forms of p38, ATF2, PKD, ERK, and JNK. In addition, the osteoblast differentiation factors including type I collagen, BMP-2, RUNX2, and Osterix protein levels were clearly increased in the combination treatment group. These results suggested that the combination treatment of CGM and LLLT has synergistic effects on the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic cells.

Graphene was grown on molybdenum (Mo) foil by a chemical vapor deposition method at different growth temperatures (1000°C, 1100°C, and 1200°C). The properties of graphene were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the quality of the deposited graphene layer was affected by the growth temperature. XRD results showed the presence of a carbide phase on the Mo surface; the presence of carbide was more intense at 1200°C. Additionally, a higher I2D/IG ratio (0.418) was observed at 1200°C, which implies that there are fewer graphene layers at this temperature. The lowest ID/IG ratio (0.908) for the graphene layers was obtained at 1200°C, suggesting that graphene had fewer defects at this temperature. The size of the graphene domains was also calculated. We found that by increasing the growth temperature, the graphene domain size also increased.

As a one of unsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have multiple actions: as precursor of prostaglandins (PGs), steroid hormone synthesis and energy production in animal reproduction. PUFAs, which include omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), are derived from the diet and changed by diet, species, breed and season. The plasma membrane of spermatozoa in mammals contain various PUFAs. These composition of PUFAs regulate the membrane fluidity and cause lipid peroxidation via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Induced lipid peroxidation by ROS decreased viability and motility of spermatozoa, and it is reduced by addition of antioxidant and low concentration of PUFAs. Because oocytes of animal have a high lipid components, process of oocyte maturation and embryo development are influenced by PUFAs. In in vitro study, oocyte maturation, embryo development, intracellular cAMP and MAPK activity were increased by treatment of n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA) during maturation, whereas n-6 linoleic acid (LA) negatively influenced. Also, inhibition of fatty acid metabolism in oocyte influenced blastocyst formation of cattle. PGs are synthesized from PUFAs and various PUFAs influence PGs via regulation of PG-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS). Steroid hormone synthesis from cholesterol is regulated by expression of steroid acute regulator (StAR) protein and mRNA. Exogenous n-3 and n-6 PUFAs altered sex hormone in animal through stimulate or inhibit StAR activity. Because PUFAs altered PG and steroid hormone synthesis, follicular development was influenced by PUFAs. This effect of unsaturated fatty acid could provide information for improvement of reproductive ability in animals.

Carbon blacks (CBs) have been widely used as reinforcing materials in advanced rubber composites. The mechanical properties of CB-reinforced rubber composites are mostly controlled by the extent of interfacial adhesion between the CBs and the rubber. Surface treatments are generally performed on CBs to introduce chemical functional groups on its surface. In this study, we review the effects of various surface treatment methods for CBs. In addition, the preparation and properties of CB-reinforced rubber composites are discussed.

미꾸라지에서의 Nitrofuran계 대사물질인3-amino-2-oxazolidone (AOZ), 5-morpholinomethyl-3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), 1-ammino-hydantoin (AHD)와 semicarbazide (SEM)의 잔류량을 검사하기 위해HPLC-MS/MS를 이용한 신속한 정량법이 개발되었다. 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (2-NBA)를 이용해 50℃에서 1시간 동안 산 가수분해와 유도체화 과정을 거친 뒤에, 액-액 분배로 정제와 추출을 하였다. 회수율은 음성시료에 3가지 농도 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 μg/kg의 표준액을 첨가하여 평가하였고 평균 회수율은 75.1-108.1% 이었다. 정밀성(%RSD)은 일내 8.7% 이하, 일간 8.5% 이하였다. 직선성은 NBAOZ는 0.2-20 μg/Kg, NBAMOZ는 0.8-20 μg/Kg, NBAHD는 0.2-20 μg/Kg, NBSEM 는 0.1-20 μg/Kg 범위에서 모두 상관계수 0.99이상이었다. 검출한계(LOD)는 NBAOZ 0.06 μg/Kg, NBAMOZ 0.24 μg/Kg, NBAHD 0.06 μg/Kg, NBSEM 0.03 μg/Kg이었고, 정량한계(LOQ)는 NBAOZ 0.2 μg/Kg, NBAMOZ 0.8 μg/Kg, NBAHD 0.2 μg/Kg, NBSEM 0.1 μg/Kg 이었다. 가수분해 및 유도체화 소요시간을 1시간으로 줄여 만든 신속 간편한 이 시험법이미꾸라지 중 nitrofuran metabolites잔류량 분석에 적합함을 확인할 수 있었다.

Oxalic acid has a nematicidal activity against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. High producer of oxalic acid was isolated, and then named as Aspergillus niger F22. Oxalic acid production was investigated under various temperatures from 20 – 33oC and rotational speeds in 5 L jar fermenters. Yield of oxalic acid increased with decreasing temperature. The highest yield was obtained at 23oC, showing the yield of oxalic acid of 8.7 g/L, whereas oxalic acid production was least at 33oC. At 20oC, the yield was lower than that of 23oC. At a rotational speed of 300 rpm, serious oxygen depletion was present from 48 - 72 h, resulting in low productivity of 26.2 mg /L·h. When a rotational speed was set at 600 rpm, dissolved oxygen tension was over 40% and oxalic acid production increased up to approximately 55%. Viscosity during the culture differed with temperatures. Viscosity increased with the increment of temperatures. When A. niger F22 was cultured at 23oC, viscosity was 810 cP, which was favorable for oxalic acid production.