분단 시기 동독과 서독의 취학 전 아동교육에서 나타난 차이 및 협력 의 내용과 의미, 통일 이후 동서독 취학 전 아동교육의 통합과정과 특징, 통일 전후의 독일 사례가 우리에게 주는 시사점을 분석하였다. 이를 위 해 독일의 문헌 및 통계자료를 활용했다. 분단에도 서독에서는 취학 전 아동교육을 부모가 담당하는 전통이 이어졌다. 반면 동독은 국가 주도의 취학 전 아동교육을 통해 체제순응적인 인간형을 만들고자 노력했고 국 가 전반적으로는 성과를 거두었다. 다만 서독 교회의 지원으로 유지된 동독 교회에서의 취학 전 아동교육은 기독교에 기초해 사회를 바라보고 동독 체제를 비판하는 토양이 되었다. 교육을 담당했던 성직자, 교육을 받은 아동들이 자라나 동독 변화와 붕괴의 주역이 되었다. 통일 이후 취 학 전 아동교육은 자유와 창의를 중시하는 서독식으로 통합이 진행되었 다. 다만 여성의 사회진출 증가로 아동교육에 대한 수요가 증가하자 동 독에서와 같이 국가의 역할이 커졌다. 동독과 달리 북한의 경우 취학 전 아동에 대한 인도주의적 지원이 절실하다. 지원은 북한의 변화와 통일을 위해서도 반드시 필요하다. 우리가 독일과 같은 ‘자유민주적 기본질서’로 통일된다면, 북한의 취학 전 아동교육은 우리식으로 바뀌어야 한다. 통일 이후 북한 여성노동력의 활용에 따라 아동교육에 대한 수요도 증가할 가 능성이 크다. 따라서 북한의 취학 전 아동교육 시설은 국가 전반적 통합 계획에 따라 정비･폐쇄･확대가 이루어져야 한다.

The purpose of this study intends to development of a lap scale 1-ton standard combustion chamber. The manufactured standard combustion chamber analyzes pilot combustion tests and emission standard data of MGO fuel oil. The actual capacity of the standard combustion chamber is about 900L, total weight of 265kg. As a result of the pilot combustion test, the O2 was about 8.01% and the CO2 was about 9.34%. In the case of NOx, it was about 33.50 ppm, and SOx (SO2) was about 0.76ppm. The combustion efficiency was about 72.41%, the exhaust gas temperature was 366.7℃, and the combustion chamber internal temperature was about 448.0℃.

The existing wire mesh clip forming process requires improvement as the production process is semi-automatic, which greatly threatens the safety of workers and exposes them to labor intensity and industrial accidents. In this research and development, we designed and developed an automated wire mesh automatic clip system by improving problems in the existing welded wire mesh production process. As a result, the production volume per hour was improved from 450 to 516, and the clip formation time was improved, shortening the production time to 42.5 seconds. Additionally, the defect rate was reduced from 7% to less than 3%.

This study intends to use the possibility of an eco-friendly alternative fuel to be applied to ships as a sample manufacturing method for ship MGO and bioethanol mixed fuel oil as basic evidence. The components of the manufactured mixed fuel oil were analyzed using the ISO-8217 standard testing method. As a result of analysis showed that in the lower calorific value decreased to 43030J/g at BE0 fuel and 37010J/g at BE30 fuel. The high calorific value decreased to 46.065MJ/kg at BE0 fuel and 39.460MJ/kg at BE30 fuel. The density decreased to 840.8kg/m3 at BE0 fuel and 837.0kg/m3 at BE30 fuel. In the case of flash point it was 67.5℃ when BE0, and decreased to less than 40.0℃ when BE10 to BE30. Finally the Kinematic Viscosity was 3.011mm2/s at BE0 and decreased to 2.502mm2/s at BE30.

In this study, the shape evaluation and design of the spare tire carrier for SUV (sports utility vehicle) were addressed through structural analysis. Spare Tire Carrier analysis was conducted to evaluate rigidity, and strength and improvement measures for appropriate shapes were found and reflected in the design. Through structural analysis of the spare tire carrier, this study was conducted to derive an optimal design plan as the stiffness and strength needed to be increased for stable installation of the spare tire carrier. Compared to the existing model, the bar, which was curved, was changed to a straight line to shorten the length, thereby increasing rigidity. In addition, because the moment was concentrated in the structure of the rear hanger mounting bracket, the side part of the bracket was extended, but the cross member stiffness was relatively weak, so it did not have a significant effect.

안양천의 어류 군집 특성과 어류상에 대한 수질의 영향을 밝히기 위해 2022년 4~6월과 8~10월에 20개 지점을 2회 조사하였다. 조사 기간 동안 채집된 어류는 5목 10과 34종 3,186개체였다. 우점종은 피라미(Zacco platypus, 43.4%) 였고, 아우점종은 붕어(Carassius auratus, 10.1%), 그 다음으로 잉어(Cyprinus carpio, 7.6%), 참갈겨니(Zacco koreanus, 6.2%), 돌고기(Pungtungia herzi, 5.2%), 대륙송사리(Oryzias sinensis, 5.1%), 참붕어(Pseudorasbora parva, 4.7%), 긴몰개(Squalidus gracilis majimae, 4.4%), 버들치(Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, 3.5%), 치리(Hemiculter eigenmanni, 3.3%), 흰줄납줄개(Rhodeus ocellatus, 1.4%), 가숭어(Chelon haematocheilus, 1.0%) 등의 순으로 우세하 게 출현하였다. 출현종 중 한국고유종은 각시붕어(Rhodeus uyekii), 긴몰개, 몰개(Squalidus japonicus coreanus), 참갈 겨니, 얼록동사리(Odontobutis interrupta) 5종(14.7%)이었고, 외래종은 이스라엘잉어(Cyprinus carpio Israeli type), 블루길(Lepomis macrochirus), 배스(Micropterus salmoides), 구피(Poecilia reticulata) 4종(11.8%)이었다. 어류 군집 분석 결과, 우점도는 상류가 높았고 하류로 가면서 낮아졌으며, 다양도와 풍부도, 균등도는 본류보다 지류에서 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였다. 하천건강성을 평가한 결과, 7개 지점에서 보통(C), 8개 지점에서 나쁨(D), 5개 지점에서 매우 나쁨(E)으로 평가되어 좋지 않았다. 수질은 8개 지점을 평가한 결과, 4개 지점은 보통(III), 2개 지점은 나쁨(V), 1개 지점은 약간 나쁨(IV), 1개 지점은 약간 좋음(II)으로 평가되어, 전체적인 수질은 나쁘게 나타났으며, 수질이 하천건 강성과 어류의 서식에 큰 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 추정되었다. 또한 안양천에 어도가 없는 보가 많이 설치되어 있어 어류의 이동에 장애물로 작용하고 있었다. 따라서 하천건강성을 높이고 안정적인 어류의 서식을 위해서는 수질을 개선할 수 있는 체계적인 관리방안이 필요하고 보에 어도 설치가 요구되었다.

The directed energy deposited (DED) alloys show higher hardness values than the welded alloys due to the finer microstructure following the high cooling rate. However, defects such as microcracks, pores, and the residual stress are remained within the DED alloy. These defects deteriorate the wear behavior so post-processing such as heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) are applied to DED alloys to reduce the defects. HIP was chosen in this study because the high pressure and temperature uniformly reduced the defects. The HIP is processed at 1150°C under 100 MPa for 4 hours. After HIP, microcracks are disappeared and porosity is reduced by 86.9%. Carbides are spherodized due to the interdiffusion of Cr and C between the dendrite and interdendrite region. After HIP, the nanohardness (GPa) of carbides increased from 11.1 to 12, and the Co matrix decreased from 8.8 to 7.9. Vickers hardness (HV) decreased by 18.9 % after HIP. The dislocation density (10-2/m2) decreased from 7.34 to 0.34 and the residual stress (MPa) changed from tensile 79 to a compressive -246 by HIP. This study indicates that HIP is effective in reducing defects, and the HIP DED Stellite 6 exhibits a higher HV than welded Stellite 6.

PURPOSES : This study aims to provide societal benefits that demonstrate the effectiveness of remodeling projects, thereby providing a basis for activating and systematically and continuously promoting remodeling projects METHODS : Using the International Roughness Index (IRI) and World Bank's HDM-4, a model for vehicle operating costs was estimated. The change in vehicle operating costs was calculated by inputting the pre- and post-remodeling IRI values into the estimated model. Additionally, the future IRI over the life cycle was derived using the results of a study on the changes in pavement conditions between conventional and remodeling methods. The vehicle operating costs for different maintenance alternatives were compared by inputting them into the estimated model. RESULTS : The improvement in road smoothness after the project resulted in an annual vehicle operating cost benefit of approximately 1.6 billion won, with an estimated benefit per kilometer of approximately 64 million won. Furthermore, a comparison of vehicle operating costs for maintenance alternatives over the life cycle revealed that the remodeling method led to savings of 2.1 billion won compared with conventional methods. CONCLUSIONS : The findings of this study will serve as fundamental data supporting the necessity and justification for remodeling projects, particularly in the current scenario, where the need for maintenance of existing roads exhibits a faster growth trend than the extension of new roads. Additionally, this study could be supplemented by further research focusing on the consideration of pavement conditions in unit cost estimation and additional benefit estimation studies tailored to remodeling projects.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to predict the number of future COVID-19 confirmed cases more accurately using public and transportation big data and suggested priorities for introducing major policies by region. METHODS : Prediction analysis was performed using a long short-term memory (LSTM) model with excellent prediction accuracy for time-series data. Random forest (RF) classification analysis was used to derive regional priorities and major influencing factors. RESULTS : Based on the daily number of COVID-19 confirmed cases from January 26 to December 12, 2020, as well as the daily number of confirmed cases in Gyeonggi Province, which was expected to occur on December 24 and 25, depending on social distancing, the accuracy of the LSTM artificial neural network was approximately 95.8%. In addition, as a result of deriving the major influencing factors of COVID-19 through random forest classification analysis, according to the number of people, social distancing stages, and masks worn, Bucheon, Yongin, and Pyeongtaek were identified as regions expected to be at high risk in the future. CONCLUSIONS : The results of this study can help predict pandemics such as COVID-19.

본 연구에서는 인천광역시에서 유통 중인 한약재의 안 전성을 확인하기 위해 24품목의 50건을 대상으로 345종 의 잔류농약을 분석하였다. 잔류농약은 미량으로도 인체 의 건강에 해를 가할 수 있는 유해 물질로 주의가 필요하 다. 기준 규격외 다양한 잔류농약 확인을 위해, QuEChERS 법으로 전처리후 분석한 결과, 7품목 24건(48%)의 한약재 에서 총 22종의 잔류농약이 검출되었으며, 농약이 검출된 한약재는 천궁, 택사, 당귀, 백지 순으로 많았다. 검출 농 약 중 2건을 제외하고는 모두 기준이 설정되어 있지 않은 농약이었으나, 위해 평가 결과 안전한 수준으로 확인되었 다. 또한, 동일 품목에서 다빈도로 검출되는 농약을 확인 하여, 해당 품목의 지속적인 잔류농약 모니터링의 필요성 을 시사하였으며, 대한약전의 전처리법에 따른 비교분석 에서도 동일한 농약이 검출되어, QuEChERS법을 이용한 생약의 잔류농약 분석 가능성을 제시하였다. 결과적으로, 소비자 안전을 위해서 기준규격 잔류농약 항목 외에도, 생 약에 대한 지속적인 잔류농약 모니터링과 신뢰성 높은 고 효율 분석법 개발 연구가 계속 필요할 것이다.

본 논문에서는 다이나믹크리깅 대리모델 기반 자동차 브레이크 패드 마모량 측정센서 브라켓의 설계최적화를 소개한다. 브레이크 작동시 마찰재 바닥의 온도가 600°C 이상으로 상승하고, 이 열이 전달되어 센서의 기능을 상실시킨다. 따라서 열전달을 최소화하는 브라켓 형상의 설계최적화는 필수적이다. 최적화에 소요되는 계산비용을 절감하기 위해 다이나믹크리깅 대리모델로 열전달 시뮬레 이션을 대체하였다. 다이나믹크리깅은 최적의 상관함수와 기저함수를 선정하였으며, 정확한 대리모델을 도출하였다. 최적화 결과 센 서위치의 온도가 초기모델에 비해 7.57% 감소하였으며, 이를 열전달 시뮬레이션으로 다시 한번 확인하여 대리모델 기반 최적설계가 유의미함을 검증하였다.

PURPOSES : Under the Traffic Safety Act, the installation and management of transportation facilities (facilities and attachments necessary for the operation of transportation, such as roads, railways, and terminals) must take necessary measures to ensure traffic safety, such as enhancing safety facilities. Recently, railway operators have graded the congestion level inside railway stations and vehicles, addressing safety and convenience issues arising from congestion and providing this information to users. However, for bus-related transportation facilities (such as bus stops, terminals, and transfer facilities), criteria and related research for assessing traffic congestion are lacking. Therefore, this study developed a model for the congestion risk factors of four bus-related transportation facilities and proposed criteria for classifying congestion risk levels. METHODS : This study involved selecting congestion risk influence variables for each traffic facility through field surveys, calculating congestion risk index values through evacuation and pedestrian simulations, and constructing a congestion risk influence model based on the ridge model. RESULTS : The factors influencing congestion were selected to include the number of people waiting, effective sidewalk width, and number of bus stops. As a result of developing congestion risk grades, the central bus stops were determined to be in a severe stage if the Average Waiting Time (AWT) was 2.7 or above. Roadside bus stops were considered severe at 4.2, underground metropolitan transit centers at 3.7, and bus terminals at 5.9 or above. CONCLUSIONS : This study can help establish a foundation for a safety management system for congested areas in transportation facilities. When the congestion risk prediction results correspond to cautionary or severe levels, measures that can reduce congestion risk must be applied to ensure the safety of road users.

This study examined the quality characteristics of 10 different lines of native peppers collected from organic farms in Chungbuk province. The study found a strong correlation between the redness (a*) and ASTA values, which both contribute to the perceived quality of peppers. The highest values were observed in the Iyugsa line. The content of capsaicinoid and beta-carotene also showed a positive correlation, with Chilsungcho having the highest statistically significant value. While the total polyphenol content did not correlate with the other indicators, Chilsungcho again had the highest levels. The Yuwolcho line exhibited the highest ABTS radical scavenging ability, while the Eumseongcho line showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging ability. Taking into account the overall bioactivity quality, Chilsungcho had the highest values in terms of total polyphenol, beta-carotene, capsaicinoid, and redness. It also had the second highest total flavonoid content, ABTS, and DPPH radical scavenging activity, all statistically significant. Therefore, Chilsungcho can be considered an excellent choice when considering physiological activity. Furthermore, this study provides valuable information about the unique characteristics of these 10 native pepper lines, which can assist in selecting the appropriate pepper for food manufacturing and serve as a helpful resource for future research.

In this study, an evaluation system that can be used to evaluate the feasibility of developing and supplying hydrothermal energy for the operation of large-scale complex facilities was developed. To this end, this study derived factors to be considered when selecting a location for the use of hydrothermal energy using raw water from multi-purpose dams and regional water supply systems through literature survey and expert interviews. The evaluation indicators derived from this study are divided into four sectors: hydrothermal energy utilization factors, location factors, planning factors, and disaster safety factors, and are composed of 10 mid-level indicators and 34 detailed planning indicators. The relative importance of all factors was derived using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique, and the developed evaluation indicators and relative importance were applied to four multi-purpose dam regions in the country. As a result, it was found that in the development and use of hydrothermal energy utilizing regional raw water supply line the urban planning conditions of the supply site can have a greater impact on the location selection results than the hydrothermal energy development itself. Due to the characteristics of the evaluation indicators developed in this study and their nature as comprehensive indicators, it is believed that the results should be applied to determine the overall adequacy of site selection in the early stages of hydrothermal energy development. In the future, it is believed that it will be necessary to analyze the problems in supplying and operating hydrothermal energy using raw water from multi-purpose dams and regional water resources. Based on the analysis the evaluation system developed in this study is expected to be improved and supplemented.

본 연구는 한국의 민주주의 발전과정과 공고화 제고에 관한 연구로 가 장 권위적인 국가였던 한국이 민주주의의 공고화에 성공한 원인을 군부 의 역할 중심으로 알아본다. 민중으로부터 어렵게 민주주의를 획득한 국 가들 중 여러 국가들이 공고화 단계에서 혹은 공고화 되었더라도 다시 군에 의해, 독재자에 의해 다시 권위주의로 복귀하는 여러 국가들이 있 다. 멕시코, 아르헨티나, 나이지리아 등은 민주주의에 역행하는 위기 선 상에 있는 국가들이다. 아르헨티나는 민주화 이후에도 잦은 반란으로 군 부에 대한 통제가 되지 않았고 군부가 후견적으로 행정부나 입법부의 정 책 운영을 장악하는 등 여전히 군부가 일정 수준의 자율성을 보유하고 있다. 멕시코나 나이지리아 역시 민주주의의 여러 요건들이 충족되지 않 고 있는 상황이다. 반면, 한국은 민주화 이후, 군부의 역할이 컸고, 민주 주의 이행 과정에서 권위주의로 다시 돌아가지 않도록 법적 제도화하였 다. 이는 민주주의 이행 이후, 공고화 과정에서 내부적 갈등을 겪는 여러 국가들과 차별화된 요인이라 볼 수 있다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of Campbell Early grape-added traditional Korean wines (yakju) prepared with different yeasts and pretreatments. The first pretreatment (A) was prepared by crushing the grapes, the second method (B) was prepared by heating the grapes at 60~70℃ for 30 minutes, and the third method (C) was prepared by freeze-concentrating grape juice. The pH of the fermented wines ranged from 3.77 to 4.10, and the total acidity of the samples ranged from 0.32 to 0.62%. The a value (redness) ranged from –0.40 to 17.89, which was higher in Campbell Early-added samples than in the controls (grapes not added). Total polyphenol content was the highest in samples prepared by crushing or heating Campbell Early grapes with ES22, and the total flavonoid contents were the highest in samples prepared by crushing Campbell Early grapes with ES22. The anthocyanin contents were also the highest in the samples fermented by heating Campbell Early grapes. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were also the highest (84.08 and 77.56%, respectively) in samples fermented by heating Campbell Early grapes.