Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis (family Salmonidae), cold freshwater fish, is endemic to Asia. This species is currently distributed throughout Russia, Mongolia, China and the Korean Peninsula. B. lenok tsinlingensis in South Korea was severely affected by anthropogenic activities such as habitat destruction, agricultural run-off and water pollution, and hence this fish has recently been dramatically decreased in its population sizes and become now critically endangered. To recover the number of individuals of B. lenok tsinlingensis, stocking or translocation programs have been conducted continuously by local governments since 1970s. However, these programs made little effort to clarify populations that may have originated from stocked, translocated or introduced fish. An understanding of genetic characteristics of endangered populations is critical to develop effective conservation and restoration plans especially because genetic diversity ensues their future fate. Therefore, we assessed the “conservation status” of this species by estimating the level of genetic diversity and genetic structure among ten geographic populations including restored populations via reinforcement and supplementation. Also, we aimed to trace the genetic origins of the newly translocated population (Chiak) through a restoration practice program. Moreover, we inferred the phylogenetic relationships among Korean lenok populations as well as across the Northeast Asia. Two hundred eighteen individuals of B. lenok tsinlingensis were sampled from ten localities (Yanggu, Injae, Seorak, Bangtae and Hongcheon: North Han River basin; Pyeongchang, Chiak and Jeongseon: South Han River basin; Taebaek and Bonghwa: Nakdong River basin in South Korea). Based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and eight nuclear microsatellite loci, we found extremely low levels of within-population genetic diversity, which suggests small effective population sizes (Ne) within populations. For mtDNA control region, each population housed one, or at most, two haplotypes that are restricted to the respective localities, meaning that these ‘genetically unique’ lineages will be lost permanently if the local populations undergo extinction. The overall values of haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) for the entire Korean population were 0.703 ± 0.024 and 0.021 ± 0.010, respectively. In the case of microsatellites, average number of alleles across the eight loci for the entire population was 9.1 and allelic richness (AR) per population ranged from 2.375 to 4.144 (mean = 3.104). The values of observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) were similar to each other [HO: 0.400 ~ 0.590 (mean = 0.518); HE: 0.407 ~ 0.608 (mean = 0.504)]. The inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values were generally low, ranging from 0.048 to 0.279. Consequently, the majority of the populations (except Yanggu and Pyeongchang) were not significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), suggesting random mating at these loci tested. In addition, we found that Korean lenok populations were significantly genetically isolated from each other, with private mtDNA haplotypes and microsatellite alleles, indicating limited gene flow among populations, strong effects of genetic drift due to small Ne, or a combination of both. The Mantel test of microsatellites revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.414, P = 0.04) between genetic and geographic distances for pairwise comparisons among the ten populations, while that of mtDNA showed a lack of correlation. Given the shared identical mtDNA haplotype and similar microsatellite allelic distributions between Chiak and Hongcheon populations, we suggest that the restored (introduced) Chiak population would be inferred to be genetically originated from Hongcheon population. Phylogenetic relationships among Northeast Asian populations showed that South Korean lineages have more recently diverged from China (Yellow River), than between North Korea and Russia. Although the phylogenetic relationship would be expected to be associated with geography, South-North Korea and China populations with a similar latitude was more phylogenetically closely related. These findings may suggest a possible scenario for the historical movements of B. lenok tsinlingensis in Northeast Asia during Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). It would be supported by the line of evidence that most lenok populations migrated to southward from Northern Asia such as Russia and Mongolia during LGM because the Korean Peninsula was landlocked as inland epoch and functioned as a southern shelter with Yellow River. For this reason, the Korean Peninsula is suggested to be an important geographical region for better understanding phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary histories of B. lenok tsinlingensis across the Northeast Asia. Despite large efforts made to develop several restoration programs in South Korea for B. lenok tsinlingensis, it is still unknown whether these past restoration efforts were successful or fruitless, mainly because of little attention paid to post-restoration monitoring research. Hence, there was a lack of their published official records. In the future, conservation and restoration projects of the Korean lenok populations should consider the genetic data for a better understanding of their ecological and evolutionary trajectories. And finally, we hope that our findings here can help inform on the future effective conservation and restoration plans for B. lenok tsinlingensis populatio ns in South Korea.

본 연구는 여름철 참외 시설재배시 저압포그 처리에 의한 온도하강 및 과실 품질 향상 효과를 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 2015년 7월 26일 10시부터 18시까지 의 하우스 내부의 평균 온도는 무처리구 43.0oC에 비해 저압포그 처리구에서 35.4oC로 무처리구에 비해 7.6oC 정도 낮았다. 8월 13일 과실의 특성을 조사한 결과, 과중은 무처리구의 432g에 비해 96g 더 가볍고. 과육부 당도 11.0oBrix에 비해 1.3oBrix 더 높았으며 색도(a값)도 5.1에 비해 1.5 더 높아 우수하였다. 6월 23일부터 50일간 참외의 품질을 조사한 결과, 기형과율은 무처리구의 42.6%에 비하여 저압포그 처리구에서는 27.3%로 15.3%p 감소하였고, 상품과율은 무처리구의 57.4%에 비하여 저압포그 처리구에서 72.7%로 15.3%p 증가하였다. 10a당 수량은 무처리구의 2,234kg에 비하여 저압포그 처리구에서 26% 증 가하였다. 이상의 결과를 보아, 여름철 고온기 참외 시설 재배시 저압포그 처리로 온도하강 효과가 우수하여 품질이 향상되고 수량이 증가한 것으로 판단되었다.

This study fabricated low thermal conductive polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers containing cellulose particles while maintaining their mechanical properties. The high thermal conductivity of carbon fibers limits their application as a high temperature insulator in various systems such as an insulator for propulsion parts in aerospace or missile systems. By controlling process parameters such as the heat treatment temperature of the cellulose particles and the amount of cellulose added, the thermal and mechanical properties of the PANbased carbon fibers were investigated. The results show that it is possible to manufacture composite carbon fibers with low thermal conductivity. That is, thermal conductivities were reduced by the cellulose particles in the PAN based carbon fibers while at the same time, the tensile strength loss was minimized, and the tensile modulus increased.

딸기의 전조재배에 적합한 인공광원을 모색하기 위해 적색과 청색의 LED를 이용하여 설치조건을 검토하였다. 시험에 사용된 인공광원은 LED PAR(PPFD 2~4μmol·m-2·s-1), LED BAR(PPFD 100~120μmol·m-2·s-1), 백열등(PPFD 2~4μmol·m-2·s-1)이고 전조시기는 정화방이 개화하는 시점에 22시~01시까지 3시간동안 연속조명하였다. 무처리보다는 전조처리구가 초장과 엽병장이 길었으며, 그 중 백열등이 가장 많이 생장하였다. 전조처리구에서 지상부의 생체중과 건물중은 LED PAR 처리구에서 생장량 대비 가장 무거웠다. 지상부의 엽면적 생장량에서는 무처리 보다는 전조처리구가 엽면적이 증대하는 경향이었고, LED PAR 처리가 엽면적이 넓었다. 엽록소 함량은 전조 후 60일 경에는 LED PAR를 제외하고는 모두 감소하는 경향이었다. 광원별로 광 환경을 시뮬레이션한 결과, 100W 백열등 배광곡선이 원형에 가까워 전조재배시 하우스 위쪽으로 많이 발광되는 것을 볼 수 있다. LED PAR 타입을 설치했을 때는 직진성이 강한 LED의 특성상 조명의 중심이 40lux 이상이며 좁은 지향각과 낮은 설치 위치로 인해 좁은 지역에 집광되는 현상이 나타나고 조명과 조명사이에 기준조도 이하의 음영지역이 발생 하였다. 따라서 설치 높이는 2m, 설치 간격은 3.75m로 조절하였고, 배치형태는 W타입으로 변경하여 전체 식물에 1.2μmol·m-2·s-1 이상이 조사될 수 있도록 기준 조도와 균제도를 맞추어 최적화하였다.

This paper presents the impact of partial shading on CuInxGa(1-x)Se2(CIGS) photovoltaic(PV) modules with bypass diodes. When the CIGS PV modules were partially shaded, the modules were under conditions of partial reverse bias. We investigated the characterization of the bypass diode and solar cell properties of the CIGS PV modules when these was partially shaded, comparing the results with those for a crystalline silicon module. In crystalline silicon modules, the bypass diode was operated at a partial shade modules of 1.67 % shading. This protected the crystalline silicon module from hot spot damage. In CIGS thin film modules, on the other hand, the bypass diode was not operated before 20 % shading. This caused damage because of hotspots, which occurred as wormlike defects in the CIGS thin film module. Moreover, the bypass diode adapted to the CIGS thin film module was operated fully at 60% shading, while the CIGS thin film module was not operated under these conditions. It is known that the bypass diode adapted to the CIGS thin film module operated more slowly than that of the crystalline silicon module; this bypass diode also failed to protect the module from damage. This was because of the reverse saturation current of the CIGS thin film, 1.99 × 10−5 A/cm2, which was higher than that of crystalline silicon, 8.11 × 10−7 A/cm2.

The oedemerid species Oedemera sexualis Marseul, 1877 is reported for the first time from Korea. The genus Oedemera Olivier, 1789, within subfamily Oedemerinae and family Oedemeridae, is one of the common oedemerid beetles being widely distributed throughout the world. The world-widespread genus Oedemera is presented 3 subgenera and 104 species in Palaearctic region. Until now, 8 species and subspecies were recorded in Korea. O. sexualis was found in Is. Yongcho and Is. Bijin in Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnamdo of Korea, bringing the number of Korean Oedemera species to 9 species. In this study, we report the taxonomic key to the genus Oedemera of Korea, and morphological description of O. sexualis.

Despite many researches related with in-vitro culture of porcine spematogonial stem cells (SSCs), adherent culture system widely used has shown a limitation in the maintenance of porcine SSC self-renewal. Therefore, in order to overcome this obstacle, suspension culture, which is known to have numerous advantage over adherent culture, was applied to the culture of porcine SSCs. Porcine SSCs retrieved from neonatal testes were suspension-cultured for 5 days or 20 days, and characteristics of suspension-cultured porcine SSCs including proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, and self-renewal-specific gene expression were investigated and compared with those of adherent-cul-tured porcine SSCs. As the results, the suspension-cultured porcine SSCs showed entirely non-proliferative and significantly higher rate of AP-positive cells and expression of self-renewal-specific genes than the adherent-cultured porcine SSCs. In addition, long-term culture of porcine SSCs in suspension condition induced significant decrease in the yield of AP staining-positive cells on post-day 10 of culture. These results showed that suspension culture was inappropriate to culture porcine SSCs, because the culture of porcine SSCs in suspension condition didn’t stimulate proliferation and maintain AP activity of porcine SSCs, regardless of culture periods.

본 연구는 저온기 시설참외 재배 시 탄산가스 발생제(탄산솔)의 사용효과를 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 600 m2 크기 하우스에 탄산가스 발생제(100g/1봉)를 10, 20 및 30봉을 각각 매달아 무처리와 비교하였다. 그 결과 무처리구에 비해 처리구에서 탄산가스 농도가 3.0~3.2배 정도 높았다. 그리고 무처리구에 비해 처리구에서 과중이 20.2~22.0g 더 무겁고, 태좌부 당도가 1.5~2.1oBrix 더 높았으며, 색도(a값)도 우수하였다. 또한 탄산가스 발생제 처리한 것이 무처리에 비해 발효과율 및 기형과율이 각각 2.9~3.9%, 5.4~7.3% 감소하였고, 상품과율은 8.7~10.3% 증가하였다. 10a당 상품과 수량은 무처리구의 385.8kg에 비하여 탄산가스 발생제 10, 20 및 30봉 처리 한 것이 각각 10.3%, 14.8%, 16.2% 증가하였다. 이상의 결과를 보아, 저온기 참외 시설재배시 탄산가스 발생제를 시용함으로써 탄산가스 농도가 높아져 광합성이 촉진되어 품질이 향상되고 수량이 증가한 것으로 판단되었다.

Nitidulid beetles of the genus Aethina Erichson, 1843 are a well-known group as harmful to agricultural and apicultural industry, especially including A. tumida, an American small hive beetle, which is a beekeeping pest. The world-widespread genus Aethina, within subfamily Nitidulinae and family Nitidulidae, is presented 5 subgenera and 28 species in Palaearctic region. Until now, 2 subgenera, Aethina s. str. and Aethina (Circopes), and 3 species, A. (A.) flavicollis, A. (A.) inconspicua and A. (C.) suturallis, have been recorded in Korea, and we added one more species, A. (A.) maculicollis as a newly recorded species. The larvae of A. (A.) maculicollis have been reported as pests of mulberry fruits in Japan. In this study, we report the taxonomic key to the genus Aethina of Korea, and morphological description of A. (A.) maculicollis.

This study is conducted to investigate the effects of Chinese artichoke powder on the antioxidant activities and the quality characteristics of tofu. Tofus are being prepared with different amounts of Chinese artichoke powder in ratios of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% according to the soy milk quantity. According to the increasing contents of Chinese artichoke powder, the yield and turbidity of tofus are significantly increased (p<0.001) whereas the pH levels of tofus are significantly decreased (p<0.001). In terms of color, the L, a and b values are significantly decreased with increasing Chinese artichoke powder concentrations (p<0.001). From the texture profile analysis of the tofus, the chewiness, gumminess and cohesiveness of tofus are significantly decreased (p>0.01) according to the levels of added Chinese artichoke powder content. The contents of isoflavones such as daidzin and genistin are significantly increased with increasing concentrations of Chinese artichoke powder (p<0.001). The microstructure of tofus is being examined by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). In the sensory test, the sample which contains 0.4% of Chinese artichoke powder is ranked significantly higher (p>0.001) than the other groups according to several sensory parameters such as appearance, color, flavor, taste, texture and the overall preferences.

감귤류의 껍질은 플라보노이드의 중요한 소스 중의 하나로서 동아시아에서 내장 및 염증성 질환을 치료하는 민간 의약품으로서 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 하귤 (C. natsudaidai) 껍질에 포함되어 있는 플라보노이드 성분을 고성능액체크로마토그래피-이중질량분석법 (HPLC-MS/MS)으로 10 개성분을 동정하였다. 플라바논, 플라본 및 쿠마린 유도체는 각각 hesperetin, noviletin 및 coumarin을 사용하여 유효화 하였으며 유효화된 방법으로 정량하였다. 상관계수 (r2)는 > 0.9970으로서 높은 값을 보여주었다. LOD는 >0.01 mg/L이었으며 LOQ는 >0.05 mg/L이었다. 플라보노이드의 총량은 9229.7 ± 0.5 mg/kg 이었다. Naringin의 량이 5010.0 ± 4.5 mg/kg으로 가장 많았으며 sinensetin의 량이 0.6 ± 0.1 mg/kg으로 가장 적었다. 항산화력을 25 μg/mL 에서 500 μg/mL의 농도범위에서 DPPH·, ABTS·+, NO· 소거능 및 FRAP의 항으로 분석하였다. 감귤 플라보노이드의 항산화 능력은 시료의 량이 증가하면 증가함을 알 수 있다.

Olibrus Erichson, 1845 and Olibrus particeps Mulsant & Rey, 1861 (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Phalacridae) are reported from Korea for the first time and historical review of the taxonomic position of this genus is provided. The genus Olibrus Erichson is one of the common phalacrid beetles being widely distributed throughout the world. This genus is easily distinguished from other phalacrid genera by combination of the following characters: Antennae inserted at sides of front, base visible from above; Last segment of antenna softly indented; Basal metatarsomere shorter than second; Elytral surface very polished. O. particeps was found in Andong-si and Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do of Korea, bringing the number of species within the Korean Phalacridae to 2 species. In this study, we provide a redescription of O. particeps Mulsant & Rey, and illustrations of its genitals and other appendages.

In the present study, we investigated the effect of porcine follicular fluid (PFF) concentration (10% vs. 1%) and protein-free media (PFF 0%) on maturation of porcine oocytes in vitro and analysed difference in gene expression in resulting blastocysts following parthenogenetic activation. Three groups were tested; 1) 10% PFF: Tissue culture medium (TCM) 199+10% PFF; 2) 1% PFF: TCM 199+1% PFF; and 3) 0.1% PVA: TCM 199+0.1 PVA. Cumulus-oocyte-complexes were cultured in the respective media containing gonadotrophin (1 ug/ml), epidermal growth factor (10 ng/ml), cystein (0.57 mM), sodium pyruvate (0.91 mM), insulin (5 ug/ml), 9-cis retinoic acid (5 nM) for 20～22 h and then without hormonal supplements for an additional 20-22 h. Data was analyzed using statistical analysis system(SAS) program. There was no significant difference in oocyte maturation rate. However, significantly higher (p<0.05) proportions of embryos developed to the blastocyst stage when oocytes were matured in 10% PFF group (45%) than in the 1% PFF group (31.1%). The total cell numbers were not significantly different among groups (52 ± 1.3 vs. 54.6±3.1 vs. 54.4±2.5, respectively). The relative abundance (ratio to beta-actin mRNA) of gene transcripts related to apoptosis in blastocysts was measured by real- time PCR. The expression of anti-apoptotic gene (BclxL) was up-regulated and the expression of pro-apoptotic gene (Bax) was down-regulated in 10% PFF group than in the other groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that supplementation of 10% PFF during in vitro maturation improves embryo development by reduction of apoptosis. * This study was supported by IPET (#311011-05-1-SB010), RNL Bio (#550-20120006), MKE (#10033839-2011-13), Institute for Veterinary Science, the BK21 program and TS Corporation.

Embryo transfer (ET) is the final procedure for getting pregnancy through assisted reproductive technology such as IVF (in vitro fertilization), SCNT (somatic cell nuclear transfer). In our laboratory, the porcine cloned embryos loaded in ET medium are carried for 3 hours by portable incubator because of the great distance from the laboratory to the experimental farm. Thus, before transferring into recipient, porcine cloned embryos are exposed in vitro condition for long time. Medium which is used in this process is the TALP (Tyrode’s medium supplemented with 10 mM HEPES), but it includes little nutrients for embryo. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine whether ET media containing nutrients affect the in vitro development of embryos compared to TALP. For the experiment, porcine zygote medium (PZM)-5 which has amino acids for developing embryo was chosen as ET medium containing nutrients, added 10 mM Hepes as PZM-5 does not contain buffering system. For experiment, we carried out parthenogenesis through a chemical method using Thi/DTT. Parthenogenetic embryos were cultured in PZM-5 for 2 days, and then they were randomly divided into two group; loaded in a straw with TALP or PZM-5-Hepes, respectively. They were stored in a portable incubator for 3 hours to simulate the time consumed in ET, thereafter embryos in both TALP and PZM-5-Hepes groups were respectively cultured in PZM-5 for additional 5 days. All experiments were repeated 5 times. In result, blastocyst formation rate were 22.46%±1.47 and 23.17%± 2.13, respectively and total cell number were 32.9±2.22 and 37.09±2.18, respectively. There is no significant difference between TALP and PZM-5-Hepes groups. * Further study will investigate effect of PZM-5-Hepes on in vivo development of porcine cloned embryo. This study was supported by IPET (#311011-05-1-SB010), RNL Bio (#550-20120006), Institute for Veterinary Science, the BK21 program and TS Corporation.

Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are very interesting in several laboratory animals and humans because they are easy to harvest and expand to generate millions of cells from a small quantity of fat. ASCs are known as useful materials for clinical applications in human cell therapy and as a donor cell in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Here, we investigated if 1) minipig ASCs can be isolated, self-renewed and differentiated into multiple tissue lineages, 2) ASCs can be a suitable donor cell type for generation of cloned pig. In order to isolate ASC, adipose tissues were collected from inguinal region of a 6-year-old female minipig. The ASCs were attached to the culture dish with a fibroblast-like morphology. They expressed cell-surface marker characteristics of stem cell, underwent osteogenic, adipogenic, myogenic, neurogenic and chondrogenic differentiation when exposed to specific differentiation-inducing conditions. To investigate its potential as donor cell for cloning, we respectively carried out SCNT using ASC, adult skin fibroblast (ASF) and fetal fibroblast (FF) derived from same minipig. The ratio of blastocysts to 2-cell embryos and total cell number of blastocysts were monitored as experimental parameters. In results, cleavage and developmental competence to blastocysts rate showed no significant difference among the three groups. On the other hand, total cell numbers of blastocysts derived from ASC and FF were significantly higher than in ASF (89±7.9 and 105±5.5 vs. 57.5±5.2, respectively). Our results demonstrated that ASC have potential compared to ASF and FF in terms of the in vitro development and blastocyst formation ability. In further study, we will investigate the in vivo developmental ability of ASC as donor cell for pig cloning. * This study was supported by IPET (#311011-05-1-SB010), RNL Bio (#550-20120006), Institute for Veterinary Science, the BK21 program, TS Corporation and Optifarm Solution.

The genus Linaeidea Motschulsky, 1860, contains six species, and is distributed in China, Japan, USSR, Europe, with only two species known in Korea (Gressitt and Kimoto, 1963; Seeno and Wilcox, 1982; Kimoto and Takizawa, 1994; Lee and An, 2001). Morphological notes of the immature stages and life history of Japanese L. aenea (Linne, 1758) were well studied by Kimoto (1962)and Kimoto and Takizawa (1994). Very little is known about the immature stages of this genus from Korea: only the larva of L. aenea have been briefly described and illustrated by Lee (1996). According to Hennig (1938), this genus is separable from the genus Chrysomela, in having sternal tubercles which are disappeared in the last instar larvae. However, the L. adamsi was not applied in the diagnosis character of this genus. The purpose of this results are to provide a key, detailed description, illustration and tubercles patterns of all known Korean species of genus Linaeidea as the basic data for the phylogenetic study the subfamily Chrysomelinae.

The present study investigated the effects of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) on the nuclear maturation of canine oocytes. Oocytes were recovered from mongrel female ovaries in various reproductive states; follicular, luteal or anestrous stage. Oocytes were cultured in serum-free tissue culture medium (TCM)-199 supplemented with various concentrations of FSH (Exp. 1: 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 10 IU) or hCG (Exp. 2: 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 10 IU) or both (Exp. 3: 1 IU FSH + 1 IU hCG) for 72 hr to determine the effective concentration of these hormones, and to examine their combined effect. After maturation culture, oocytes were denuded in PBS containing 0.1% (w/v) hyaluronidase by gentle pipetting. The denuded oocytes were stained with 1.9 μM. Hoechst 33342 in glycerol and the nuclear state of oocytes was evaluated under UV light. More (p<0.05) oocytes matured to MII stage when follicular stage oocytes were supplemented with 1 IU FSH (6.2%) compared with the control, 0.1 or 10.0 IU FSH (0 to 1.2%). Significantly higher (p<0.05) maturation rate to MII stage was observed in follicular stage oocytes supplemented with 1.0 IU hCG (7.2%) compared with the control or other hCG supplemented groups (0 to 1.5%). However, the combination of FSH and hCG did not improve the nuclear maturation rate of canine oocyte (2.4 %) compared with FSH (6.2%) and hCG alone (7.2%). In conclusion, FSH or hCG alone significantly increased the maturation of canine oocytes to MII stage.