Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterial biopesticide against insect pests, mainly lepidopterans. Spodoptera exigua and Plutella xylostella exhibit significant decreases in Bt susceptibility in late larval instars. To enhance Bt pathogenicity, we used a mixture treatment of Bt and other bacterial metabolites which possessed significant immunosuppressive activities. Mixtures of Bt with culture broths of Xenorhabdus nematophila (Xn) or Photorhabdus temperata ssp. temperata (Ptt) significantly enhanced the Bt pathogenicity against late larval instars. Different ratios of Bt to bacterial culture broth had significant pathogenicities against last instar P. xylostella and S. exigua. Five compounds identified from the bacterial culture broth also enhanced Bt pathogenicity. After determining the optimal ratios, the mixture was applied to cabbage infested by late ins tar P. xylostella or S. exigua in greenhouse conditions. A mixture of Bt and Xn culture broth killed 100% of both insect pests when it was sprayed twice, while Bt alone killed less than 80% or 60% of P. xylostella and S. exigua, respectively. Other Bt mixtures, including Ptt culture broth or bacterial metabolites, also significantly increased pathogenicity in the semi-field assays. These results demonstrated that the Bt mixtures collectively names 'Bt-Plus' can be developed into potent biopesticides to increase the efficacy of Bt.

This study investigated the adverse effects of sound treatment on physiological processes of the American leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii, during several developmental stages. Larval feeding activity was analyzed by measuring feeding tunnel length. It was significantly suppressed by sound treatment (5,000 Hz, 95 dB). Sound treatment delayed the pupal period at 315 - 5,000 Hz and prevented adult emergence at 1,000 - 5,000 Hz. Female oviposition was also inhibited by the stress sound treatments. However, phototactic adult movement was not affected by sound treatment. Pupae treated with 5,000 Hz showed marked changes in protein pattems analyzed by two dimensional electrophoresis. MALDI-TOF analysis of specific protein spots indicated that trafficking protein particle complex I, triosephosphate isomerase, hypothetical protein TcasGA2_TC013388, polycystin-2, paraneoplastic neuronal antigen MAl, and tropomyosin I (isoform M) were predicted in the control insects and disappeared in the insects treated with sound. By contrast, DOCK9, cytoskeletal keratin II, and F0F1-ATP synthase beta subunit were predicted only in the sound-treated insects. Furthermore, stress sound significantly increased the susceptibility of L. trifolii to insecticides. These results suggest that physiological processes of L. trifolii are altered by sound stress, which may be exploited to develop a novel physical control tactic against L. trifolii.

Benzylideneacetone (BZA) is a compound derived from culture broth of an entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila (Xn). Its immunosuppressive activity is caused by its inhibitory activity against eicosanoid biosynthesis. This BZA is being developed as an additive to enhancc control efficacy of other commercial microbial insecticides. This study was focused on the enhancement of the immunosuppressive activity of BZA by generating its chemical derivatives toward decrease of its hydrophobicity. Two hydroxylated BZA and one sugar-conjugated BZA were chemically synthesized. All derivatives had the inhibitory activities of BZA against phospholipase A<SUB>2</SUB> (PLA<SUB>2</SUB>) and phenoloxidase (PO) of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, but BZA was the most potent. Mixtures of any BZA derivative with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) significantly increased pathogenicity of Bt. BZA also inhibited colony growth of four plant pathogenic fungi. However, BZA derivatives (especially the sugar-conjugated BZA) lost the antifungal activity. These results indicated that BZA and its derivatives inhibited catalytic activities of two immune-associated enzymes (PLA2 and PO) of P. xylostella and enhanced Bt pathogenicity. We suggest its use to control plant pathogenic fungi.

환경조절열처리는 일명 CATTS (controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system)로 특정 해충의 생존 한계에 해당하는 고온을 처리하면서 방역효과를 극대 화하는 기술로써 수확 후 소독 처리 기술인 메틸브로마이드 훈증처리를 대체할 친 환경 수확 후 소독 기술로 개발되고 있다. 복숭아심식나방(Carposina sasakii)은 수출국의 검역 대상 해충이다. 본 연구는 국내 사과를 일부 외국으로 수출할 경우 검역대상으로 지목받고 있는 복숭아심식나방에 CATTS 기술을 적용하였고, 이에 따른 수출용 후지 사과의 품질을 조사하였다. 소독 처리에 사용된 CATTS는 시간 당 16℃씩 증가하여 기기의 내부 온도가 46℃가 되었을 때 이산화탄소 15%, 산소 1% 환경 조건을 맞추어 주었고, 과실 내부의 온도가 44℃에 도달하였을 때 소독 처리를 시작하였다. CATTS 소독 처리는 0 분, 30 분, 60 분, 75 분, 90 분, 120 분, 150 분과 180 분으로 나누어 처리하였다. CATTS 소독 처리 후 후지 사과는 상온 (25℃) 조건에서 1 일, 7 일과 14 일 저장하였고, 저온(1℃) 조건에서 1 일, 7 일, 14 일, 30 일, 60 일, 75 일, 90 일과 120 일 저장하였다. 저장 시기별로 사과 품질을 조사하였다. 사과 품질은 이화학 품질 특성(경도, 당도와 산도), 호흡 속도(에틸렌, 이산화탄소)와 외부･내부 갈변율을 조사하였다. 이화학 품질 특성과 호흡 속도에 따른 차이가 없었으며, 60 분 처리 시간을 기준으로 처리 시간과 저장 기간이 증가 에 비례하였다.

This study analyzed effects of different sound treatments in frequencies and intensities on digestion and immune physiological processes of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua larvae. Without effect on egg hatch, sound treatments with 100-5,000 ㎐ at 95 ㏈ suppressed feeding behavior and inhibited a digestive enzyme activity. In addition, two dimensional electrophoresis of midgut luminal proteins indicated a marked difference of the sound-treated larvae. In response to 5,000 ㎐ at 95 ㏈, larvae showed a significant decrease in hemocyte nodule formation against fungal challenge along with significant suppression in phospholipase A₂ activity in hemocyte and plasma. With increase of sound frequencies, the treated larvae showed an enhanced susceptibility to insecticides. Such sound frequency effect was significantly modulated with different sound intensities. These results suggest that sound treatment may give adverse stress to physiological processes of S. exigua larvae and may be applied to a nonchemical insect pest control.

A remote sensing pheromone trap called IT pheromone trap (Korean patent: 10-0982563) was applied to monitor overwintering population changes of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, for three successive years in apple orchards. Males of the overwintering populations were attracted during April and May. However, the occurrence peak was delayed and extended to early June in 2010, at which the average spring temperature was significantly lower than the previous years. These overwintering populations could be monitored by the remote-sensing pheromone trap. When the remote-sensing pheromone traps were deployed to apple orchards of different provinces in Korea in 2010, the maximal overwintering populations of G. molesta were monitored at May in all areas. However, the population sizes monitored were significantly different among different localities. This study suggests a practical application of IT pheromone trap to monitor G. molesta in field conditions.

다향(CM061202)은 충청남도농업기술원에서 양송이 신품종 육성을 위해 갈색종에서 161개의 담자포자 균주를 분리하여 선발된 계통중의 하나로 705호와 생산력을 비교한 결과 수량, 균사생장 및 품질특성이 우수하여 신품종으로 선정되었으며 그 특성은 다음과 같다. 다향 균사를 퇴비추출버섯 완전배지(CE/MCM)에 접종하여 25℃ 온도에서 15일 배양시균사생장 길이는 63㎜로 705호(38㎜)에 비해 양호하였다. 볏짚을 이용한 균상 재배시 다향의 생육 온도는15~19℃로 705호(15~17℃)에 비해 2℃ 높았다. 다향의 갓 색깔은 갈색이고, 초발이소요일수는 30일로 705호(29일) 보다 1일 느렸다. 수량성은 49.1㎏/3.3㎡으로 705호(35.8㎏/3.3㎡)보다 37% 증수되었다. 다향의 개체중은 16.0g으로 705호 (14.0g)보다 무거웠으며, 갓의 두께와 직경이 705호 보다 두꺼웠다. 또한 다향은 705호에 비해 대의 길이가 짧고, 굵을 뿐만 아니라 경도, 탄력성 등 물리성이 양호하였다.

An entomopathogenic bacterium, Photorhabdus temperata ssp. temperata (Ptt), suppresses insect immune responses and facilitates its symbiotic nematode development in target insects. The immunosuppressive activity of Ptt enhances pathogenicity of various microbial pesticides including Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This study was performed to select a cheap and efficient bacterial culture medium for large scale culturing of the bacteria. Relatively cheap industrial bacterial culture media (MY and M2) were compared to two research media, Luria-Bertani (LB) and tryptic soy broth (TSB). In all tested media, a constant initial population of Ptt multiplied and reached a stationary phase at 48 h. However, more bacterial colony densities were detected in LB and TSB at the stationary phase compared to two industrial media. All bacterial culture broth gave significant synergism to Bt pathogenicity against third instars of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Production of bacterial metabolites extracted by either hexane or ethyl acetate did not show any significant difference in total mass among four culture media. Reverse phase HPLC separated the four bacterial metabolites, which were not much different in quantities among four bacterial culture broths. This study suggests that two industrial bacterial culture media can be used to economically culture Ptt in a large scale.

A postharvest treatment called CATTS (controlled atmosphere and temperature treatment system) has been used as an alternative nonchemical measure for methyl bromide fumigant treatment. This study applied CATTS to control the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, infesting stored grains. Adults of T. castaneum were susceptible to 46℃ heat treatment. The susceptibility was further enhanced by addition of CA conditions (15% CO₂ and 1% O₂). When CATTS (46℃, 15% CO₂, 16℃/h treating rate) was applied to different developmental stages of T. castaneum, it showed 100% control efficacy by 120 min exposure. There was a variation in CATTS susceptibility among developmental stages, in which late instar larvae were most tolerant. Heat shock proteins of T. castaneum appeared to be implicated in the tolerance of CATTS.

A bacterial colony was isolated from the gut of the bean bug, Riptortus clavatus. From morphological and biochemical tests, the bacterial isolate showed the highest similarity to Staphylococcus succinus. DNA sequence of 16S rRNA gene of the bacterium supported the identification. Oral administration of penicillin G to adults of R. clavatus gave a dose-dependent mortality of adults of R. clavatus to adults along with significant decrease of the bacterial population in the gut. Similarly, three metabolites (benzylideneacetone, proline-tyrosine, and acetylated phenylalanine-glycine-valine) derived from an entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, also inhibited growth of the gut bacterial population and gave significant mortalities to R. clavatus. These results suggest that a gut bacterial population classified as Staphylococcus sp. is required for survival of R. clavatus and that the three bacterial metabolites had toxic effects on the bugs due to their antibacterial properties.

Two groups of entomopathogenic bacteria, Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, are known to suppress insect immune responses by inhibiting eicosanoid biosynthesis. This study used these bacterial culture broths to develop novel biochemical insecticides against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Though the bacterial culture broths alone showed little insecticidal activity, they significantly enhanced pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis against the fourth instar larvae of P. xylostella. Sterilization of the bacterial culture broth by autoclaving or 0.2 ㎛ membrane filtering did not influence the synergistic effect on the pathogenicity of B. thuringiensis. Three metablites identified in the culture broth of X. nematophila also showed similar synergistic effects. In field test, both entomopathogenic bacterial culture broth also enhanced the control efficacy of B. thuringiensis against P. xylostella.

국내 사과 및 복숭아의 과실류에 피해를 주고 있는 복숭아순나방(Grapholita molesta)은 과실 내부 가해라는 서식 습성에 따라 화학적 방제에 어려움이 있 다. 따라서 야외 노출 발육 시기인 성충을 대상으로 교미교란 처리 기술이 대체 기술로서 제안되었다. 본 해충의 성페로몬을 기반으로 교미교란제를 처리한 포장에서 뚜렷한 교미교란 효과를 얻을 수 있다. 그러나 국내 과수의 소규모 경 영규모에 따라 인접한 농가에서 교미한 암컷의 유입으로 방제의 실효를 거두 지 못하게 되었다. 이를 해결하기 위해 교미한 암컷을 포획할 수 있는 먹이트랩 과 처리 효과의 사각지대를 줄이기 위한 교미교란제의 테두리 처리가 병행될 필요가 있었다. 먹이트랩과 테두리처리가 투입된 교미교란제 처리는 교미교란 제의 단독 처리에 비해 우수한 방제 효과를 나타냈다. Paste 형태의 교미교란제 를 3월과 7월의 2회 처리로 연중 방제 효과를 거둘 수 있었다. 추후 교미교란제 의 투입량을 줄이는 기술과 교미한 암컷의 포획 효율을 높이는 유인제 개발 기 술이 필요하다.

본 시험은 충남농업기술원에서 개발한 신품종 ‘미소’느타리버섯의 안정적인 생산을 도모하기 위하여 병재배에 적합한 최적배지를 개발할 목적으로 수행되었다. 여기에서 사용된 배지로는 포플러톱밥+비트펄프+면실박(5:3:2), 포플러톱밥+밀기울(8:2), 포플러톱밥+비트펄프+면실박(6:2:2), 포플러톱밥+비트펄프+면실박(4:4:2), 그리고 포플러톱밥+비트펄트+밀기울(7:1:2)을 사용하였다. 배지별 pH는 5~6이었고, C/N율은 19.7~28.3의 범위에 있었다. 초발이 소요일수는 5~6일 이었으며 접종 후부터 자실체 형성까지의 전체생육일수는 29~31일이 소요되었다. 버섯 자실체의 수확량은‘포플러톱밥+비트+밀기울(7:1:2)’배지에서 110.4g/병으로 가장 높은 수량을 나타냈다. 그러므로 ‘포플러톱밥+비트+밀기울(7:1:2)’배지를 이용하면 신품종 미소버섯의 병재배 배지에 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

As an environment-friendly phytosanitary measure, CATTS (controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system) has been developed to kill several quarantine insect pests infesting subtropical agricultural commodities. This study tested any possibility to apply CATTS to apples to effectively eliminate the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii, which has been regarded as a quarantine insect from the imported countries. When the larvae of C. sasakii were directly exposed to 46℃ (an installed lethal temperature of CATTS), they showed a median lethal time at 14.66 min. Addition of high carbon dioxide to the temperature treatment enhanced the thermal limit susceptibility of C. sasakii to 46℃. CATTS device was constructed to automatically control CO₂ concentration and temperature with real-time monitoring both in the chamber and in the fruit. The larvae internally infesting apples were tested using the CATTS device and showed 100% lethality after 60 min exposure to a treatment of 46℃ under 15% CO₂ in the chamber. Relatively long exposure may be due to the deviation between the ramping temperature (0.35℃/min) of the chamber and the ramping temperature (0.12-0.23℃/min) inside apple fruit, where the tested larvae were located. This study suggests a possibility that CATTS can be applied as a quarantine measure to kill the larvae of C. sasakii locating inside the apples.

볏짚 대체 배지를 개발하기 위해 밀짚 혼용 비율에 따른 볏짚 대체 효과를 구명한 결과는 다음과 같다. 후발효 배지의 화학적 성분을 분석한 결과 밀짚을 20% 혼용한 배지의 질소 함량과 C/N율은 각각 2.2%와 16.7이고, 볏짚 단용 배지는 2.0%, 17.9로 조사되었으며, 볏짚 단용 배지보다 초발이소요일수가 빠르고, 수량도 30% 증수되어 대체 효과를 기대할 수 있었다.

Mating disruption (MD) using synthetic sex pheromone lures has been used to control the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in apple orchards. In Korea, where several small apple orchards are clustered but independently managed, its efficacy has been suspected mainly due to immigration of any mated females from nearby untreated cultivating areas. This study developed an edge treatment technique to decrease any local MD-free zones in a specific MD-treated farm and to trap any immigrating mated females by installing MD lures and food traps around the apple farm with 10 meter intervals. The addition of the edge treatment to the MD significantly prevented leaf and fruit damages induced by G. molesta compared to MD only. Moreover, this study tried to optimize the MD control technique by determining frequency of MD application. It suggests two MD applications with the edge treatment at the end of March and at the early of July to be effective throughout the entire apple growing seasons.

Two closely related species, the soybean podworm, Matsumuraeses phaseoli, and the podborer, M. falcana, gives differential economic damages on crops. It is difficult to discriminate these potential sympatric species by morphological characters. The goal of this study was to develop a discriminating molecular marker based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). A partial genomic fragment (500 bp) of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidaseⅠ (mtCOI) was sequenced in both species, in which restriction site by Rsa I was selected as a dichotomous marker. PCR-RFLP in the mtCOI region clearly discriminated both species.

양송이 신품종 육성을 위해 갈색종 CM071201 균주에서 161개의 단포자 균주를 분리하여 배양 및 생육 특성을 조사 한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 균사생장은 67%가 양호(45㎜이 상), 보통 27%(20~45㎜), 느림 26%(20㎜ 이하)이었다. 균 사색택은 흰색 76%, 베이지색 32%, 갈색 7% 이었다. 균사 밀도는 양호 38%(+++), 보통 48%(++), 낮음 14%(+)이 었다. 단포자 균주의 생육 특성을 검토하기 위해 127개의 곡 립 종균을 만들어 상자 재배한 결과 113개의 균주에서 자실 체를 얻을 수 있었으며, 자실체의 색택은 대부분 갈색이었지 만 2개의 균주는 크림종 이었다. 상자 재배시 수량이 양호한 16계통을 1차 선발하였고, 2차 균상 재배시 모균주 보다 수 량이 양호한 CM071201-S058 등 5계통을 선발하였다.