본 연구는 선박 조난 시 구역별 GMDSS 장비 운용 효율성을 전문가 30인 설문에 기반한 AHP-TOPSIS로 평가했다. 평가 기준 은 전달 속도, 전달 정확도, 통신 범위, 독립적 전송 능력, 신호 수신 측면, 사용자 친화성으로 설정했고, 이 중 전달 정확도가 모든 구역 에서 최상위 기준으로 도출되었다. 또한 조난 통신 시 주로 활용되는 6개 대안을 분석한 결과 RMSS는 모든 구역에서 가장 높은 운용 효율성을 보였으며, 연안에서는 VHF DSC, 원양에서는 EPIRB가 상대적으로 높은 순위로 평가됐다. 이는 전달 정확도가 가장 중요한 평 가 기준으로 도출된 결과와 연계되며 위성 기반 장비의 높은 신뢰성이 조난 시 핵심적임을 시사한다. 또한 DSC의 중요성과 현장 인식 간 격차를 고려할 때 교육·훈련 강화를 제기한다. 본 연구는 조난 상황을 가정하여 항해사가 통신장비 선택에 참고할 수 있는 정량적 판 단 기준을 제시했으며 또한 장비 탑재 요건 중심의 GMDSS 체계를 실제 운용 관점으로 재해석했다는 의의가 있다. 향후에는 항해사의 실무 경험이나 조난 통신 관련 통계자료를 활용한 후속 검증이 필요하다.

본 연구는 2018년부터 2023년까지 6년간 키위(A. chinensis var. chinensis) 품종 ‘감황’과 ‘선플’의 발아 및 개화 특성을 조사하여 안정적인 재배를 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 수행 되었다. 발아기는 두 품종 모두 3월 23일에서 24일 사이로 나 타났으며, 육성 당시 기록된 발아기(3월 24－28일)보다 빠른 것으로 확인되었다. 결과모지 눈의 발아율은 ‘감황’ 54.6%, ‘선플’ 61.1%로 조사되었고, 결과지율은 각각 84.4%, 92.6% 로 나타났다. 두 품종 모두 2019년부터 2021년까지 발아율이 낮았으며, 특히 2018년에 결과지율이 가장 낮았다. 저온요구 도는 모든 해에서 충분히 충족되었으며 발아 시기와 음의 상 관관계를 나타냈고, 발아율과 양의 상관관계를 나타냈으나 통계적 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 개화시는 5월 7일에서 11 일 사이로 나타났으며, 만개기는 5월 11일에서 14일 사이로 봄철 평균 기온 상승에 따라 점차 빨라지는 경향을 보였으며, 4월 기온과 발아 후 유효 적산온도와 음의 상관관계를 나타냈 으나, 통계적 유의성은 없었다. ‘감황’ 품종의 중심화 수는 3.4 －5.5개, 측화 수는 0.1－1.9개로 나타났고, ‘선플’ 품종의 중 심화 수는 3.4－5.0개, 측화 수는 0.2－0.9개로 확인되었다.

Brushless excitation systems are widely used in marine synchronous generators due to their high reliability and reduced maintenance requirements. In these systems, the rotating rectifier converts the three-phase AC output of the exciter into DC current for the main field winding. However, faults in the rotating rectifier, particularly a single diode open-circuit fault, can degrade excitation performance without immediately triggering protective devices, making early detection difficult. This paper experimentally investigates the effects of a single rotating rectifier diode open-circuit fault on the excitation system and voltage formation of a brushless synchronous generator under no-load operating conditions. The no-load condition minimizes the influence of armature reaction and load current, allowing fault-induced excitation behavior to be clearly isolated. A brushless excitation system was implemented using three synchronous machines of identical rating, and a single diode open-circuit fault was intentionally introduced in the rotating rectifier. Excitation-related electrical quantities related to the excitation system, including DC excitation current and voltage, exciter armature currents, and generator terminal voltage, were measured and compared before and after the fault. Experimental results demonstrate that the single diode open-circuit fault causes reduction in the average excitation current and introduces low-frequency ripple components in the excitation current waveform while the terminal voltage reduction remains limited under no-load conditions. These results indicate that excitation-related electrical signals can serve as effective indicators for the detection of rotating rectifier diode faults in brushless synchronous generators.

This study presents a standalone diagnostic device for HEV high-voltage battery packs that communicates directly with the BMS outside the vehicle and enables quantitative verification of BMS SOC and SOH outputs. The prototype, developed for a Renault CMA HEV pack, activates the BMS via the low-voltage harness, reads key variables such as SOC, SOH, cell voltage and temperature, and pack voltage and current over CAN, and safely controls the pack’s high-voltage relay. Using a pack reported as 100% SOH by the BMS, constantcurrent discharge at about a 0.1 C-rate was performed in the SOC range from 30% to 45%, and for 5, 10 and 15-minute segments the usable energy estimated from the BMS SOC and the rated capacity showed mean values around 1.54kWh with a coefficient of variation of approximately 2-3%. The proposed BMS-linked evaluation equipment estimates the usable capacity within a tolerance consistent with the manufacturer’s nominal specification and can serve as a practical basis and tool for second-life evaluation of used high voltage battery packs.

This study introduced Gapjanyeon Jubeop, a Joseon Dynasty Korean culinary manuscript transmitted through the Gyedang family, descendants of Songgang Jeong Cheol in Damyang. This is the third culinary document with a clearly identified provenance from the Honam region, following Eumsikbo (1756) and Hasimdangga Eumsikbeop (19th century). The manuscript is a folding book (14.5×27.5cm) recording 13 recipes across 18 pages: 11 liquors and 2 confections. Based on the cover inscription “Gapjanyeon”, binding condition, and linguistic analysis, the date of the manuscript is estimated to be either 1744 or 1804. Key findings include the following: First, Gapjanyeon Jubeop shows little similarity to other extant culinary manuscripts, demonstrating that it has independent characteristics. Second, systematic fermentation techniques for warm climates are evident throughout, including long-term soaking of rice, the addition of wheat flour, powdered wheat bran malts, and post-fermentation water addition (husu-beop). Third, unique liquor names such as “Huigyeong-ju” hold cultural-historical significance, with potential connections to the Huigyeongnu Pavilion in Gwangju, offering opportunities to restore traditional liquor and develop culinary tourism. Gapjanyeon Jubeop illuminates Honam food culture and provides valuable insights into fermentation techniques adapted to warm climates, making it an important resource for research on Korean traditional brewing history.

본 연구는 반잠수식 중량물운반선의 선적을 위한 잠수 과정에서 선체거동을 달리 설계한 경우의 복원성 변화 특성을 파악하고 자 실무에서 사용되는 정수역학적 해석 도구를 이용해 준정적 방식으로 시뮬레이션을 설계하고 복원성 요소를 검토하였다. 시뮬레이션 과정에서 복원성 변화 경향이 뚜렷이 변화하는 구간을 확인하였고 총 3개의 구간으로 나누어 분석하였다. 선수 플레어(bow flare)가 적용 된 연구 대상 선박에서 복원성 급감은 등흘수 잠수 시 흘수 0.5m 변화 구간  감소가 12.253m로 확인된 반면, 선수 트림이 2m 적용된 경우 흘수가 2.5m 변화하는 동안  13.530m가 감소하여 적절한 선체경사의 적용이 복원성 급감을 지연할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 선체 중앙 인근에서 상갑판의 완전한 침하 이후 48m 전방으로 급격히 이동하는  와, 상갑판 잠수 이전 60.9t/cm에서 10% 수준인 6.8m 로 감소하는 에 대하여 운항자적 관점에서 운용 방안을 제시하였다. 본 연구의 결과가 유사 선형의 반잠수식 중량물운반선 운항자의 안전한 잠수 계획 수립과 현장 직무 수행에 기여하기를 기대한다.

In this study, chemicals with acute toxicity experimental data were selected as research subjects, and compareed the model derived from statistical analysis and QSAR open-source programs. The physical and chemical properties, dynamic behaviors, and toxicological estimates of the chemicals were calculated using Mordred, a molecular descriptor calculation program based on RDKit. LD50 was set as the toxicity comparison target for each chemical, and independent variables or factors with similarity to independent variables were estimated from the molecular descriptors calculated through Mordred. Molecule descriptors composed of independent variables were compared to predictions from QSAR open-source models, A regression model was created with the selected molecule descriptors and compared with predictions from QSAR programs, confirming high accuracy for specific functional groups. The QSAR model created in this study considers the characteristics and experimental values of each chemical, and provides evidence for selecting variables when constructing toxicity data for machine learning applications.

This study investigates the gap between statutory calculation standards and actual field conditions in estimating Occupational Safety and Health Management Expenses (OSHME) for large-scale construction projects. The current fixed-rate method, based on construction type and cost, fails to account for on-site factors such as project complexity, duration, and workforce structure, often leading to discrepancies between estimated and actual costs. To address this, data from 21 completed projects over KRW 5 billion were analyzed. Multiple regression analysis was conducted using variables including material and labor costs, project duration, floor area, number of floors, and the number of safety personnel. The results showed a significant statistical difference between calculated and actual OSHME, and the proposed model explained 95.3% of the variance (R2 = 0.953). Variable selection techniques were applied to improve prediction accuracy by addressing multicollinearity. The model offers practical value for early budgeting and supports policy improvements that align safety expenses with real on-site needs, in order to more effectively prevent industrial accidents.

『빈자의 성경』(Biblia Pauperum)은 중세 유럽의 문맹자와 평신도를 위한 도상 중심 성경 요약서로 알려져 있다. ‘Biblia Pauperum’이라는 제목은 라틴어 ‘Biblia’(성경)와 ‘Pauperum’(가난한 자들의, 貧者)의 결합으로, 문자 그대로 “가난한 자들(貧者)의 성경”을 뜻한다. 여기서 ‘가난함’이라는 표현은 단순히 경제적인 결핍을 뜻하는 것이 아니라, 문자 해독 능력의 부족, 교육받을 기회의 제한, 신학적・지식적으로 주변에 머무는 상태까지 아우르는 넓은 의미의 결핍을 지칭한다. 본 연구는 이 책을 중세 선교 신학의 관점에서 재조명하고, 이 책이 단순한 교육 자료를 넘어, 복음 선포와 선교 교육을 위한 신학적 매체였음을 규명하고자 한다. 본문에서는 도상의 삼면화 구조와 모형론에 주목하여, 구약과 신약 사건의 시각적 배열이 신학적 의미 전달에 어떻게 기여하는지를 분석하였다. 특히 ‘그리스도의 옆구리’ 도상을 중심으로 모형론의 선교적 기능을 고찰하고, 이미지-신학의 실천적 가능성을 제시하였다. 나아가 『빈자의 성경』이 전례, 설교, 묵상 등 다양한 교회 현장에서 통합적 선교 매체로 기능했음을 논증하며, 영상 디지털 시대에도 적용 가능한 선교 신학의 고전적 모델로 재조명하였다.

The purpose of this study, when predicting acute oral toxicity using QSAR software, the reliability of the predicted values was studied according to a single functional group or multiple functional groups within a single chemical. Acute oral toxicity is predicted using EPA T.E.S.T S/W for chemicals registered in ChemIDplus. The effect of a combination of specific functional periods on the degree of consistency of predicted values was studied. When some specific functional groups (combinations) exist, it was confirmed that the experimental and predicted values were high and low. It was confirmed that the prediction accuracy was high when the Anion group and the Halogen group were together, and the perdiction accuracy was significantly low when the Nitrile group was present. As a result of accumulating such data and showing reliability in predicting acute oral toxicity with EPA T.E.S.T S/W for 10 SVHC substances without experimental values, the matching rate was derived from at least 0% to 73.33%. It was confirmed that there was some tendency of the QSAR prediction value according to the combination of specific complex functional groups. When 10 SVHC substances without experimental data were predicted to be toxic through T.E.S.T S/W by quantitatively databaseizing the above tendency, 0~73.33% of the results were derived as a result of showing the realiability of the program prediction

In this study, among the indoor lighting sources of a training ship, the fluorescent lamps for lighting in the passageways, emergency fire pump room, refrigerant plant room, steering gear room, and bow hydraulic pump room, which have very high lighting rates, were replaced by 40W fluorescent lamps with 17W and 20W fluorescent lamps with 11W LEDs. The analysis results of replacing the lighting sources with LEDs showed that the power consumption and carbon dioxide emissions were reduced by 62.1% when using shore power.

This study aimed to investigate the changes in nutritional components of six domestically bred soybean cultivars before and after fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus. Analysis of five vitamins and minerals showed that levels of vitamin B2, vitamin B3, phosphorus, and calcium increased in all cultivars following fermentation, with notable variations among the cultivars. Specifically, the vitamin B2 content in Daepung and Daewonkong increase significantly, by 6.8-fold and 6.7-fold, respectively, compared to pre-fermentation levels. Additionally, Danbaekkong exhibited the highest calcium content after fermentation, at 3.90 mg/g. Before fermentation, soybean oligosaccharides contained 3.4 to 9.0 times more stachyose than raffinose; however, these levels decreased by over 80% across all cultivars after fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus. The total dietary fiber content rose from 9.28%~11.32% before fermentation to 12.57%~14.86% afterward, though no significant differences were observed among the cultivars. This study confirms that fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus enhances the nutritional value of domestically bred soybeans, particularly regarding vitamin B2, vitamin B3, calcium, phosphorus, oligosaccharides, and total dietary fiber.

Component-specific information is crucial for identifying sources of PM2.5 in indoor environments. However, profiles of PM2.5 at various locations, including subway tunnels are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between PM2.5 and its component across tunnels, platforms, and outdoor environments at underground subway stations in Incheon. The study was conducted at six underground subway stations in Incheon. PM2.5 concentrations were measured twice at each station, simultaneously covering the tunnel, platform, and outdoor areas. Carbon (two types), ion (eight types), and metal components (20 types) were analyzed using each analytical instruments. The mean PM2.5 concentration in the tunnel was 33.0±15.7 μg/ m3, significantly higher than the concentrations observed on the platform (12.9±4.6 μg/m3) and outdoors (13.1±7.6 μg/m3). The proportion of total metal concentrations in PM2.5 was highest in the tunnel (57.8%), followed by the platform (22.2%) and outdoor areas (11.3%). Significant correlations between the platform and tunnel were observed for organic carbon, SO4 2–, NO3 –, NH4 +, Ba, Mn, Fe, and Se. Significant correlations between the platform and outdoor were observed for SO4 2–, NO3 –, NH4 +, and Ti, while the tunnel and outdoor showed correlations for SO4 2– and NH4 +. PM2.5 concentrations and total metal concentrations were highest in the tunnel. While PM2.5 concentrations on the platform and outdoors were similar, total metal concentrations were higher on the platform than outdoors. From the platform’s perspective, the concentrations of Ba, Mn, Fe, and Se were only associated with the tunnel, while SO4 2–, NO3 –, and NH4 + had tendency of correlations between both the tunnel and outdoors. The findings suggest that for platform PM2.5 concentrations, Ba, Mn, Fe, and Se may serve as indicators of tunnel-originating PM2.5, while SO4 2–, NO3 –, and NH4 + may serve as indicators for outdoor sources.

본 연구는 국내 육성 품종 ‘선플’과 ‘감황’ 과실 생산에 적합 한 수분수를 선발하기 위해 ‘SKK2’, ‘델리웅’, ‘보화’, ‘Chieftain’ 각각의 꽃가루로 인공수분하여 과실 품질과 종자의 발육을 조 사하였다. 착과율은 두 품종이 모든 처리구에서 96% 이상이 었다. ‘선플’은 ‘델리웅’ 처리에서 과중이 가장 높았고 2021년 은 ‘보화’ 처리에서 2022년은 ‘Chieftain’ 처리에서 가장 낮았 다. ‘감황’은 2021년에 ‘델리웅’ 처리에서 2022년은 ‘Chieftain’ 처리에서 과중이 가장 높아 연차 간 차이를 보였다. ‘선플’의 과실 품질 조사 결과, 2022년에 건물률은 ‘SKK2’처리에서 가장 높고 가용성 고형물 함량은 ‘Chieftain’에서 가장 높았으 며 2021년에는 처리 간 유의차가 없었다. ‘선플’의 총 종자 수 와 미숙 종자 수는 6배체 수분수 처리구에서 가장 많았고 천립 중은 4배체 수분수 처리구에서 무거웠다. ‘감황’의 과실 품질 조사 결과, 건물률과 산 함량은 2년 모두 ‘SKK2’ 처리에서 가 장 높았고 가용성 고형물 함량은 연차 간 차이를 나타냈다. ‘감 황’의 총 종자 수와 성숙 종자 수는 ‘델리웅’과 ‘Chieftain’ 처 리에서 가장 많았고 미숙 종자 수는 ‘SKK2’ 처리에서 가장 적 었다.