본 연구에서는 안전한 수질의 밭 관개용수를 확보하기 위한 다기능 저류조 용수공급시스템을 현장에 적용하여, 효과를 검증하여 현장 적용성을 분석하였다. 용수의 수질 특성을 고려하여 적정 모듈 프로세스로 AOP (Advanced Oxidation Process), SF (Soil Filter)를 적용하였으며, 저류조의 효과 검증은 앞서 다기능 저류조 수처리 저감효율, 미생물 위해성 평가 등을 통해 수행하였다. 시범시설의 조사는 유입수(지표수, 지하수) 2개, 유출수 1개 지점을 2022년 5월부터 9월까지 월 1회(총 5회), 수온, TOC, COD 등 13개 수질항목을 측정하였다. 유출수에서 전항목 수질기준을 만족하였다. 다기능 저류조의 저감효율은 지표수에서 TOC 평균 19.2%, SS 평균 43.8%, T-N 평균 28.1%, T-P 평균 46.9%, Chl-a 평균 70.1%, 지하수에서 수온 평균 7.5% 상승, EC 평균 54.3%의 저감효율을 보여, 다기능 저류조의 수질정화 개선효과를 검증하였다. 미생물 위해성 평가 결과, 평균 위해도 값은 유입수(지하수) –3.02 × 10-6, 유입수(지표수) 2.79 × 10-5로 나타났으며, 다기능 저류저 처리 후 E.coli가 전량 사멸함에 따라 영농작업자의 위해성은 없을 것으로 나타났다.

A 48-year-old woman visited the oral and maxillofacial surgery department complaining of swelling under the left mandible. The patient said that the size of the small lump had not changed much since it was first discovered, but it seemed to have grown slightly recently after 5 years. She visited another hospital 1 week ago and had a CT scan, but no specific findings were found. A firm and mobile mass was palpated in the submandibular gland area during clinical examination. Ultrasound imaging and contrast-enhanced CT were performed, and the patient was diagnosed with pleomorphic adenoma. Submandibular gland resection was performed, and the mass was confirmed as pleomorphic adenoma by histopathological examination. There has been no recurrence to date, 8 years later. In this study, we will examine the diagnostic process of a rare submandibular gland pleomorphic adenoma and review the literature.

The electric discharge experiment, known as the Miller-Urey experiment, is one of the experiments to understand the origin of life on Earth. The experiment involved simulating the Earth’s early atmosphere by introducing methane(CH4), ammonia(NH3), and nitrogen(N2) gases, and applying energy through electric discharge. Resulting solution was found to contain amino acids such as glycine(C2H5NO2), alanine( C3H7NO2), histidine(C6H9N3O2), proline(C5H9NO2), and valine(C5H11NO2). These amino acids were compared with the results of the recent experiment (Parker et al. 2014). Interestingly, the electric discharge produced C2 swan band and CN emission and it was newly found in gas phase. These two emission bands are commonly observed in comets.

This study aimed to investigate the difference that convolutional neural network(CNN) shows in the determining osteoporosis on panoramic radiograph by performing a paired test by inputting the original image and the limited image including the cortical bone of the posterior border of the mandible used by radiologists. On panoramic radiographs of a total of 661 subjects (mean age 66.3 years ± 11.42), the area including the cortical bone of the posterior part of the mandible was divided into the left and right sides, and the ROI was set, and the remaining area was masked in black to form the limited image. For training of VGG-16, panoramic radiographs of 243 osteoporosis subjects (mean age 72.67 years ± 7.97) and 222 normal subjects (mean age 53.21 years ± 2.46) were used, and testing 1 and testing 2 were performed on the original and limited images, respectively, using panoramic radiographs of 51 osteoporosis subjects (mean age 72.78 years ± 8.3) and 47 normal subjects (mean age 53.32 years ± 2.81). The accuracy of VGG-16 for determining osteoporosis was 97%, in the testing 1 and 100% in the testing 2. When determining osteoporosis on the original image, CNN showed sensitivity in a wide range of areas including not only the inferior cortical bone of the mandible but also the maxillary and mandibular cancellous bone, cervical spine, and zygomatic bone. When the same ROI including the lower inferior cortical border of the mandible of the osteoporosis group was applied and the sensitive region was compared between the original image and the limited image, the original image showed wider sensitive region in cancellous bone and cortical bone than on the limited image (p<.05). Since osteoporosis is a disease that affects throughout the skeletal system, this finding seems very valid.

Previous researches have revealed that dental panoramic radiographs routinely taken in dental clinics can be useful to diagnose low bone density. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence, awareness and treatment rate of low bone density of females utilizing dental panoramic images. Four-hundred-and-fifteen female patients(mean age 70.4 yrs ± 11.4 yrs) between the age of 50s to 90s, at Chonnam National University Dental Hospital were randomly selected for this study. The panoramic radiographs taken from the patients were reviewed for the purpose of interpreting suspected low bone density(SLBD) on the basis of mandibular cortex index. Awareness and treatment rates of osteoporosis were investigated based on electronic records using the past medical history. As a result, the prevalence rate was 42.17%(175 in 415), the osteoporosis-awareness rate 22.3%(39 in 175), and the treatment rate 87%(34 in 39), showing that the osteoporosis-awareness rate was low, but the treatment rate was relatively high. In conclusion, it can be suggested that osteoporosis-awareness rate by diagnosing SLBD with dental panoramic radiographs be increased to help patients to receive proper treatment.

This study investigates the integration of astronomy-related topics in the Korean national science curricula spanning from 1945 to 2023. We analyze the placement and extent of astronomy content across different school levels. Astronomy contents in the science curricula have changed in response to social needs (e.g., practical knowledge required for agriculture and fishery) and advancement in astronomical research (e.g., the discovery of exoplanets and the suggestion of new cosmological parameters). Contents addressing the motions of celestial objects and stellar physical properties have remained relatively consistent. In the latest 2022 revised national curriculum, scheduled for implementation in 2024, several elements, such as coordinate systems, have been removed, while the inquiry activities using digital tools are emphasized. The incorporation of the cosmic perspectives in the national curriculum, as well as astronomy education within the context of education for sustainable development, remains limited even in the most recent curriculum. For future life revisions, the active participation of researchers is needed to reflect the latest astronomical research progress and scientific characteristics in the field of astronomy.

This study aimed to investigate which areas AI is sensitive when inputting panoramic radiographs with dental area masked and when inputting unmasked ones. Therefore, the null hypothesis of this study was that masking dental area would not make a difference in the sensitive areas of osteoporosis determination of AI. For this study 1165 female(average age 48.4 ± 23.9 years) from whom panoramic radiographs were taken were selected. Either osteoporosis or normal should be clearly defined by oral and maxillofacial radiologists. The panoramic radiographs from the female were classified as either osteoporosis or normal according to the mandibular inferior cortex shape. VGG-16 model was used to get training, validating, and testing to determine between osteoporosis or normal. Two experiments were performed; one using unmasked images of panoramic radiographs, and the other using panoramic radiographs with dental region masked. In two experiments, accuracy of VGG-16 was 97.9% with unmasked images and 98.6% with dental-region-masked images. In the osteoporosis group, the sensitive areas identified with unmasked images included cervical vertebrae, maxillary and mandibular cancellous bone, dental area, zygomatic bone, mandibular inferior cortex, and cranial base. The osteoporosis group shows sensitivity on mandibular cancellous bone, cervical vertebrae, and mandibular inferior cortex with masked images. In the normal group, when unmasked images were input, only dental region was sensitive, while with masked images, only mandibular cancellous bone was sensitive. It is suggestive that when dental influence of panoramic radiographs was excluded, AI determined osteoporosis on the mandibular cancellous bone more sensitively.

The purpose of this study was to verify the sensitive areas when the AI determines osteoporosis for the entire area of the panoramic radiograph. Panoramic radiographs of a total of 1,156 female patients(average age of 49.0±24.0 years) were used for this study. The panoramic radiographs were diagnosed as osteoporosis and the normal by Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology specialists. The VGG16 deep learning convolutional neural network(CNN) model was used to determine osteoporosis and the normal from testing 72 osteoporosis(average age of 73.7±8.0 years) and 93 normal(average age of 26.4±5.1 years). VGG16 conducted a gradient-weighted class activation mapping(Grad-CAM) visualization to indicate sensitive areas when determining osteoporosis. The accuracy of CNN in determining osteoporosis was 100%. Heatmap image from 72 panoamic radiographs of osteoporosis revealed that CNN was sensitive to the cervical vertebral in 70.8%(51/72), the cortical bone of the lower mandible in 72.2%(52/72), the cranial base area in 30.6%(22/72), the cancellous bone of the mandible in 33.3%(24/72), the cancellous bone of the maxilla in 20.8%(15/72), the zygoma in 8.3%(6/72), and the dental area in 5.6%(4/72). Consideration: it was found that the cervical vertebral area and the cortical bone of the lower mandible were sensitive areas when CNN determines osteoporosis in the entire area of panoramic radiographs.

E171, a mixture of titanium dioxide, has been widely used as a food additive due to its whitening effect and low toxicity. However, it has been proven that E171 is no longer safe for public health. So far, there are insufficient studies on the toxic effects of E171 on organisms especially using standardized test methods. In this study, toxicity assessments of E171 to two aquatic species, water flea (Daphnia magna) and zebrafish (Danio rerio), were performed using modified standardized test methods based on the physicochemical properties of E171. The hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index, and turbiscan stability index (TSI) were measured to ensure the dispersion stability of E171 in exposure media during the test period. The EC50 for immobilization of water flea was 141.7 mg L-1 while zebrafish was not affected until 100 mg L-1 of E171. Measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzyme activities confirmed that E171 induced oxidative stress, leading to the activation of superoxide dismutase and catalase in both water flea and zebrafish, although the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes differed between species. These results suggested the potential risk of E171 to aquatic organisms and provided toxicological insights into the impacts of E171 on the environment.

Although monitoring of radon has been extensively implemented throughout South Korea, the risk assessment has been mainly limited to indoor environments such as schools, workplaces, and multi-use facilities, and evaluations have normally been performed separately. In this study, the differences in radon exposure according to two groups (< 1 and 1-6 years old) were evaluated considering various indoor and outdoor environments, timeactivity patterns, variations in radon concentrations, and dwelling type (single detached and apartment house) using Monte-Carlo simulation. The distribution and representative values of radon concentration by micro-environments were confirmed through the Anders-Darling test, and a uniform distribution was applied in case of uncertainty. The effective dose ranged from 1.81 ± 1.19 to 2.81 ± 3.02mSv/y. Comparing the levels recommended by EPA, WHO, and ICRP with the value of the 95th percentile of this study, it was found that the results for those dwelling in detached houses exceeded recommended levels. Infants that spend a lot of time in homes with relatively high levels of concentration of radon are assessed to be somewhat more vulnerable to radon exposure.

The aim of this study was to investigate radiographic features of osteosclerosis on digital panoramic radiographs. Osteoscleosis was diagnosed with its radiographic features of amorphous non- expansible radiopacity with unknown etiology. In diagosing osteosclerosis, differential diagnosis is needed from periapical cemental dysplasia, osteoma, benign cementoblastoma, and anatomic structures. Fifty-eight osteosclerosis on digital panoramic radiopgraphs from 46 patients with osteoscleosis were selected for this study. All of the osteosclerosis were found in the mandible. Among them, 53(91.4%) occurred on the posterior region. The mean diameter was 9.1㎜. The internal structure was radiopaque in 39(67.2%) and mixed radiolucent and radiopaque in 19(35.3%). There was no specific effect on the surrounding structures. In 16(27.6%), partial or complete radiolucent margin was noted which might be digital image artifact by enhancement.