This study compared the antioxidant and mineral properties of the leaves and seeds of fifteen Korean adzuki bean (Vigna angularis L.) breeding lines. This study was conducted in an attempt to expand the use of Korean adzuki bean leaves. The potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium contents of the leaves were significantly higher than the seeds, in particularly, the potassium content. The leaves had approximately 3.3 times higher potassium content than the seeds. For instance, the potassium content of YA1317 leaves was 21% higher than that of Arari. The total polyphenol content and ABTS activity of Adzuki bean leaves were significantly higher than the seeds, as opposed to the total flavonoid content and DPPH scavenging activity. Among the 15 breeding lines, YA1402 had 1.2~3.2 times higher antioxidant content and activity as compared to the Arari variety. It was concluded that adzuki bean leaves had higher mineral content, antioxidant component and activity as compared to the seeds. Therefore, adzuki bean leaves could be used an ingredient for dishes and as a medicine.

Sorghum is a rich source of various phytochemicals including phenolic compounds that have potential to significantly benefit human health. Phytochemical production may be induced not only by genotype but also by a number of environmental factors including temperature and an amount of sunshine. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of planting dates and harvesting stages on the quality traits of ‘Donganme,’ a grain sorghum variety developed to produce high antioxidants. ‘Donganme’ was planted in three locations on four dates from early May to early July. Each planted fraction was harvested 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 days after the head shooting date, respectively. The results showed that significant differences existed between the growth period and content of polyphenol and flavonoid. The sorghum harvested at 35 days after head shooting had the higher polyphenol and flavonoid content in all planting times and the tannin content was increased as the planting date was delayed. So the sorghum grown in late planting dates (July 5) had highest polyphenol content (2.07 gGAE/100g) at early harvesting (35 days) while late planting gave the low grain yield (1.3 ton/ha). Polyphenol index to average temperature during 35 and 45 days after heading of ‘Donganme’ showed that total polyphenol contents were decreased by 5.2% and 4.4%, respectively, with increasing average temperature of 1oC. And high correlation (R=0.85) was observed between accumulated temperature and the amount of polyphenol of ‘Donganme’, confirming the major contribution of the quality traits is temperature. To produce high quality grain from sorghum the relation between the yield and nutrition components must be considered simultaneously (i.e., Sorghum produced the highest polyphenol and flavonoid when planted in June 15 and harvested at 40 to 45 days after head shooting .

In the past years, few grain sorghum varieties with limited yield potential have been developed and grown in Korea. Hybrids tend to be more productive and resistive to unfavorable environmental conditions than pure line varieties. However, no hybrid cultivars are available and never have been planted for grain sorghum in Korea. The main aims of this study were to (i) verify if US x Korean and US x US hybrids increase grain yield in Korea; (ii) assess the performance of waxy hybrids in Korea and the US; (iii) estimate general combining ability and specific combining ability for the lines studied; and (iv) identify superior lines and hybrids for future use in breeding. Two distinct sets of waxy-endosperm sorghum hybrids derived from Korean landraces and US lines (Texas A&M University) were tested in the US and Korea. Compared to the parental lines, hybrids derived from US lines and Korean landraces showed yield increase that ranged from 2% to 127%. Hybrids created from US lines showed higher heterosis than US x Korean hybrids. Hybrid vigor was observed in the US and Korea, but shifts in ranks of hybrid performance occurred. The results indicate that it is feasible to develop grain sorghum hybrids adapted to Korean conditions only if delibrate selections take place in Korea. A combination of Korean and US sources could provide an acceptable germplasm base for developing Korean landrace based sorghum hybrids.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the antioxidant capabilities and quality characteristics of instant porridge made of foxtail millet (Setaria italica Beauv.) from different varieties with different endosperm characteristics and processing using different methods. The two foxtail millet varieties used in this study were waxy foxtail millet, ‘Samdachal’, and non-waxy foxtail millet, ‘Samdame’. The means of processing food to create instant porridge were dry cereal frying, wet cereal frying, freeze drying after steaming, popping, and no treatment. The WAI (water absorption index) of instant porridge made of waxy foxtail millet was higher than that of non-waxy foxtail millet, and popping created the highest WAI among the treatments tested. Whean we analyzed RVA characteristics of non-waxy foxtail millet instant porridge, peak viscosity and setback values were decreased in all processed foxtail millet instant porridge compared to non-waxy foxtail millet instant porridge. In waxy foxtail instant porridge, the peak and final viscosities of processed treated instant porridge increased. The viscosity just after pouring hot water into the instant porridge was higher in waxy foxtail millet porridge treated by freeze drying after steaming, popping, and wet cereal frying; the viscosity of non-waxy foxtail porridge was increased after popping as compared with the other treatments. The polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities were increased in all processed, treated-instant porridge except for freeze dried porridge after steamingnt. The popping treatment showed the highest polyphenol contents (1.5 fold), and ABTS antioxidant activity (1.2 fold), compared to no treatment. Non-waxy foxtail millet porridge produced by popping earned the highest sensory evaluation scores.

‘Daname’ is a foxtail millet(Setaria italica Beauv.) variety developed and registered by Department of Southern Area Crop Science, NICS, RDA in 2014. This variety which collected from IT252182 was developed through pure line selection. ‘Daname’ is a early-maturing variety having 100 days of growth period from seeding to harvesting in Milyang of Korea. The culm length is about 97 cm which is 20cm shorter culm length than standard variety ‘Hwanggeumjo’, and it showed tolerant to lodging in field. The panicle shape is a cylindrical and the length is about 19cm. According to the grain, seed color and dehusked grain colors are orange and yellow and endosperm characteristic is non-glutinous. The yield performance of this variety was about 3.81 t ha-1 in local adaptability test from 2013 to 2014 and it showed similar with standard variety ‘Hwanggeumjo’. As the addition amount of ‘Daname’ in rice increased from 0% to 30% and 100%, the antioxidant ability of ‘Daname’ added rice and hardness/stickiness balances were increased. But we could not find out the difference of hardness/stickiness balances between 0%and 10% addition. So, 10% addition amount was concluded to increase antioxidant ability regardless eating quality of cooked rice. (Variety registration No. 6243)

A new small red bean cultivar, ‘Geomguseul’, was artificially crossed between ‘Chilbo’ and ‘SA8412-3-1-4-3-3-2-3’ in 1998, fixed excellent agronomic characters by pedigree breeding method, and selected for the further trials with the name of ‘Miryang 10’. It was prominent and showed good result, such as high grain quality, lodging resistance, and high-antioxidant activity in the regional adaptation yield trials (RYT) for three years from 2009 to 2011 and released for the public consumption as the name of ‘SA9801-24-4-3-1’ in 2011. ‘Geomguseul’ has a semi-determinate growth habit, yellow flower, green embryonic axis, black seed coat, white hilum, and small spherical seed (12.2 grams per 100 seeds). The average yield of ‘Geomguseul’ was 2.01 MT/ha in the regional yield trials (RYT) carried out for three years from 2009 to 2011 which was a little higher than that (1.98 MT/ha) of the check variety, ‘Chungju’.

Background : This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activities and anticancer effect in 80% ethanol extract from foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) varieties. Methods and Results : These extracts were evaluated for contents of total polyphenol and antioxidant activities using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. In concentration of 1000 ㎍/㎖, total polyphenol contents of foxtail millet, proso millet and sorghum were 7.68 - 12.74 ㎍․GAE/㎖, 13.01 - 14.79 ㎍․GAE/㎖ and 48.24 - 62.33 ㎍․GAE/㎖, respectively. Sorghum extracts showed strong radical scavenging activity comparable to well-known antioxidant, trolox. Anticancer effect was evaluated for MTT assay using AGS human gastric cancer cells. All extracts decreased growth of AGS cancer cells. Foxtail millet extracts were decreased about 40% of cell viability in all concentrations. Sorghum extracts were decreased cell viability, concentration dependent manner. Especially, Donganme extract (one of the sorghum variety) was the highest anti cancer effect under AGS cancer cells. Conclusion : Based on these results, millet and sorghum has potential health promoting bioactive compounds as functional food.

The sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) variety ‘Sodamchal’ was developed and registered by Department of Sothern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in 2013. This variety was developed from the cross between ‘Hwanggeumchal’ with brown grain and ’Jungmo4001’ with semi-dwarf trait. ‘Sodamchal’ is the first semi-dwarf stature with waxy endosperm ever developed in Korea. The yield performance of ‘Sodamchal’ was 2.95 MT/ha in local adaptability test for 2 years. It had 91 cm culm length, which was 58 cm shorter than that of ‘Hwanggeumchal’, 26.3 cm panicle length, 22.0 mm thickness of culm, 21.1 g in 1,000 grain weight. It could be reduce the lodging problem and also adapted to mechanized cultivation. ‘Sodamchal’ produces high quantities of polyphenol and radical scavenging activitiy with diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) in pigmented testa. Above all ‘Sodamchal’ is suitable for use as a parental source for the development of improved pollinator parent lines for developing semi-dwarf sorghum with waxy endosperm and antioxidant activity. (Variety registration No. 6244)

A new small red bean cultivar, ‘Arari’, was artificially crossed between ‘SA9411-2B-1-1-2’ and ‘Suweon38’ in 1997, fixed excellent agronomic characters by pedigree breeding method, and selected for the further trials with the name of 'Milyang 8'. It was prominent and showed good result, such as high grain quality, Lodging resistance, and high yielding, from the regional adaptation yield trials (RYT) for three years from 2009 to 2011 and released for the public consumption as the name of ‘Arari’in 2011. ‘Arari’ has a semi-determinate growth habit, yellow flower, green embryonic axis, dark red seed coat, white hilum, and small spherical seed (13.1 grams per 100 seeds). The average yield of ‘Arari’ was 2.05 MT/ha in the regional yield trials (RYT) carried out for three years from 2009 to 2011 which was a little higher than that (1.99 MT/ha) of check variety, ‘Chungju’.

‘Nampungchal’ is a Sorghum bicolor L. developed and registered by Department of Sothern area crop science, NICS, RDA in 2012. This variety was developed through pure line breeding method from ‘Namhae’ landrace. ‘Nampungchal’ is a medium maturing variety having 68 days from planting to heading of sorghum in Miryang, Korea. The plant is pigmented (purple), the glumes and grains are red-brown with waxy endosperm. The panicle has less compact shape and the length is 23 cm. The grain yield of ‘Nampungchal’ is about 2.28MT/ha that is higher 9%, when compared with standard variety ‘Hwanggeumchal’. Culm length and width are about 142 cm and 20.2 cm, respectively. It could be reduce the lodging problem by thicker stems and also adapted to mechanized cultivation. ‘Nampungchal’ does produce high quantities of polyphenol and tannin contents with DPPH radical scavenging activity in pigmented testa. The object of this breeding program is improvement for mechanized production with high yield potential, lodging resistant, and responsive to favorable environmental conditions.

조는 균형 잡힌 영양소와 풍부한 미량원소로 인하여 건강기능성 곡식의 하나로 최근 관심이 증가하고 있는 밀렛류 대표작물이다. 새로 개발된 조 ‘단아메’는 키가 97cm로서 대조품종에 비하여 20cm나 작은 단간종으로 쓰러짐에 강하여 기계수확하기에 적합한 품종이다. 평균 출수기는 ‘13년~’14년 8월 7일로 대조품종인 황금조에 비하면 4일 정도 늦으나, ‘삼다찰’ 등의 만생종 품종에 비하면 10일 정도 출수가 빠른 중생종이다. 수량성은 2013~2014년 2년간 밀양에서 실시한 생산력검정시험 결과 평균수량은 286 kg/10a으로 대비품종인 ‘황금조’에 비하여 5% 감소되었으며, 같은 해 전국 5개 지역에서 2년간 실시한 지역적응시험 평균수량은 381 kg/10a로 대비품종 ‘황금조’보다 4% 증수되어 ‘황금조’와 수량이 비슷하였다. 주당수수는 1.8개, 수당이삭무게는 10.9g, 등숙비율 68.3%로 황금조와 비슷한 편이고, 천립중은 조곡 2.95g, 현곡 2.38 g으로 ‘황금조’ 보다 약간 무거운 편이다. 조는 배유특성에 따라 밥에 넣어먹거나 떡으로 이용하는 찰기가 있는 차조와 찰기가 없는 메조로 나뉜다. ‘단아메’는 주황색 종피를 지닌 메조로서 죽이나 제과, 선식 등의 가공에 이용하기 좋고, 밥에 넣어 먹어도 좋은데 특히, 찰기가 없어 식감이 좋은 볶음밥, 리조또 등에 사용하면 잘 들러붙지 않고, 밝은 노란색의 조 알갱이가 흰 쌀밥과 잘 어울리므로 새로운 조의 소비확대에 기여할 것으로 생각된다.

팥은 전통음식인 팥죽을 비롯, 떡, 빵, 과자, 팥빙수 등의 앙금 및 양갱 재료 이용 뿐만 아니라, 최근 현대인의 건강식품, 천연색소, 다이어트 음료, 미백용 화장품 등 다양한 분야에서 사업화 되고 있다. 이러한 제품의 원료곡으로 주로 적색팥이 사용되었으나 팥 재배면적 및 소비 확대를 위해서 가공 특성이 우수하고 기능성분이 높은 다양한 색상의 팥 신품종 개발이 요구되고 있다. 지금까지 흰 앙금은 붉은 팥의 종피를 제거하여 제조하는 가공과정이 필요하였다. 또한 붉은 팥은 소비자 및 가공업체에서 원하는 다양한 색깔의 양갱 및 앙금 제품 개발에 한계가 있다. 새로 개발된 팥 신품종 ‘흰나래’는 이러한 가공단계 생략 및 제품 다양화에 알맞은 흰앙금 제조가 가능한 황백색 종피를 가진 품종이다. ‘흰나래’는 2003년에 흰앙금 제조 팥 품종개발을 목표로 Gyeongwonpat와 Sodubaenggei 3을 교배육종법을 통해 2014년 육성된 신품종이다. 2010～’13년에 강원, 충북, 전북, 밀양 등 4개소에서 실시한 지역적응시험에서 수량은 1.86MT/ha 이며 ‘흰나래’의 성숙시기는 충주팥 보다 10일 늦은 10월 12일로 만생종이다. 백립중은 16.6g으로 대립이며 흰앙금 제조 가공특성과 품질이 우수하다. 흰앙금 제조특성이 우수한 ‘흰나래’는 팥의 용도 다양화, 신수요 창출, 부가가치 향상 및 소비확대에 기여 할 것으로 기대된다.