Acinic cell carcinoma is a well-differentiated, low-grade tumor that accounts for 1-3% of salivary gland tumors. Among the variant of acinic cell carcinoma, papillary cystic variant of acinic cell carcinoma is much more rare and it is known to be difficult to diagnose and has a poor prognosis. In this paper, we report a case of 58 - year - old man diagnosed as papillary cystic variant of acinic cell carcinoma and the characteristics of the lesion by integrating the recent cases of papillary cystic variant of acinic cell carcinoma. This study emphasizes the need for long-term studies and further investigation of papillary cystic variants of acinic cell carcinoma.

본 연구는 2008-2014년 기간 동안 상하이증권거래소와 선전증권거래소에 상장되어 있는 중국기업들의 경영자 보상 내지 임원보수가 이들 기업의 미래 경영성과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지, 더 나아가 대리인문제를 고려하고 기업지배구조 수준에 따른 임원보수와 경영성과 간의 관계를 분석한 바, 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, CEO, 최고경영진 및 이사회 의장의 산업조정 초과보수가 높을수록 미래의 주식시장 성과지표인 Tobin’s Q 비율에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 결과는 내생성을 통제한 후에도 동일하게 나타났다. 한편, 이러한 경영자보상 지표들은 ROA, ROE 등 회계적 경영성과 지표들과는 유의한 관계가 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, CEO 초과보수가 높을수록 Tobin's Q에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있지만, 이사회 규모가 클수록 기업가 치에는 부정적인 영향을 미치고 있어서, 이사회 규모가 크면 오히려 경영자보상의 긍정적인 효과를 잠식하는 것 으로 보인다. 셋째, 최고경영진의 초과보수와 Tobin's Q와의 관계에 있어서는 이사회 규모 뿐만 아니라 최대주주 지분율이 높으면 경영자보상의 긍정적인 효과를 감소시키는 것으로 보인다. 넷째, 이사회 의장의 초과보수와 Tobin's Q의 관계에 있어서는 이사회 규모, 최대주주 지분율이 음(-)의 조절 효과에 대해, 이사회 의장의 경영진 감독 역할과 함께 다수의 대주주가 지분을 공유할 때에는 경영자보상과 함께 시너지효과를 보이면서 기업가치를 더 높이는 것으로 추론된다. 다섯째, CEO의 초과보수가 미래의 기업가치인 Tobin's Q에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 가운데, 특히 적절한 CEO 보상이 이루어지면 CEO와 주주 간의 대리인문제가 완화됨으로써 경영성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것 으로 나타났다. 여섯째, 독립 사외이사 비율로 상위 20%에 속하는 지배구조가 우수한 기업 그룹에서는 경영자 초과보수가 미 래 기업 성과에 긍정적인 영향을 보이는 반면, 하위 20%에 속하는 지배구조가 취약한 기업 그룹에서는 오히려 초과보수가 높을수록 미래 기업성과에 대한 긍정적인 효과가 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 CEO 등에 대한 경영자보상은 중국기업의 미래 경영성과, 특히 기업가치에 긍정적인 영향을 미치 며, 다수의 대주주가 지분을 공유하는 지배구조가 우수한 기업일수록 경영자보상이 미래 경영성과에 미치는 영향 이 더 컸다. 이와는 대조적으로 1인 대주주 지분율이 높고 이사회 규모가 커서 지배구조가 취약한 기업의 경우에 는 경영자 초과보상이 기업성과에 미치는 긍정적인 효과를 잠식하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과들은 향후 중국기업들이 지배구조를 획기적으로 개선하는 동시에, 경영자보상 유인이 기업성과에 상응하여 합리적으로 정립 될 필요성이 있음을 시사한다.

The basic instrument for oral hygiene is toothbrush. Many patents that are announced to enhance efficiency and convenience by changing shape and using new material. There are also patents regarding its various functions. This study, the purpose of study, was surveyed the toothbrush patents from 2005 to 2014. The patent search was done in site 'kipris' using keyword ‘toothbrush’. Among sorts of administrative measure, enrollment and extinction patents was searched, followed by classified patents into its shape, materials, function and electronic toothbrush. For the patents with function, detailed analysis was done. Total numbers of toothbrush patents decreased in 2006 to 2008, lowest in 2008, and steadily increased to 2014. The patents regarding shape was outnumbered material. Shape and material patents could be divided by handle portion and head portion patents, which patents of head portion is more than handle portion. The patents of function could be classified into certain situation or combinate functions to its natural function. Function patents increase with the ratio of total patents. For brush patents, they have a tendence of increase. In addition, from a shape and function, toothbrush patents going to be more variable. It choose small quantity batch production. From a shape of toothbrush, patents regarding head portion are going to increase. And it has a tendency to change the shape rather than the development of materials for efficiency of toothbrushing. Electronic toothbrush will be placed certain position, however, conventional toothbrush also will place large portion by estimating patent number and there be more progressive. Some patents will catch popularity like combination of brush and paste, replacement of brush head, attraction for toothbrushing, and hygiene tooth brush. Also disposable toothbrush and portable toothbrush are getting popularity along with social phenomenon.

Along with toothbrushes, toothpaste has been used for a long time to improve the personal oral hygiene. Toothpaste was firstly introduced to Korea through as a form of powder by the Japanese company Lion Corporation in 1889 and in 1954, the LakHee Chemistry company released Korea’ s first ever tube type cream toothpaste called lucky toothpaste, and afterwards we got to where we are today in terms of toothpaste. As a variety of products are released and customer choices become more diverse, there needs to be a development of toothpaste that can fulfill customers’ needs and requests. Therefore, this study analyzes toothpastes and related patents submitted to the Patent Office from 1962 to June 2015, thereby examining the changes in toothpaste development trends up to the present day. This study was searched using the keyword ‘toothpaste’ in the patent, utility model search engine at Kipris(www.kipris.or.kr), a patent search site, and categorized a total of 2,465 patents, which excluded those rejected by the Patent Office and those unrelated to toothpaste, using titles, full texts of publications and announcements. Research results showed that in the past, from 1960 to 1989, patents related to toothpaste containers took up the highest ratio of 35%. However, after 1990, patents pertaining to toothpaste composites and functionality made up the highest percentage of 54%, and from 2010 to 2015, it occupied 72% of the whole; therefore, we analyzed in detail the patents related to composites and functionality. Taking a look at the objectives and effects of patents having to do with composites and functionality, we found out that from 1964 to June 2015, patents related to Base, a basic component of toothpaste, and those having to do with periodontal disease took up the highest percentages of 25% each, and from 2010~2015 in particular, patents concerning periodontal diseases were submitted 3% more than those about Base. Composites aiming to prevent and treat periodontal diseases can be divided into four different categories, based on components; among those, there were a total of 171 (57%) patents related to living organism and herbal medicine extracts, 107 (36%) patents using compounds, 16 (5%) patents using bamboo salt as well as salt, and 5 (2%) patents using mineral components such as gold, silver. Looking at these investigation results, it can be thought that with the increasing development of toothpaste related to periodontal diseases, there’ s a great amount of interest about toothpaste of effective periodontal disease prevention and treatment purposes. Along with this, we thought that research about how effective periodontal disease toothpastes actually are is also necessary.

cording to histopathological characteristics. One is composite tumor, and the other is collision tumor. Composite tumor is a lesion showing the combined histopathological characteristics of two or more previously recognized tumor and/or cysts of different categories. Two constituent parts are mixed with each other, and histological transition is often observed. On the other hand, collision tumor is a lesion showing the independent histopathological characteristics of two or more previously recognized tumor and/or cysts of different categories. Two constituent parts are separated each other by connective tissue, and histological transition is not observed. Their origin is still unclear. In this study, a collision tumor was reported. 77-year old woman was referred to CNUH with a neck mass in right submandibular area. Incisional biopsy was carried out, and the patient was diagnosed as collision tumor of squamous cell carcinoma and neurofibroma. After reviewing studies reporting collision tumor from head and neck area, formation of a collision tumor was most frequent from a cervical area and average age is 59.6. A collision tumor commonly lead to misdiagnosis, and the prognosis is not always transparent. The variety symptom of collision tumor has to be kept in mind in the diagnosis and treatment of the lesions in head and neck area.

Odontogenic cyst and odontogenic tumor shares developmental source. However, they have different histopathologic features, and they are classified respectively. Odontogenic cyst and tumor can share same physical region. It is called a hybrid lesion, a lesion showing the combined histopathological characteristics of two or more previously recognized odontogenic tumor and/or cysts of different categories. In this study, a hybrid lesion was researched. 61-year old man was referred to our department with a multilocular radiolucency in right mandibular angle. Incisional biopsy was carried out, and the patient was diagnosed with ameloblastoma. Odontogenic keratocyst was found with the tumor, and it was thought to be evolved via neoplastic transformation from lining epithelium of the keratocyst. After reviewing studies reporting hybrid lesions from odontogenic cyst and tumor, formation of a hybrid lesion was most frequent from a dentigerous cyst and an adenomatoid odontogenic tumor. A hybrid lesion commonly lead to misdiagnosis, and the prognosis is not always transparent. The close relationship between the odontogenic cyst and tumor has to be kept in mind in the diagnosis and treatment of the lesions in maxillofacial area.

We present a case of intraparotid plexiform neurofibroma in a 7-year-old man. The lesion was determined as plexiform neuroma in histopathological findings, but final diagnosis was plexiform neurofibroma considering his familiy history of neurofibromatosis and café au lait spots on his body. Currently we are executing follow-up after removing the tumor with surgery. Plexiform neurofibroma can develope at any point along a nerve and spread out either just under the skin or deeper in the body. According to the literature, the most common site of plexiform neurofibroma is mouth and face in the head and neck region. Also, plexiform neurofibroma occurs at 8.8-year-old in neurofibromatosis typeⅠ patient with familial history. Because of interlacing with adjacent normal tissue and the invasive nature we have difficult resecting the mass completely. So when the tumor turns symptomatic or disfiguring leading to an aesthetic problem, surgery had better be undertaken.

We present a case of cellular angiofibroma arising from right neck in a 46-year-old woman. Surgical excision was performed and the patient was disease free till now. Cellular angiofibroma usually arised in the inguinoscrotal of vulvovaginal regions. Only 3 cases of cellular angiofibroma involving maxillofacial region have been reported in the english written literature. Cellular angiofibromas are rare benign tumor characterized by bland spindle shaped cells arranged in a stroma with wispy collagen and numerous vessels. Immunohistochemical stains of the tumor cells showed the positivity for CD34, PR, EMA, but negativity for neurofilament, desmin and actin. The tumor should be differentiated from aggressive angiomyxoma and angiomyofibroblastoma, angiofibroma because of its clinical and histological similarity. We report a rare case of benign cellular angiofibroma involving right neck and study other published articles.

The aim of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of tooth brushing patterns before and after education with a newly invented toothbrush. All participants performed toothbrushing on left lower first molar teeth for 10 seconds, using Modified bass method with the Newly invented toothbrush before education. After recording the brushing pattern, the participants were randomly classified into 1) Tell, 2) Tell-Show and 3) Tell-Show-Do group. After their education, toothbrushing patterns were recorded again. A comparative statistical analysis with a professional group was done by a one sample t-test. Each motion of toothbrushing was represented by Roll, Pitch and Yaw directions and pressure. After toothbrushing education, the Pitch, Roll direction and the value of pressure in all groups showed significantly similarity to the professional group. The Yaw direction appears to be improved after education, but the delineated motion was not considered to represent the Modified bass method. The patterns of each group were similar to the professional group as follows; Tell < Tell-Show < Tell-Show-Do. There was general evidence of higher educational effects by telling, monitoring and practical training. Finally, toothbrushing patterns were able to be analyzed by the Newly invented toothbrush correctly and quickly. This will contribute to the establishment of correct toothbrushing habits through public use.

Heavy metals such as cadmium and mercury are a highly toxic metal that affects a variety of cellular events, such as cell proliferation, differentiation and survival in animals as well as in human. The exposed heavy metals significantly affected the development and health in pubertal period. However, it is not clear how the toxicity of heavy metals in pubertal affects comparing in adults. To determine the effects of heavy metals on pubertal and adults, heavy metals such as cadmium and mercury were exposed to in pubertal and adults mice for 48 and 72h. Results showed that mice exposed to heavy metals for several hours induced overall tissue and organ damage. Especially, blood vessels of the most organ were more increased in adult mice compared to pubertal mice. And for morphologic alteration, secretary organs such as salivary gland and kidney were affected the most. Taken together, exposing to heavy metal in mice altered the blood vessels. In addition, the adverse effects of cadmium and mercury were more severe in adult mouse than puberty mouse. Further study is needed to focus on endothelial cells for more precise its mechanism

We present a case of lipogranuloma of the chin in a 17-year-old man. The lesion was revealed as lipogranuloma in radiological and histopathological findings and did not recur after being surgically removed. Lipogranuloma is a granulomatous inflammation with marked sclerosing response to the fatty tissue caused by foreign material injection. Despite lipogranuloma was reported as a complication arising from injection of oil-based substances into soft tissues for the purpose of cosmetic therapy, patient in this case had no history of foreign material injection. We expect that patient had a history of traumatic injury on his right chin that he doesn’t remember. Definitive treatment of lipogranuloma is surgical excision and usually involves secondary reconstruction. Regarding the physical and psychological complications of this practice, prevention is required the most but once occurred accurate history taking and biopsy is important to diagnosis

Toxic heavy metals like mercury and cadmium are known to involve in altering the salivary flow so that can be appeared sialorrhea or ptyalism, the condition of increased salivary flow, or xerostomia (“dry mouth”), the condition related to inhibited or decreased salivary flow. Although many people were exposed to these heavy metal in work environment, dental clinics, the mechanism is rarely discussed in the clinical literature. The present study is to carried out analysis of AQP5 expression that play a key role in saliva fluid secretion and cell membrane water permeability on mercury- or cadmium-exposed mice submandibular gland. To investigate AQP 5 expression, immunohistochemical study and western blot assay were carried out on mercury- or cadmium-exposed mice. Additionally, RT-PCR, real- time PCR with specific primers were carried out. Cadmium or mercury exposure led ductal extension, ductal cell increase, and blood vessel increase in mouse submandibular gland. The mRNA and protein expression of AQP5 were increased in time dependent manners on cadmium or mercury exposed mouse. Also, AQP5 were translocated from basolateral membrane to apical membrane of acini cell. In conclusion, toxic heavy metal such as mercury and cadmium appear to alter the AQP5 expression and distribute to apical membrane of ductal cell and lead to alter salivary secretion.

A Warthin’s tumor of major salivary glands, in particular of parotid glands, is a common benign tumor that may occur synchronously or metachronously in the same or contralateral gland. Moreover, epithelial malignance associated with a Warthin’s tumor is extremely rare, and exists in three forms; epidermoid carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma. The reports, related with a case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in a Warthin’s tumor at the parotid gland were reported only additional 3 cases from 1999 to 2010; 30 cases reported up to 1999.[2,4,7] This case report was a extremely rare case where both a primary squamous cell carcinoma and a Warthin's tumor were coexisting in the same

Squamous odontogenic tumor (SOT) is a rare benign neoplasm first described by Pullon et al. in 1975. Clinically and histologically, it is confused with ameloblastoma, carcinoma and local periodontoal disease. We report a case of SOT occuring in a 16-year-old female in the right mandibular angle location associated with an impacted molar

We demonstrate optical cross-sectional imaging system implemented with high-resolution interferometry and present oral diagnostic imaging results obtained without any physical sectioning. High-resolution interferometry could be performed with utilizing broadband optical source and employment of beam scanning device to high-resolution interferometer constitutes optical imaging system for non-invasive cross-sectional view at real-time. The optical imaging system is implemented with fiber-optic devices for compactness and optical probe head is realized by using single mode optical fiber and miniaturized actuator, which is properly designed for the application to dental imaging. The basic performance of the optical imaging system, for example, such as resolution, imaging depth, and sensitivity is suggested to prove high-resolution optical imaging performance. Feasibility of the developed optical imaging system performance in the application of dental diagnostic is proved with demonstrating non-invasively obtained cross-sectional images. The imaging quality suggested in the images could be applied to assessment of oral diseases and used for alternative imaging modality to X-ray diagnostic method overcoming disadvantage of low-image resolution. The imaging performance enabling real-time image reconstruction also could be exploited as early oral diagnostic apparatus prior to microscopic observation under H&E staining.

Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma has been defined as a lesion similar to ameloblastic fibroma by WHO, as it shows inductive changes which forms enamel and dentin. Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is a very rare mixed dentition tumor in children, and the symptom shows indolent edema in maxillary and mandibular molar area. The prevalence is two times higher in male than in female, and two times higher in maxilla than in mandible. Radiologically, it shows clear border and characteristics of both fibroma and odontoma histologically. This review reports a case that a 4-year old female visited in dental clinic of this school for edema as chief complaint in Feb, 2012. Emergency surgical curettage was performed right after initial diagnosis as odontoma, then confirmed diagnosis as Ameloblastic fibro- odontoma after biopsy. Currently, after 6 month, no sign of recurrence can be seen. Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is very rare mixed dentition tumor. Moreover, as it is the case of female maxilla, this case is worth of publishing. Furthermore, accurate diagnosis of Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is difficult. This review is published for accurate diagnosis through differential diagnosis of several important mixed dentition tumors.

Peri-implantitis (PI) is bacteria-induced inflammatory condition which affects the alveolar bone and soft tissue around implants and may result in the loss of supporting bone. Attenuation of the P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response can be a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of PI. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of 635-nm light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation over MG63 osteoblast-like cell. Scratch was made on MG63 cells with or without LPS, then 635-nm irradiated. The expression of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins was evaluated with western blot. The production of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) was measured with enzyme-linked immunoassay, and the cytokine profile was evaluated with the human inflammation antibody array. Wound closure effect presented in the cells treated with LPS was observed more significantly in the cells with 635-nm irradiation than the cells without irradiation. The 635-nm irradiaiton reduced LPS-induced expression of the COX-2 and production of the PGE2. Also, 635-nm irradiation affect the expression of RANKL, OPG, and proinflammatory cytokines. These results indicate that 635-nm irradiation could reduce the alveolar bone resorption induced by LPS stimulation through the inhibition of COX-2 expression and PGE2 production, the suppression of proinflammatory cytokine, and the modulation of RANKL/OPG balance in MG63 cells.

Topoisomerases are essential enzymes involved in all processes of DNA metabolism, and their inhibitors have been identified as potential anti-cancer agents. The present study examined the effect of linoelaidic acid (C18 polyunsaturated fatty) compounds derived from Gardenia jasminoids Ellis extract on the activity of eukaryotic topoisomerases inhibition. The present study identified linoelaidic acid compounds using open column fraction, HPLC, NMR and LC/MS which have effects on cell death in oral cancer cell line, FaDu, but not in immortalized normal cell line, HaCaT. Subsequent studies revealed linoelaidic acid-induced autophagy through LC3 activation. Finally, its inhibition of topoisomerase I and selectively induction of oral cancer cell death possibly implies that linoelaidic acid can be a role as potenial agents in the prevention and therapy of oral cancer.

Low level light therapy (LLLT) is known to accelerate the process of wound healing, bone and cartilage formation, and to decrease tissue necrosis and inflammation. It also can be applicable to acute and chronic injury or degenerative disease. Despite forty- plus years of accumulating exprerience of the clinical efficacy of LLLT, their molecular biologic evidence is not fully elucidated. The aim of this review is to explore the role of the ROS system and its molecular biologic mechanism in related with inflammatory response, anti-apoptosis and angiogenesis during LLLT. We suggest that activation of ROS system explains many (if not most) of the observed response of cells to LLLT in vitro, and is likely to play a pivotal role in the response of animals and patients to LLLT for both experimental and clinical indications and diseases.

Recurrence-metastasis status of squamous cell carcinoma of tongue is a challenging oncologic problem. This study examined the expression of E-cadherin/β-catenin cell adhesion complex in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue through an immunohistochemical study. Twenty samples from 15 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, who were treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, consisted of primary or recurrent tumors along with matched metastatic lymph nodes were retrieved for immunohistochemical staining and grouped based on recurrence-metastasis status.Differences in stain localization were noted in E-cadherin, β–catenin and phospho β–catenin staining between different tumor groups based on the recurrence-metastasis status. The number of phospho β-catenin stain positive cells was found to have a significant role in survival. E-cadherin confirms its role as a powerful individual differentiation indicator and the role of β-catenin specially the phospho type elicts interest