Polysulfone을 술폰화하여 물-부탄올 용액의 분리를 위한 투과증발용 비대칭막을 제조하였다. 술론화제로는 chlorosulfoneic acid-trimethyulchlorosilane을 반응시킨 후 이용하였다. FT-IR과 1H-NMR을 이용하여 치환여부를 살펴보았고 술폰화정도는 역적정법과 1HH-NMR을 이용하여 구하였다. DSC와 TGA를 이용하여 열적특성변화를 알아보았다. 비대칭막을 제조하기 위하여 N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP)rhkdiethyleneglycol dimethyl ether (DGDE)의 혼합용매를 사용하였다. SEM을 이용하여 단면과 skinlayer 의 구조변화를 살펴보았다. 한 연구에서 제조한 비대칭막은 dense film에 비하여 물에 대한 선택도는 거의 변화가 없고 투과유량은 약 80배 정도 증가하였다.

This study was performed to determine the inter-rater reliability of the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment translated in Korean. This measures the physical impairments and disabilities that impact on the lives of individuals with stroke. The purposes of this measure were 1) to stage motor recovery to classify individuals in terms of clinical characteristics, 2) to predict rehabilitation outcomes, and 3) to measure clinically important change in physical function. Twenty-two subjects from physical therapy unit were assessed by two physical therapists. The ratings were compared by Spearman's rank correlation The correlation between two raters ranged from 0.85 to 0.98. Inter-rater reliability coefficient for total scores ranged from 0.95 to 0.97. This study confirms that the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment yields reliable results.

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is a rare inflammatory disorder that predominantly affects the stomach and the small intestine, although its pathogenesis is not yet known precisely. EGE shows distinct peripheral eosinophilia and eosinophilic infiltration of the intestinal wall. A 12-month-old girl who was breastfeeding presented with bilateral eyelid swelling without gastrointestinal symptom. Laboratory examination showed peripheral eosinophilia and hypoalbuminemia and iron deficiency anemia. Gastric and duodenal biopsy specimens revealed eosinophilic infiltration of the mucosal layer. We experienced a case of eosinophilic gastroenteritis without any gastrointestinal symptom, associated with maternal food contained allergen.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare, postinfectious autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. ADEM presents clinically encephalopathy in association with polyfocal neurologic deficits. Of them, optic neuritis is less common symptom. We experienced ADEM with optic neuritis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a 5 year-old girl. She initially presented lethargy, irritability, ataxia and loss of pain sense on right hand and progressed to decreased visual acuity and papilledema of both eyes on the 4th hospital day. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple bilateral hyperintense lesions in the subcortical white matter on T2 weighted images. After administration of intravenous immunoglobulin and high dose intravenous methylprednisolone, she recovered completely.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of legume cover crop culture on earthworm fauna in organic farmland. We compared sod culture with two kinds of legume crops of hairy vetch and crimson clover on organic citrus orchard to natural sod culture and conventional orchards in Jeju Island. We analyzed the soil characteristics and investigated the density of earthworms from the orchards. Organic matter content did not show much difference in soil analysis between organic and conventional orchard. But the biomass of earthworms in organic orchards is 3.8 times to 7.0 times higher than that in conventional cultivated orchards, and individuals of earthworms on organic orchards were 2.3~18 times higher than conventional orchards. The biomass of earthworms on hairy vetch and crimson clover cultivation was 44.8 g, 47.2 g in 2016, and 78.7 g, 31.8 g in 2017, respectively, which were higher than 32.8 g and 9.5 g of those on natural sod cultivation. Through this study, we found that hairy vetch and crimson clover cultivation improve the earthworm occurrence density in the soil on organic citrus orchard.

There are very few reports and limited evidence that premedication with steroids decreases early recurrence of ileocolic intussusception after a successful hydrostatic reduction. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of steroids in decreasing early recurrence of idiopathic intussusceptions. A retrospective review of children that underwent successful hydrostatic reduction was conducted. Two groups were identified: group 1 (38 cases) that received intravenous methylprednisolone (1 mg/kg/dose) on diagnosis or immediately after the reduction maneuver, and group 2 (59 cases) were not given. There were 60 boys and 37 girls ranging in age from 6 to 84 months. There were no statistical differences between the groups regarding age, sex, duration of symptoms and laboratory findings on admission. There was no significant difference (p=0.76) in the rate of early recurrent intussusception between the steroid group (15.8%, 6/38) and the non-steroid group (13.6%, 8/59). We found that premedication of children with idiopathic intussusception with methylprednisolone did not decrease early recurrence of idiopathic intussusceptions.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of acute respiratory viral infection on Kawasaki disease. From July 2016 to June 2018, among the patients who underwent respiratory virus screening at the Kwangju Christian Hospital, those diag-nosed 88 patients with Kawasaki disease were enrolled in this study. The effects of acute respiratory viral infection on Ka-wasaki disease were compared according to whether 2nd intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment was administered or not, and whether coronary artery complications occurred. Respiratory virus was detected in 44 out of 88 patients. 2nd IVIG treatment rates were 16% (n=7) and 27% (n=12) in the virus positive group and the virus negative group, respectively (p>0.05). The incidence of coronary artery complications was 11% (n=5) and 25% (n=11) in the virus positive group and the virus negative group, respectively (p>0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between the 2nd IVIG admin-istration and coronary artery complications following the detection of respiratory virus in patients with Kawasaki disease. We think it is necessary to actively study the effects of acute respiratory viral infection on Kawasaki disease through large-scale studies of multiple centers in the future.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis in pediatric enteroviral meningitis. A retrospective analysis of the medical records was performed in 281 patients under 18 years of age who were diagnosed with enteroviral meningitis by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at Kwangju Christian Hospital from January to December 2016. Clinical symptoms and laboratory findings were compared according to the presence or absence of CSF pleocytosis. 112 children (39.9%) did not have CSF pleocytosis. When we compared the group of meningitis without pleocytosis and the group with pleocytosis, age were younger (< 2years), and the interval between onset of symptoms and the time of lumbar puncture was shorter (<24 hours), peripheral white blood cell counts were lower, but C-reactive protein (CRP) was higher in the group of meningitis without pleocytosis. Enteroviral meningitis should not be excluded even if CSF pleocytosis is not seen in patients. And enterovirus CSF RT-PCR should be performed with high suspicion in children younger than 2 years.

This study was designed to compare re-epithelization rate/feature of conjunctival epithelial cell on amniotic membrane and anatomical difference between normal amniotic membrane and de-epithelial amniotic membrane. Human conjunctival tissue obtained while cataract operation were used in this study. Primary cultured human conjunctival epithelial cell and fibroblast were incubated on intact amniotic membrane and de-epithelialized amniotic membrane. After incubation for 3, 5 and 7 days, re-epithelization rate was analyzed using cell tracker and microscopic feature was examined using methylene blue and hematoxylin- eosin stain. For cell marker analysis, cytokeratin 14 and vimentin antibody immunofluorescence stain were used. Clearance rate of epithelial cells on amniotic membrane using trypsin was better than using 25% alcohol. The results of reepithelization rate using cell tracker, HaCaT, conjunctival firbroblast, and epithelial cell were rapidly incubated on deepithelialized amniotic membrane. Wound healing and re-epithelization were more rapidly induced on de-epithelialized amniotic membrane on permanent amniotic membrane graft.

Genetic factors are increasingly found as potential causes of children with acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) or chronic pancreatitis (CP). Representative genes include cationic trypsinogen, serine protease 1 (PRSS1), serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), chymotrypsin C (CTRC) and calcium sensing receptor (CASR) genes, etc. In Korean children, PRSS1 and SPINK1 genes have been most commonly studied, while CFTR mutations were reported in one patient to date. We report a case of a 13-year-old male adolescent with CP with CFTR mutations. Since he was first diagnosed with idiopathic acute pancreatitis (IAP) based on laboratory and computed tomographic findings, he was admitted with ARP and CP over four times in a year at the secondary and tertiary hospital. No etiology was detected by several examinations including magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), endosco-pic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) with fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy and genetic test including PRSS1 and SPINK1. Although he had no typical symptoms associated with cystic fibrosis (CF), CFTR mutations were detected with additional gene examination. Testing for CFTR mutations should be concerned in pediatric patients with APR and CP without other identified causes.

There are reports that inhaling hypertonic saline with bronchodilator is helpful in the treatment of bronchiolitis. However, further studies are needed to determine if it is helpful to inhale hypertonic saline with bronchodilator in children with recurrent wheezing. We aimed to investigate the effect of hypertonic saline inhalation in children with recurrent wheezing. A total of 40 patients under 6 years of age admitted to Kwangju Christian Hospital from December 2014 to May 2016 were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to receive salbutamol. In the control group (n=21), salbutamol (2.5-5 mg / 0.5-1 mL) was inhaled four times a day with physiological saline (0.9% normal saline 1-3 mL). In the experimental group (n=19), the same amount of hypertonic saline (5% saline 1-3 mL) was inhaled four times a day instead of physiological saline. We compared the duration of wheezing remission between patients who had recurrent wheezing (n=40). There was no difference in the duration of wheezing remission in patients who had recurrent wheezing. But the hypertonic saline inhalation group had a lower post treatment clinical score on the 2nd-3rd day of admission than the physiological saline inhalation group. In this study, hypertonic saline inhalation therapy was not significantly effective in the treatment of recurrent wheezing. More additional research is needed to determine whether inhaled hypertonic saline is effective in the treatment of recurrent wheezing.

This study aimed to identify the respiratory viral etiology and clinical features in febrile neonates and young infants younger than 3 months of age. From June 2015 to March 2016, 126 patients who admitted to the pediatrics department of Kwangju Christian Hospital due to febrile illness (body temperature ≥ 38.0℃) without definite focus of fever. We tested nasopharyngeal aspiration specimens with real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Respiratory viruses identified in 66 patients, and not identified in 60 patients. Among identified viruses, the most common pathogen was rhinovirus. Respiratory virus identified patients showed significantly higher presence of sibling (p=0.015), sibling who attending day care center (p=0.022), respiratory symptoms of family members (p=0.022), concomitant respiratory symptoms of the patient (p=0.001).

This study aimed to identify initial predictive factors of meningitis among the febrile neonates. Retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 147 cases who admitted the neonatal intensive care unit due to fever (temperature ≥ 38.0 ℃) from 2010 to 2014. Lumbar puncture was performed on every case before administration of antibiotics. 37 cases (25.2%) were diagnosed as meningitis, who included 7 cases of bacterial meningitis (4.8%). When we compared meningitis group with non-meningitis group (110 patients), moaning was statistically higher in meningitis group. In a comparison of bacterial meningitis with aseptic meningitis (30 patients), grunting, fever peak on admission day and C-reactive protein were significantly higher in bacterial meningitis group.

Enterobius vermicularis is one of the most common parasites in the world and the infection rate is higher in children than adults. Although the most common clinical manifestation is perianal pruritus, it may cause other gastrointestinal manifestations. We report one case of appendicitis caused by Enterobius vermicularis. The clinical difference between typical appendicitis and the appendicitis due to Enterobius vermicularis is unclear. The patient had a repetitive Enterobius vermicularis infection for a past year, which was treated with occasional vermicides only. It is considered that the appendicitis is developed from the intractable Enterobius vermicularis infection.

The intussusception recurs in approximately 10 percent of children after successful nonoperative reduction. The main objective was to determine the clinical and sonographic findings that could be used to predict recurrence of ileocolic intussusception in children that had been successfully reduced by enema. A retrospective search was performed on 66 children, at age of 3 months to 7 years, with successful enema reduction of intussusception during a 2.5-year period from January 2013 to July 2015. The clinical, laboratory records, and sonographic findings were compared between recurrence of intussusceptions group (ROI) and non-recurrence group (NROI). Statistical significances were found in age (median, 26.0 vs 18.5 months; P =0.022) and terminal ileal wall thickening (mean, 10.23 vs 7.8 mm; p=0.002); in contrast, there was no significance considering gender, irritability (p=0.074), currant jelly stool (p=1.0), or C-reactive protein (p=0.908). Recurrence is associated with age and the thickening of terminal ileal wall, but clinical or laboratory findings. Given the small number of cases, further studies should be conducted.

The present study aimed to identify the factors that can clinically predict responses to macrolides treatment in patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Of the patients admitted to the pediatrics department of Kwangju Christian Hospital during December 2012 to March 2015, 195 patients who had pneumonia according to findings of chest radiography, positive Mycoplasma IgM, and fever at the time of admission were selected as study subjects. Patients were divided into one group wherein the duration of fever after macrolides treatment was 3 days or less and another group wherein the duration of fever was 4 days or more (169 patients [86.7%] vs 26 patients [13.3%]). In the group with fever duration of 4 days or more, a greater number of patients had a history of atopic dermatitis (3.6% vs 15.4%, p=0.11), and the symptom duration before admission was longer (cough: 4.04 days vs 6.38 days, p<0.001; fever: 3.96 days vs 6.08 days, p<0.001). Moreover, according to laboratory test results in the group with fever duration of 4 days or more, LDH levels were high (648.16 IU/L vs 829.92 IU/L, p=0.001), and there was a significant correlation between LDH levels and the duration of fever after macrolides treatment.

청원 소재 음나무(Kalopanax septemlobus)의 미숙종자에서 캘러스를 유도하여 15개의 배발생 캘러스를 얻었다. 증식된 배발생 캘러스를 재료로 체세포배를 유도하여 15개체의 기내 식물체를 얻었다. 체세포배 유도는 1/2 MS배지에 0.1 mg/L abscisic acid (ABA), 7% polyethylene glycol (PEG), 0.02% activated charcoal, 3% sucrose를 첨가하고, 0.5% gelrite로 경화하여 사용하였다. 식물 재생용 배지는 배지는 1/2MS배지에 2% sucrose, 0.3% gelrite로 하였고, 발아 촉진을 위해 GA3 1.0 mg/L 처리 혹은 기본배지를 사용하였다. 15개체의 체세포배 발생 빈도는 다르게 나타났고, 재생된 식물체의 GA3 효과는 크지 않았다. 유전적 다양성을 조사하기 위하여 ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats) 표지자 분석을 실시하였다. 5개의 ISSR 프라이머에서 증폭산물을 관찰하였고, 유전적 다양성을 나타내는 P (Percentage of polymorphic loci)값과 S.I. (Shannon’s information index)를 조사하였다. ISSR 마커를 이용하여 재분화 식물체의 유전적 안정성을 분석한 결과, 체세포 유래 재분화된 식물체의 개체간에 유전적 구조가 균일하며, 유전적 변이는 관찰되지 않았다.

백합나무의 건전 순화묘 생산을 위해 체세포배 유래 발아체를 여러 종류의 항산화제로 전처리 후 토양이식 한 결과 500mg/L Citric acid 처리구에서 가장 높은 87.9%의 순화묘 생존율을 보였으며, 그 외 처리구에서는 대조구 (수돗물)보다 다소 높거나 낮은 현상을 보여 별 생존율 차이가 없었다. 묘고 생장의 경우 500mg/L Citric acid를 처리한 처리구에서 44.5cm를 보여 가장 높았으며, 근원경 비교의 경우에서도 마찬가지로 500mg/L Citric acid를 처리한 처리구에서 4.38mm를 보여 가장 높았다. 그러나 엽면적의 경우 수돗물 처리구 유래 순화묘가 66.03cm2으로 가장 높게 나타났으나 생중량 비교에서는 500mg/L Citric acid 유래 처리구에서 8.79g으로 가장 높게 나타났다.

해양 재난은 해양시스템 자체가 대형 복잡 시스템이기에 재난 시 천문학적 인명 및 재산 피해가 발생할 수 있다는 특성을 가지고 있다. 이와 같은 심각한 피해의 발생을 막기 위해서는 재난의 발생 초기에 재난의 전파와 결과를 줄이는데 있어 최대한의 효과를 가진 적절한 대응 방책을 신속히 적용하는 것과 인명을 구조하고 피해를 복구하는 데 있어 효과적인 구난 작업을 신속히 수행할 수 있는 것이 무엇보다도 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 첨단 과학기술을 접목하고 발생할 수 있는 현장 상황을 고려한 효과적이고 신속한 대응 기술과 실 상황에서 적용할 수 있는 구난 작업 기술을 개발하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 이를 위하여 해양재난 사고에 대응하기 위하여 다양한 기술 개발을 선박사고, 해적, 송유관, 유조선 등 재난 유형별 필요한 대응 능력을 분석하고 강화하고 파손 대비, 유류 자동 차단 시스템 개발, 수중 폭발 시 해양시스템 안전대책 강화기술 연구, 골든타임 인원 구출 체계 기술 개발, 웨어러블 스마트 재난구조 장비 연구 극지사고 대응 기술, 유무인 민군관 통합 재난 스마트 안전관리 시스템 구축, 해저 작업기술 및 인프라 개발 등 다양한 기술 개발을 추구하고 있다.