목적 : 사례연구를 통해 피부근염 환자에게서 발생할 수 있는 연하장애 증상들에 대해 알아보고 임상에서 적용되고 있는 전통적 연하재활치료를 적용함으로써 연하장애가 호전되는 과정에 대해 소개하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 본 연구의 대상자는 연하장애를 진단받은 20세 피부근염 환자이다. 대상자의 연하기능을 평가하기 위하여 비디오투시연하검사를 통해 기능적 연하장애 척도와 침습 흡인 척도를 실시하였고, 미국언어청각협회 연하척도를 실시하였다. 치료 기간은 2009년 11월 10일부터 2010년 1월 30일까지로 재활의학과 입원 기간 동안에는 하루에 한번 주 6회, 류마티스 내과 입원 기간 동안에는 하루에 한번 주 5회 시행하였다. 치료로는 작업치료사가 전통적 연하재활치료로 자세 기법, 간헐적 구강식도관 영양법 적용, 식이 조절, 목의 관절 범위 및 근력 운동, 기도 입구 폐쇄 운동, 성대 폐쇄 운동, 후두 상승 운동, 고개 들기 운동, 온도-촉각 자극법, 기침 훈련, 삼킴 기법을 적용하였다. 결과 : 기능적 연하장애 척도 검사의 점수가 60점에서 56점, 52점, 48점, 36점으로 감소하였으며, 침습 흡인 척도의 단계는 3단계에서 2단계로 감소하였다가 3단계로 상승하였고, 다시 2단계, 1단계로 감소하였다. 미국언어청각협회 연하척도의 단계는 2단계에서 4단계, 5단계로 향상되었다. 결론 : 피부근염 환자의 연하장애는 전통적 연하재활치료를 통해 호전되었고, 연하기능도 향상되었다.

The quality of baked Yackwa with rice bran oil varied with dipping temperature (80 and 25℃) and dipping time (5, 10, and 15 minutes at 80℃, and 60, 90, and 120 minutes at 25℃). The moisture content and hardness of baked Yackwa increased and decreased, respectively, with dipping time. The expansion ratio increased with time when baked Yackwa was dipped at 80℃, but decreased with time when dipped at 25℃. Flavor and color were optimal for product dipped at 80℃ for 15 minutes followed those dipped at 25℃ for 120 minutes; the dipping conditions produced no significant difference in the degree of expension, aroma, texture, and overall quality. Baked Yackwa showed better results than fried Yackwa in sensory evaluation.

Purgatory includes as its main themes Yeats’s feeling of crisis and anxiety as an Anglo-Irish who was alienated from the Irish society, his skeptical view of the modern Ireland which was seeking after materialism and his predilection for eugenic thought. In Purgatory, Yeats reveals those representative themes of his later writing using the conventions of Gothic: for instance, the supernatural modes such as the transgression of the ancestors, whose tragic result affects the present, the ruined house, wild landscape, and the ghosts, the theme of ‘life in death’ and ‘the death in life’, the opposition of nature and culture and the Freudian psychological characteristics such as ‘the return of the repressed’ and ‘the uncanny.’ This paper aims to analyse how Yeats borrows and modifies those traditional Gothic conventions to convey his themes in a more effective and impressive way and to finally argue that Yeats came to be skeptical about the heroic theme and its representation. Yeats places the old man as a narrator who speaks for his thoughts, but at the same time he puts him as an unreliable narrator and shows us his limitation. Here arises irony, through which Yeats reconsiders his heroic theme that he has insisted throughout his lifetime. Through the old man’s failure to save his mother from her repeated pain of purgatory and his consequent helplessness, Yeats reveals the anti-heroic theme.

This paper examines the ways in which Yeats constructs and idealizes his Anglo-Irish Identity. After bitter disputes over Synge's plays he realized the insoluble opposition between the Irish Catholic and the Anglo-Irish, which meant his failure to unify Ireland through his Celtic Romanticism. He needed to make a new poetics to justify his predicament and to form a new identity. He creates, in his essays and poems, the identity and tradition of the Anglo-Irish from Burke through Swift, Goldsmith, Parnell to Synge and Yeats, the intellectuals who tried to enlighten the native Irish people only to fail and be isolated from them. According to Yeats, the reason the Anglo-Irish intellectuals had to meet the same fate in Ireland is due to the ignorance and sectarian hate of native Catholic Irish people. Although the Anglo-Irish always become victims, their defeat is considered by Yeats to be inescapable and even worthier than success in the reality where ignorance prevails. This is the discourse of tragic heroism. Yeats constructed the identity that is based on the dichotomy between the few Anglo-Irish and the Irish people, by which he attributes culture to the one, and nature to the other. Here culture is supposed to be superior to nature and that sense of superiority rests on the ability to culturalize nature. Yeats connected the culture with breeding which means being cultivated by discipline and education. In writing, it was through his poetics of mask, what he called “the sense of style,” that he could overcome his rage and hate to the mass and futhermore transform them to the higher virtues such as reason, manners and beauty. As the poems dealing with the Anglo-Irish big house and the Thoor Ballylee show, in their tradition what they have inherited is a heroic spirit of overcoming and transforming the adversity each generation has faced. Some critics have asserted Yeats shows de-mystifying recognition when he reveals his ancestors' illicit and unjust violence to the native Irish in the past. But we have to note that it finally leads to justifying his Anglo-Irish violence, for he thought it had been transformed by their overcoming spirit and efforts into order and culture whereas the violence of the Irish mass resulted into disorder and chaos. David Lloyd's opinion needs to be reconsidered in this regard. He praised Yeats's de-mystifying insights in some later poems and asserted, borrowing Paul de Man's terms, his writing is allegorical rather than symbolic. But in the poems he cited Yeats seems to be more interested in heroicizing and idealizing his Anglo-Irish identity and tradition. Yeats's Anglo-Irish identity should be understood as an response to the changed reality and is formed by his peculiar writing or representation.

Paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) occurrence and variation in the different bivalve species including oyster, Crassostrea gigas and mussel, Mytilus edulis in Jinhae bay Korea from January to December in 1997 were surveyed. And also compositional characteristics of PSP ingredients in the different bivalve species were investigated. PSP in shellfish was detected from late February and increased continuously until the middle of April in Jinhae bay. And after April PSP level had been decreased gradually and the toxicity was not detected by mouse bioassay in the early of June. Of the examined bivalve species, PSP content in the mussel exhibited the highest value and the PSP content in the mussel in the middle of April, PSP high season in Jinhae bay, was 6 times higher than that in the oyster. Gonyautoxin (GTX)1-4 group occupied 59.0-78.8% of whole PSP contents and identified as dominant ingredient in the examined bivalves except oyster. And it is also identified that the PSP toxicity in the tested species were derived from the GTX group. And the dominant ingredient of PSP in the oyster was carbamoyl-N-sulfo-llα- hydroxysaxitoxin sulfate(C1)(37.9%) and neosaxitoxin(neoSTX)(26.2%). But the toxicity of C1 in the tested oyster could be ignorable and most toxicity (80.0%) was derived from saxitoxin (STX) group.

Yeats’s imagination is filled with the deliberate efforts and will to transform the given reality and self. Influenced by William Blake’s visionary or symbolic imagination who had pursued the eternal essence of life, Yeats sought for the perfect and beautiful as the goal which human beings should try to reach. In ‘Adam’s Curse,’ he asserts, since the Fall, there are nothing perfect and beautiful without one’s deliberate labour to reach them. A good poem necessarily needs lots of repeated correction, “stitching and unstitching,” but finally if it doesn’t seem natural like “a moment’s thought,” all the efforts and labour which have been made comes to be futile. In that the naturalness in poems through laborious process is emphasized, it can be said that his poetics would seek to the perfect and the refined, in content and expression, but most of all his great concern is on one’s passion and the laborious process to transform the reality as it is through imagination. This paper aims to explore the achievement of Yeats’s transformative imagination acted on the idealization of Anglo-Irish aristocratic tradition and nationality in terms of the discourse of nationalism. He projects onto Anglo-Irish aristocratic class the intellectual leadership over the crowd and the organic continuity and tradition which Irish middle class, that he hates, is regarded to lack. Under the threat and violence of Irish Catholics who began to make claims to their rights on dispossessed land, the Anglo-Irish, who had enjoyed the power and wealth since the 17th century, were forced to feel crisis. The Anglo-Irish were destined to play no more active roles in the following Irish history and would be in danger of isolation. Thus his idealization of the Anglo-Irish was constituted where his desire and fear meet. Here Yeats’s idealization of Anglo-Irish aristocrat was made retrospectively in the crisis. The Gregorys’ Coole House and Yeats’s tower, Thoor Ballylee are representative symbols in which he idealized the Anglo-Irish culture and its heroic tradition. The sense of form which Yeats found in the architectural form of Coole House as well as “courtesy” and “ceremony” in aristocrat’s life is one of the heroic ideals Yeats pursued throughout all his life. In poems dealing with this theme, we can see that he idealizes the Anglo-Irish culture and tradition by giving them the idealized heroic values such as the recklessness, intellect and courtesy, criticizing the rigid mind and snobbism of native middle class people who is indifferent to one’s spiritual value and imagination. This is the discourse of nationalism which insists on one’s nation’s innocent, continuous and self-sufficient attributes and proves its superiority to other nations. They would hide the fact that it is invented or constituted by purpose, assuming naturalness and making national myth a self-evident fact through various cultural discourses. But Yeats’s transformative imagination, as seen in ‘Adam’s Curse,’ puts great emphasis on one’s labour made behind to reach the ideal and the opposite to the reality, he lays bare his deliberate efforts of idealizing, not making natural by hiding and mystifying it. Here his poetry comes out of the typical discourse of nation. Like the Anglo-Irish ancestors who founded the magnificent house dreaming the ideal, Yeats himself who wrote a poem in the crisis of breakdown of the Anglo-Irish nationality by historical change and violence wanted to be memorized to his heir as a founder, “befitting the emblem of adversity.” In ‘Meditations in Time of Civil War,’ and ‘Coole Park and Ballylee, 1931,’ we can see that he makes the myth of Anglo-Irish nationality and at the same time demystifies or deconstructs it by showing that it is invented.

In Korea, a small proportion of fishery products are contaminated with a considerable amount of potentially hazardous contaminants. So, there is generally a high risks to consumers. Inorganic contaminants with the greatest potential for toxicity are Sb, As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Se and the Sulfides. As appears to be much more variable than the others. This study was performed to assess the levels of the As in fisheries caught from the waters of the western coast of Korea. The samples included 26 kinds of fishes, 18 kinds of Mollusca, 3 kinds of Crustacea and 7 kinds of salted fishes. The Moisture content of molluscans was significantly higher than that of others (p$lt;0.05). And the As contents of crustaceans were significantly higher than those of fishes, molluscans and salted fishes (p$lt;0.05). The As content of Turban shell was 51.62 ppm, which was the highest among the samples. Also, the As contents of eel, cattle fish and blue crab were found to be higher than in other fisheries. This variability offers a solution for the reduction of eosure to As through restricting the harvest of aquatic organism from the western coast of Korea.

The purpose of this study was to identify vulnerable area of emergency medical care. In the existing method, the emergency medical vulnerable area is set as an area that can not reach the emergency room within 30 minutes. In this study, we set up an area that can not reach within 30 minutes including the accessibility of 119 emergency center. To accomplish this, we obtained information on emergency room and 119 emergency center through Open API and constructed road network using digital map to perform accessibility analysis. As a result, 509 emergency room are located nationwide, 78.0% of them are concentrated in the region, 1,820 emergency center are located, and 61.0% of them are located in rural areas. The average access time from the center of the village to the emergency room was analyzed as 15.3 minutes, and the average access time considering the 119 emergency center was 21.8 minutes, 6.5 minutes more. As a result of considering the accessibility of 119 emergency center, vulnerable areas increased by 2.5 times, vulnerable population increased by 2.0 times, and calculating emergency medical care vulnerable areas, which account for more than 30% of the urban unit population, it was analyzed that it increased from 17 to 34 cities As a further study, it will be necessary to continuously monitor and research the real-time traffic information, medical personnel, medical field, and ambulance information to reflect the reality and to diagnose emergency medical care in the future.

This study is to evaluate the per capita accessibility to child care facilities using road map in rural village unit considering the supply and demand of child care facilities in municipal (Si-Gun) units. Using these estimated accessibility, the most accessible regions to child care facilities was identifies using Moran’s index. Assuming establish a new child care facility in the most accessible region, the sensitivity of child care environment was analyzed. The number of regions are 71 si-gun-gu where supply of child care facilities is insufficient. The average accessibility per capita is 1.09 km to child care facilities and the average accessibility in Myeon unit is approximately 2.2 times higher than accessibility in Eup unit (Eup unit 0.54 km, Myeon unit 1.21 km). Approach tendency from village to child care facilities has positive relationship as 0.451 global Moran’s index. The high-high (H-H) accessibility regions are wide as Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollanam-do and Chungcheongbuk-do. Assumed to be established the new child care facilities in Yangyang-gun (Ganwon-do), accessibility changes of child care environment are up to 2.7 times greater and the recipient population is 77% of Yangyang-gun.

본 연구는 홍시라떼 분말화의 최적조건 설정을 위하여 반응표면분석법(RSM)을 이용하였으며, 독립변수는 inlet temperature(X1), air flow rate(X2), 시료의 공급속도인 feed flow rate(X3)로 설정하고 종속변수로는 회수량(Y1), 수분흡 수지수(Y2), total phenolic compounds(Y3)로 설정하였다. 각 종속변수에 따른 회귀식은 모두 p<0.001 수준에서 유의성이 인정되었다. 홍시라떼의 경우 과당이 풍부하여 분말의 부착성이 높기 때문에 유리전이 온도와 입자의 표면 온도 차이가 낮을수록 회수량은 높아졌으며, 분말의 결정성과 응집성은 증가하여 수분흡수지수는 낮아졌다. 또한 낮은 inlet temperature(X1)와 높은 feed flow rate(X3)는 입자의 표면 온도와 열의 접촉 시간을 모두 낮추어 total phenolic compounds의 손실을 최소화 하였다. 각 독립변수와 종속변수의 영향을 나타내는 반응표면그래프를 이용하여 최적 분말화 조건을 예측한 결과 inlet temperature(X1) 90℃, air flow rate(X2) 53 mL/min, feed flow rate(X3) 17.00 mL/min로 결정되었다.

The interest on rural ecological landscape has recently grown on the part of policy makers for rural development. While considerable efforts and resources have been invested to preserve and utilize rural landscape, we still lack a systematic means to quantify and evaluate ecosystem service value of the rural landscape and management status. So this study suggests rural ecological landscape management indicator considering ecosystem service value. It consists of 28 criteria and 107 subcategories, which can be applied to rural village. And We have applied ecosystem service value assessment and resident’s management status on three villages, Moondang village, Yonggye village, and Sesim village.

This study is to estimate the circuity factors which can be used to assess for public facilities accessibility and analyze traffic in the area. We set the range of the administrative districts by Si‧Gun‧Gu unit and Eup‧Myeon‧Dong unit (more subdivided unit than Si‧Gun‧Gu unit). The average circuity factor in Si‧Gun‧Gu unit is 1.364 (maximum 2.953 and minimum 1.711). The region indicated the highest value of circuity factor is wando-gun in jeollanam-do, which area consists of 4 island and is connected to the bridges. Having to use the bridges for using public facilities hinders its accessibility. In the case of Eup ‧ Myeon ‧ Dong unit, the average circuity factor is 1.353 (maximum 2.950 and minimum 1.154). The region indicated the highest value of circuity factor is buksan-myeon in chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do. This region also has to use bridges for using public facilities because there is the largest lake, called Soyangho. This circuity factor is used to analyze the location of public facilities and assess vulnerability of accessibility. And also the factor can be applied to some policies, such as rural public service planning based on spatial big data.

This paper proposes a village level settlement environment diagnostic indices in rural areas which can apply to analyze various conditions at village level. A living space in rural areas has been changed with a diverse aspect according to living infrastructure, industrial structure, accessibility to neighbor city and so on. This indicators considered these mega-regionalization of economy and lifestyle in rural areas. The indicators consists of basic indices for all types villages and convenience service indices for center villages and the other neighbor ones classified by a functionality of their convenience facilities. As the results of delphi expert survey and a field validation, rural village settlement environment diagnostic indicators were selected 3 types, 15 domains, 24 subdomains and 61 items. And these indicators weight were determinted by AHP method. These developed indicators were used to diagnosis settlement conditions of 31 villages, located on county of Yeongdong. to validate a applicability and feasibility.

Although some indicators for evaluating rural settlement conditions have been offered, these indicators could not reflect unique characteristics that rural has its own peculiarities. The rural area is identified with central districts functioned as service provision and hinterlands used its service. The aim of this study is to find a central district of rural villages and define range of its hinterlands using various physical characteristics of rural areas. Targeting areas are Yongsan and Hwanggan in Yeongdong-gun . The physical characteristics are represented by building density, number of shops among secondary and tertiary industries, official land price, and density of bus line. The rural central district is estimated by linear programming using defined the physical characteristics. Also its hinterlands used Huff model and social accessibility. The results of this study are as follows; (1) The physical characteristics in Hwanggan myeon is higher than Yongsan myeon because Hwanggan area has a large floating population for using Hwanggan station and ticket office; (2) The central district in Hwanggan has wider regional range than Yongsan. When central district estimate in rural areas, we suggest a grid diameter of Hexagon for controlling errors; (3) Considering accessibility, the life zone of 4 districts defined legally in Hwanggan use Yongsan and 2 legal districts in Hwanggan are possible to take advantage of Yongsan’s life zone; (4) The results of survey targeting boundary villages between Yongsan and Hwanggan, individual drivers use central districts both Yongsan and Hwanggan, however users by public transportation (especially bus) go more to Hwanggan because bus lines to Hwanggan have many routes than to Yongsan. Evaluating the rural settlement conditions by national unit through grasping central districts and its hinterlands, these results can use as base line data and the evidence for regional development projects.

People are making efforts multilaterally to create agricultural landscape beautifully. Still in farming villages, however, large-scale facilities or houses are disharmonized with natural environment because of their outer colors, mostly primary colors, not considering natural environment. The main study is done on experts’ color perception. Investigation about perception of color experts ' view according to the existence of the energy business based on the color to set the direction of the rural landscape in the future. The result of the study shows that the image of the rural area is not reflected well, and the symbolic color of the rural landscape is the reverse image according to the energy business. The rural village’s image in the future, “Harmonious”, “Natural”, “Rural” were higher Figure. There were the most important and harmony with nature. Based on such future harmony with nature in the color planning The colors match and is expected to be the color within the scope. Lack of awareness in the current farming town scenery is unsatisfactory. Awareness about the need for further improvement was higher. Therefore, color according to a harmony with nature images in accordance with the type of farming model should be planned.

In this study, beauty food activities were determined for extracts of Saurus chinensis as functional beauty food. Tyrosinase inhibitory effect was increased as more 4 folds by ultra-fine grind technology than normal grind technology in ethanol extracts from Saurus chinensis. A ultra-fine ground technology was used to increase the extraction yield for bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity, which is related to skin-whitening, was confirmed to be 100% for ethanol extracts at 1,000 ppm of phenolics. Anti-wrinkle activity was determined showing 30% of inhibition effect at above 1,000 ppm phenolic concentration. The elastase inhibitory activity of water and ethanol extracts from ultra-fine ground Saurus chinensis showed higher inhibition activity than compared to extracts from normal ground Saurus chinensis. Astringent activity in ethanol extracts was determined showing over 70% at 250 ppm of phenolics. Based on these results, Saurus chinensis extracts can be used as a functional beauty food and cosmetic with whitening, anti-wrinkle and pore contraction effects.

Rural house came into the rapid change through the process of modernization and Saemaul movement in the past. This change continue to the current era, there is a such exotic forms and indiscriminate development of new house and Saemaul housing and existing conventional farmhouse in rural area. Such a phenomenon, ultimately creating disharmony in traditional environment of rural. In this respect, reflecting the location characteristics of the region which is based on the regional characteristics and unique model of rural housing, it is absolutely required for the development of rural housing customized to fit the diversity of modern. With that background, the purpose of the research is to try and find out the changes in rural houses and the transforming characteristics. To achieve this research purpose, this research selected a specialized magazine for architecture. Then, it identified contents which has specific keyword. lastly, it analyze type and contents of house in rural area from selected article. This process make up the rural housing for effective utilization. The result showed that the type of economic activity and residents information directly show the character of the members who located in the new homes after retuning to farming. The polarization of structure was clearly visible by the building time. And, propensity to western-style of major components was very high such as shape and form of housing. However, it was found to prefer to reflect traditional aesthetics in the components of the housing partially. Therefore, more research is needed to reflect of the results of a survey. Also, analyzing the characteristic of rural house’s element and suggesting ways to take advantage in order to present suitable element of modern rural house.

Public transportation is public service that is contributed to the convenience of the public. However, opportunity for public services in rural areas is weaker than the chance in urban areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate accessibility of various public facilities using public transportation. To evaluate the accessibility, we calculate the various time from community center to the nearest bus stop, walking time, riding time in bus, and waiting time for transfer. The results of this study ares as follows; (1) Villages occupy 19.8% in rural areas that walking time from community center to the nearest bus stop takes over 10 minutes in integrated Chungju-si; (2) The average speed is 21.9 km/hr estimated to departure and arrival time of bus route; (3) The accessibility time from community center using the average bus speed takes 15.43 minutes to public facilities, 35.15 minutes to emergency center, 8.70 minutes to medical center, 9.70 minutes to elementary school, 16.26 minutes to middle school, and 22.61 minutes high school; (4) The transfer time of public transportation takes 13.46, 21.96, 10.48, 7.78, 11.11, 16.10 minutes to public facilities, emergency center, medical center, elementary school, middle school, and high school, respectively; (4) Traffic accessibility using bus vehicles in the East and South Chungju-si is lower than areas in the West and North Chungju-si. Some villages surrounding public offices (eup-myeon office) which have a high density of population, indicate a high traffic accessibility.

참취로부터 phenolic compounds를 추출 후 항산화 효과, 건강 기능성 식품 및 미용식품 활성을 검정하여 기능성 소재로 활용 가능성을 살펴보았다. 참취에 함유되어 있는 페놀성 물질은 물과 60% ethanol을 용매로 하여 추출하였을 때 각각 11.1 mg/g, 4.18 mg/g 함량을 나타내었다. 추출물의 phenolic 농도를 50~200 μg/mL로 조절하여 DPPH를 측정한 결과, 물 추출물과 ethanol 추출물 50 μg/mL phenolics 농도 에서 각각 87%, 91%였고, ABTS radical decolorization도 50 μg/mL phenolics 농도에서 각각 99%, 99%였다. Antioxidant protection factor는 200 μg/mL phenolics 농도에 서 물 추출물과 ethanol 추출물에서 각각 1.87 PF와 2.22 PF로 측정되었으며, TBARs값은 50 μg/mL phenolics농도에 서 물 추출물이 95%, ethanol 추출물에서 97%를 나타내었 다. Angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) 저해능은 물 추출 물에서 50.8%, ethanol 추출물에서 69.4%의 저해율을 나타 내었으며, xanthine oxidase 저해능은 물 추출물은 50 μg/mL phenolics농도에서 91%, ethanol 추출물은 200 μg/mL phenolics농도에서 80%의 높은 효능을 보였다. α-Amylase 저해능은 물 추출물과 ethanol 추출물에서 각각 24%, 89% 로 ethanol 추출물에서 높은 효능을 보였다. Tyrosinase 저해 능을 측정한 결과 물 추출물과 ethanol 추출물에서 각각 47%, 25%의 미백 효과를 나타내었다. Elastase 저해능 측정 결과 물 추출물과 ethanol 추출물에서 각각 46%, 14%로 물 추출물에서 주름 개선 효과가 상대적으로 높게 나타내었 다. 이러한 결과로 보아 참취 추출물은 항산화 고혈압억제, 통풍억제, 당분해억제, 미백효과, 주름개선효과 등의 건강 기능성 식품 및 미용식품 활성 소재로서 활용 가능성이 큰 것으로 판단되었다.