This paper presents the optimized design of Extradosed bridges using 2,160MPa PS strand and their economic benefits. Original structural design on the bridges using 1860MPa was reviewed in order to compare the values from the design with the optimization results.

The result of a small electrostatic precipitator which is in order to decrease indoor air pollution for optimal efficiency was shown as follows. Although the closer distance between the discharge electrode and dust collecting electrode shows the better throughput efficiency by forming strong electrostatic Field, it does not have profound impact in case of optimal dust collecting area. G.P(gas passage) which is the distance from dust collecting electrode to dust collecting electrode is a crucial factor to decide dust collecting efficiency. The narrower distance of G.P shows the better throughput efficiency whereas it decreases when the distance is too narrow since sparks ensue by increasing the capacity of electrostatic charging system 5 mm regards as optimal efficiency in this experiment. Although the higher voltage shows the higher dust collecting efficiency overall, the experiment was not able to keep performing since the sparks which decrease dust collecting efficiency ensue over 40 kV. The efficient and safe voltage state is considered 3.6 kV in this experiment. The most crucial factor for dust collecting efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator which is in order to decrease indoor air pollution is applied voltage. In addition, optimal raw gas flow rate(2.4 m/sec) is more important factor than the excessive increase of dust collecting area.

고추(Capsicum annuum L.)는 가지과(Solanaceae)로 분류되는 일년초로서 온대에서 열대까지 널리 재배되고 있다. 또한 세계 50억 인구가 식생활에 활용하고 있고 재배면적이 7위인 세계적인 채소로서 식생 외에도 먹거리의 식품첨가제, 색소, 의약품재료, 화장품 등 산업적으로 많이 사용되고 있으며, 그 산업규모가 계속 증가하고 있다. 고추 관련 산업 매출은 300억불로서 상업적 가치가 매우 높은 채소작물이다. 따라서 고추는 채소류 중 동남아 등 해외로 수출가능성이 가장 높은 작물로써 수출전용 품종 개발이 시급하고, 국내 재배용으로는 바이러스 내병성이 강하고 고품질의 고추 품종 개발이 요구된다. 현대 생물공학은 고추의 병해충에 대한 유전적 개량을 통해 이익을 줄 수 있으며, 첫 번째 유전자 형질전환은 Agrobacterium tumefaciens로 neomycin phosphotransferase와 β-glucuronidase 유전자를 삽입한 것으로 (Liu et al., 1990) 그 후로 C. annuum에 대한 기술의 발달이 꾸준히 보고되었다. 최근 고추에서 개량하고자 하는 형질에는 CMV, TEV, TMV에 대한 바이러스 저항성(Cai et al., 2003), 담배나방(Heliothis assulta)에 대한 해충저항성(Kim et al., 2003), 과실성숙도 조절, 저장기간 연장 등으로 요약되고 있다(OECD 고추표준기술서, 2006). 본 연구에서는 국내에 존재하는 고추 품종과 계통을 모두 이병시키는 새로운 바이러스인 CMVP1에 대한 내성이 있는 GM고추 H15 event의 농업적 특성 포장시험을 실시하였다. 농업환경위해성 평가를 위한 농업적 특성 포장시험을 2012년 5월부터 9월까지 H15 event와 모본 P2377에 대하여 수행하였다. 조사내용은 식물체, 과실 및 꽃의 특성을 조사하였다. 식물체의 특성은 6월부터 9월까지 6항목을 조사하였으며, 8월 최성기는 18항목을 조사하였다. 조사결과는 6월부터 8월까지 식물체 특성은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 9월에는 P2377 고추의 초폭이 H15 고추에 비해 유의하게 컸지만 초장, 주경장, 경경, 엽장 및 엽폭은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 과실의 특성은 미숙과 20항목과 숙과 19항목을 조사하였으며, 착과상태, 과장, 과경 등 조사대상 항목의 특성은 모두 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 꽃의 특성은 화색 등 10가지 항목을 조사하였으며, 화색, 웅예수 등 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 종자의 특성은 종자색등 4가지 항목을 조사하였으며, 종자색, 종자크기 등 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이와 같은 연구결과는 포장시험을 통한 농업적 특성의 위해성평가 기초자료로 제시할 수 있을 것이며, GMO식품안정성평가에 대한 가이드라인으로 제시 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

In order to study the seasonal patterns and possible origins of air concentrations of volatile organic compounds(VOC), measurements were taken with GC-MS at 3 sampling sites in Jinju for 12 months from Mar. 2010 to Feb. 2011. Atmospheric VOC are sampled on tubes containing solid adsorbents(Tenax TA) with a time resolution of 2hrs. Composition and concentration of VOC are analysed with a GC system equipped with thermal desorption apparatus(ATD). The most abundant compound appeared to be Toluene, Ethylbenzene and m,p-Xylene. The mean concentrations of Benzene were 0.20 ppb at GN site, 0.18 ppb at DA site, and 0.25 ppb at SP site, respectively. VOC concentration showed a strong seasonal variation, with higher concentrations during the spring and lower concentrations during the summer. The results showed that monthly fluctuations in measured VOC concentrations depended on variations in the strength of sources, as well as on photochemical activity and meteorological conditions. In Jinju, the total VOC emissions for 2009 were estimated to be 4,407 ton/year by Clean Air Policy Support System(CAPSS). It is shown that solvent use 57.5%(2,534 ton/yr), waste treatment and disposal 23.3%(1,025 ton/yr), and mobil source-road traffic 12.2%(537 ton/yr) are the most significant anthropogenic source.

The versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES) have proven useful for providing elevated levels of atmospheric aerosol to human and animal exposures. In this study, we describe a VACES and tests conducted to both optimize the enhancement factor (EF) and characterize how it depends on experiment conditions. Particle number concentrations were measured from upstream and downstream of the system by scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) with a long differential mobility analyzer (DMA) in combination with a condensation particle counter (CPC). SMPS was used for to determine VACES particle EF. Particle EF tends to increase for higher the saturator temperature (TSat) and lower the condenser temperature (TCon). TCon higher than 0 °C and TSat lower than 50 °C was the best to obtain the most increase in particle concentration. Correlation analysis of EF with factor variables of TSat and TCon resulted in correlation 0.662 and 0.416, respectively. With all five predictor variables included in a multiple regression model, the EF had a liner correlation with R2 = 0.643.

The elevator is needed healthy and comfortable indoor air quality (IAQ) for using many people, but we found nothing about IAQ studies of an elevator. In general, air in the elevator car is sucked from the elevator’s hoistway straight into the car using a fan. The air sucked into the hoistway may be filled with dust, mold and bacteria. This study was performed to measure of characteristics of indoor air quality (PM10, falling bacteria, CO2, Rn and HCHO) in elevator`s hoistway, CAR and lobby of 8 sites (4 apartments and 4 commercial buildings) in Gyeongnam from May, 2010 to January, 2011. With regards to the differences of pollutant distribution among hoistway, CAR, and lobby, the concentration of Rn and HCHO were the highest in hoistway followed by CAR and lobby, and PM10, falling bacteria and CO2 were the highest in CAR followed by hoistway and lobby. Mean concentrations of PM10 were 104.9 μg/m3 in CAR, 92.3 μg/m3 in hoistway and 68.2 μg/m3 in lobby, respectively.

A pilot-scale pulse-jet bagfilter was designed, built and tested for the effects of four operating conditions (filtration velocity, inlet dust concentration, pulse pressure, and pulse interval time) on the total system pressure drop, using coke dust from a steel mill factory. Two models were used to predict the total pressure drop according to the operating conditions. These model parameters were estimated from the 180 experimental data points. The empirical model (EM) with filtration velocity, areal density, inlet dust concentration, pulse interval time and pulse pressure shows the best correlation coefficient (R=0.971) between experimental data and model predictions. The empirical model was used as it showed higher correlation coefficient (R=0.971) compared to that of the Multivariate linear regression(MLR) (R=0.961). The minimum pulse pressure predicted by empirical model (EM) was 5kg/㎠.

The new empirical static model was constructed on the basis of dimension analysis to predict the pressure drop according to the operating conditions. The empirical static model consists of the initial pressure drop term (N dust = ω0υf / P pulse t) and the dust mass number term (Δp initial), and two parameters (dust deposit resistance and exponent of dust mass number) have been estimated from experimental data. The optimum injection distance was identified in the 64 experimental data at the fixed filtration velocity and pulse pressure. The dust deposit resistance (K d), one of the empirical static model parameters got the minimum value at , d=0.11m, at which the total pressure drop was minimized. The exponent of dust mass number was interpreted as the elasticity of pressure drop to the dust mass number. The elasticity of the unimodal behavior had also a maximum value at , d=0.11m, at which the pressure drop increased most rapidly with the dust mass number. Additionally, the correlation coefficient for the new empirical static model was 0.914.

Temporal trends of ozone concentration in Jinju were investigated by using observation data from 3 air quality monitoring stations for the period of 2004~2008. In addition, spatial comparisons of ozone concentration at Jeoguri, upwind and downwind directions of Jinju were investigated between May and September 2009. Annual mean exhibited increasing trends +1.7ppb/yr throughout the study period. In the case of diurnal variation, the lowest ozone concentration was shown from 7 am to 8 am and the highest around 4 pm. The ozone concentrations of Jeoguri station of the south coast were higher than Jinju. In particular, the upwind direction of Jinju had relatively hight ozone concentration.

his study was investigated the characteristics of indoor air concentration of fiber particles in 30 public facilities and 245 schools by PCM (phase contrast microscopy). Also SEM/EDX (scanning electron microscope / energy dispersive using X-ray analysis) was used to obtain physicochemical information of asbestos fiber and to classify asbestos and non-asbestos of fiber particles. The airborne concentrations of fiber particles were 0.0009±0.0009 counts/mL in public facilities and 0.0012±0.0006 counts/mL in schools by PCM. All the samples were satisfied with the IAQ (indoor air quality) level of 0.01counts/mL. In classification of 4 type shapes, over 80% of the fiber particles were identified as single fiber type. And this study analysed airborne fiber particles in 4 sites for identifying asbestos of by SEM/EDX. The asbestos fibers in most samples could not be found.

The pressure drop through pulse air jet-type bag filter is one of the most important factors on the operating cost of bagfilter houses. In this study, the pilot-scale pulse air jet-type bag filter with about 6 ㎡ filtration area was designed and tested for investigating the effects of the four operating conditions on the total pressure drop, using the coke dust collected from a steel mill factory. When the face velocity is higher than 2 m/min, it is not applicable to on-spot due to the increase of power expenses resulting from a high-pressure drop, and thus, 1.5 m/min is considered to be reasonable. The regression analysis results show that the degree of effects of independent parameters is a order of face velocity > concentration > time > pressure. The results of SPSS answer tree analysis also reveal that the operation time affects the pressure drop greatly in case of 1 m/min of face velocity, while the inlet concentration affects the pressure drop in case of face velocity more than 1.5 m/min.

This study was carried out to evaluate the characteristics of atmospheric concentrations of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) and aldehydes for near a large shipyard. Most of the painting work in marine coating is performed indoor and outdoor. Most of the VOCs are emitted to the atmosphere as the paint is applied and cures. The massive scale of a ship makes it difficult to capture the emissions from outdoor painting. The VOCs are an important health and contributors to photochemical smog. The VOCs and aldehydes samples were collected using adsorbent tube and 2,4-DNPH cartridge, and were determined by an automatic thermal desorption coupled with GC/MS and HPLC-UV analysis, respectively. A total of 16 aromatic VOCs and 12 aldehydes of environmental concern were determined. At indoor coating facilities, the most abundant compound among 16 target VOCs appeared to be m,p-xylene, being followed by o-xylene. But most of the aldehydes were extremely lower concentrations. The atmospheric concentration of VOCs, m,p-xylene concentrations were the highest and the mean value were outdoor workshop 11.323 ppb, residental area 5.134 ppb, and green area 2.137 ppb, respectively. However, the most aldehydes were extremely lower concentrations such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and non-detection such as iso-valeraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde and o-tolualdehyde.

This study summarizes the relations among PM2.5 concentration, water-soluble ions concentration, metallic element Components characteristics and SPSS in negative ion and metallic element of PM2.5 particle in Miryang.(By the urban area, the industrial complex area and the suburban area according to the season) PM2.5 concentration of total 72 samples collected from 3 sites turned out to range from 3.47 to 34.7 μg/m3 , and the average concentration was the suburban area-the kin nup(16.00 μg/m3 ) > the urban area-the roof of the old Miryang university(10.32 μg/m3 ) > the industrial complex-Sapo industrial complex(10.29 μg/m3 ). In particular, the suburban area had PM2.5 concentration 1.5 times those of urban area, industrial complex. It was thought although the site was suburban and farm-side without pollutants around, it had a higher concentration value influenced by external factors including the brickyard, small-scale incinerator, driving range construction, construction on the Daegu-Busan express and the widening of the four-lane road between Miryang-Anyang nearby. As for water-soluble ions among PM2.5 particle collected in Miryang area, SO42− accounted for 60% and NO3−, was 30% in spring and summer. And NO3− accounted for 50% and SO42− was 35% in fall and winter. The AI value of metallic Components among PM2.5 particle collected in Miryang area had a high value influenced by the apartment complex construction and the extension work of road. The industrial complex area had Zn concentration 3 times, and Fe concentration 2 times those of urban area and suburb area. When it comes to the relation with metallic elements in urban area, the highest coefficient of correlation was between Cr-Fe with 0.85, and Pb-Cd turned out in the reverse correlation. Among metallic elements, the coefficients of correlation between Zn and Cr, Mn, Fe, NI were high in industrial complex area. The highest coefficient of correlation was between Mn-Zn with 0.88, meanwhile Ni and Cu, Cd turned out in the reverse correlation in the suburb area. These coefficients of correlation are attributed to the difference in pollutant sources, rather than difference in pollutant and non-pollutant.

The emissions characteristics of particulate matters(PM) according to the types of wastes from industrial waste incinerator of 800 kg/hr treatment capacity were investigated. For this study, the incinerate waste are as follows; waste resin, waste wood, waste urethane, waste gunny, and waste paper. The particulate samples were collected to be emitted in stack and air pollution control(both cyclone and bag filter). In stack, the concentrations of PM were in the range of 2.61 to 26.51 ㎎/S㎥ and the major chemical species were C, Si, Cl, K, Na, Ca in all the wastes. In cyclone fly ash, the mean content of heavy metal were in the order of Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn > Cr > Ni > Cd > As > Hg and the heavy metal content of waste resin were Zn 34,197.5 mg/kg, Fe 27,587.6 mg/kg, Pb 6,055.8 mg/kg, respectively. In bag filter fly ash, the mean content of heavy metal were in the order of Zn > Pb > Fe > Cu > Mn > Cd > Cr > Ni > As > Hg and the heavy metal content of waste wood were Pb 36,405.2 mg/kg, Fe 15,762.9 mg/kg, Cu 9,989.5 mg/kg, Cd 2,230.1 mg/kg, respectively. Comparing the heavy metal content of both cyclone and bag filter, in cyclone, the Cr, Fe, Ni content were higher than in bag filter and the Cd, Cu, Hg content were lower than in bag filter.

Research results for the pressure drop variance depending on operation conditions such as change of inlet concentration, pulse interval, and face velocity, etc., in a pulse air jet-type bag filter show that while at 3kg/cm2 whose pulse pressure is low, it is good to make an pulse interval longer in order to form the first layer, it may not be applicable to industry because of a rapid increase in pressure. In addition, the change of inlet concentration contributes more to the increase of pressure drop than the pulse interval does. In order to reduce operation costs by minimizing filter drag of a filter bag at pulse pressure 5kg/cm2, the dust concentration should be minimized, and when the inlet dust loading is a lower concentration, the pulse interval in the operation should be less than 70 sec, but when inlet dust loading is a higher concentration, the pulse interval should be below 30 sec. In particular, in the case that inlet dust loading is a higher concentration, a high-pressure distribution is observed regardless of pulse pressure. This is because dust is accumulated continuously in the filter bag and makes it thicker as filtration time increases, and thus the pulse interval should be set to below 30 sec. If the equipment is operated at 1m/min of face velocity, while pressure drop is low, the bag filter becomes larger and thus, its economics are very low due to a large initial investment. Therefore, a face velocity of around 1.5 m/min is considered to be the optimal operation condition. At 1.5 m/min considered to be the most economical face velocity, if the pulse interval increases, since the amount of variation in filter drag is large, depending on the amount of inlet dust loading, the operation may be possible at a lower concentration when the pulse interval is 70 sec. However, for a higher concentration, either face velocity or pulse interval should be reduced.

The purpose of this study is to analyze seasonal distribution of insects, birds, fishes, and benthos for Gongji stream in Chuncheon and to explore some strategies towards creating a desirable close-to-nature stream. The number of species occurred in the study stream was 23 for butterflies and 149 for other insects, 23 for birds, 15 for fishes, and 47 for benthos. The study stream was dominated by Artogenia rapae, Polygonia caureum, Cyntia cardui for butterflies, and Passer montanus, Anas crecca, Anas platyrhynchos for birds. The dominant species were Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, Zacco platypus, Carassius auratus for fishes, and Limnodrilus sp. 2, Chironomus sp. 2, Hydropsyche KUb for benthos. Attracting insect species of higher density requires planting of host plant species and stabilization of plant coverage against disturbances. To enhance species diversity and density of birds, it is desirable to provide diverse habitats including preservation of downstream wetland and natural vegetation, creation of sand bars and islands with sand and gravel, and restriction of traffic passing and parking. Restoring fish and benthos habitats needs improvement of water quality, layout of gravels and stones on sand-dominant streambed, and use of close-to-nature revetment techniques.

In this paper, we develope the navigation system for patrol robots in indoor environment. The proposed system consists of PDA map modelling, a localization algorithm based on a global position sensor and an automatic charging station. For the practical use in security system, the PDA is used to build object map on the given indoor map. And the builded map is downloaded to the mobile robot and used in path planning. The global path planning is performed with a localization sensor and the downloaded map. As a main controller, we use PXA270 based hardware platform in which embedded linux 2.6 is developed. Data handling for various sensors and the localization algorithm are performed in the linux platform. Also, we implemented a local path planning algorithm for object avoidance with ultra sonar sensors. Finally, for the automatic charging, we use an infrared ray system and develop a docking algorithm. The navigation system is experimented with the two-wheeled mobile robot using North-Star localization system.

Scanning electron microscopy / energy dispersive X-ray analyzer(SEM/EDX) has played an important role for evaluation the source of atmospheric particle because it is a powerful tool for characterizing individual particles. The SEM/EDX system provides various physical parameters like optical diameter, as well as chemical information for a particle-by-particle basis. The purpose of the study was to classify individual particle emitted from the point sources based on clustering analysis and physico-chemical analysis by SEM/EDX. The total of 490 individual particle were analyzed at 8 point sources including coal-fired power plant, incinerator, B-C oil boiler, and metal manufacturing industry. The main components were Si and Al in the coal-fired power plant, Cl and Na in the domestic waste Incinerator, S in the B-C oil boiler and S and Fe in the metal manufactory industry, respectively.