In this study, numerical simulations using community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) were conducted to analyze the change in ozone (O3) concentration due to the reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions in Busan. When the NOx and, VOCs emissions were reduced by 40% and, 31%, respectively, the average O3 concentration increased by 4.24 ppb, with the highest O3 change observed in the central region (4.59 ppb). This was attributed to the decrease in O3 titration by nitric oxide (NO) due to the reduction of NOx emissions in Busan, which is classified as a VOCs-limited area. The distribution of O3 concentration changes was closely related to NOx emissions per area, and inland emissions were highly correlated with daily maximum concentrations and 8-h average O3 concentrations. Contrastingly, the effect of emission reduction depended on the wind direction. This suggests that the emission reduction effects may vary depending on the environmental conditions. Further research is needed to comprehensively analyze the emission reduction effects in Busan.

In this study, we quantitatively analyze the effect of ocean emission sources on the simulated O3 concentrations in South Korea using the community multi-scale air quality (CMAQ) model. To analyze changes in O3 concentrations by ocean emissions, two different CMAQ simulations considering ocean emissions (OE case) and without considering ocean emissions (NE case) were conducted during the Korea-United States air quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign period (May–June 2016). The changes in the simulated O3 concentrations due to the effect of ocean emissions (OE case-NE case) appeared mostly in the ocean areas (+1.201 ppbv). The effect of ocean emissions was positive during the daytime (+1.813 ppbv), but negative during the nighttime (–0.612 ppbv). Analysis using the integrated process rate (IPR) confirmed that the increase or decrease in O3 concentration by ocean emissions was mainly due to chemical processes. Further analysis using the integrated reaction rate (IRR) showed that the daytime increase in O3 concentration was mainly attributable to the increased O3 production via O + O2 + M → O3 + M reaction as photolysis of NO2 increased due to the added ocean emissions. The nighttime decrease in O3 concentration was mainly due to the increased O3 titration by NO (NO + O3 → O2 + NO2) due to the increased NO emission. These results indicate that the changes in the concentration O3 in the sea area by the effect of ocean emissions are mainly due to increased NOx emissions. However, there could be a number of uncertainties in ocean emissions data used in this study, thus continuous comparative research using the most updated data will need to be carried out in the future.

Recently, a variety of modeling studies have been conducted to examine the air quality over South Korea during the Korea United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign period (May 1 to June 10, 2016). This study investigates the impact of different meteorological initializations on atmospheric modeling results. We conduct several simulations during the KORUS-AQ period using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with two different initial datasets, which is FNL of NCEP and ERA5 of ECMWF. Comparing the raw initial data, ERA5 showed better accuracy in the temperature, wind speed, and mixing ratio fields than those of NCEP-FNL. On the other hand, the results of WRF simulations with ERA5 showed better accuracy in the simulated temperature and mixing ratio than those with FNL, except for wind speed. Comparing the nudging efficiency of temperature and wind speed fields, the grid nudging effect on the FNL simulation was larger than that on the ERA5 simulation, but the results of mixing ratio field was the opposite. Overall, WRF simulation with ERA5 data showed a better performance for temperature and mixing ratio simulations than that with FNL data. For wind speed simulation, however, WRF simulation with FNL data indicated more accurate results compared to that with ERA5 data.

NATM터널의 경우 대부분 산악지역에 위치함에 따라 배수형 터널이 지배적이다. 그러나 NATM 터널에서의 배수기능 저하와 수압작용, 이에 따른 라이닝 변상(누수, 백태 등)이 다수 보고되었으며, 매년 내구성과 사용성 확보를 위한 유지관리 비용이 투입되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 고속철도 NATM 터널을 대상으로 최근 실시한 정밀안전진단 결과를 활용하여 횡배수관 막힘 현상과 지보패턴과의 상관관계 분석사례를 소개하고 향후 개선방안에 대한 연구방향을 제시하고자 한다.

In this study, we investigated the impact of different initial data on atmospheric modeling results using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. Four WRF simulations were conducted with different initialization in March 2015, which showed the highest monthly mean PM10 concentration in the recent ten years (2006-2015). The results of WRF simulations using NCEP-FNL and ERA-Interim were compared with observed surface temperature and wind speed data, and the difference of grid nudging effect on WRF simulation between the two data were also analyzed. The FNL simulation showed better accuracy in the simulated temperature and wind speed than the Interim simulation, and the difference was clear in the coastal area. The grid nudging effect on the Interim simulation was larger than that of the FNL simulation. Despite of the higher spatial resolution of ERA-Interim data compared to NCEP-FNL data, the Interim simulation showed slightly worse accuracy than those of the FNL simulation. It was due to uncertainties associated with the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) field in the ERA-Interim data. The results from the Interim simulation with different SST data showed significantly improved accuracy than the standard Interim simulation. It means that the SST field in the ERA-Interim data need to be optimized for the better WRF simulation. In conclusion, although the WRF simulation with ERA-Interim data does not show reasonable accuracy compared to those with NCEP-FNL data, it would be able to be Improved by optimizing the SST variable.

The vegetation-based spraying method has been used as a revegetation measure for protecting slopes. However, after the method is applied to the fields, the collapse due to deteriorated bond performance of artificial slopes and defective vegetation growth bases prevent it from displaying its proper function. Therefore, research and application technologies for revegetation measures that can achieve both the reinforcement of slopes and the ecological restoration at the same time are necessary. Accordingly, in this study, fundamental research was conducted regarding the bond properties of slopes, according to the addition of additives based on bonding materials for improving bond performance.

To evaluate the outcome, clinical efficacy and safety of endometrial heat balloons therapy by Thermachoice® for the treatment of heavy menstruation. From June 2004 to December 2014, a total of 120 women who visited to Chosun University Hospital had their charts and telephones reviewed for demographics, procedure data, clinical history, and follow up. The mean age was 43.5±4.7 years old. A decrease in days per cycle (7.5±2.1 vs 5.6±2.4 days, p<0.001), and in pads per day (9.1±2.5 vs 5.5±3.4 pads/d, p<0.001) and an increase in hematocrit (%, mean±SD) (7.1±0.6)/ hemoglobin (g/dL, mean±SD) (7.1±0.6 / 28.7±2.3 vs 11.5±1.4 / 35.9±4.1, p<0.001) and an improvement in self-reported quality of life scores (limitation of life: 7.4±2.3 vs 2.4±1.5, p<0.0001, discomfort score: 1.8±1.4 vs 0.7±1.2, p<0.001) were observed after endometrial heat balloons therapy. No major complications or deaths were found. Assessment of the level of satisfaction showed that 86% of patients were satisfied with the procedure. The prognostic factors of endometrial heat balloons therapy were age, parity, uterine pressure and depth, position. But age and uterine pressure had no significant difference statistically. Endometrial heat balloons therapy by Thermachoice® is a safe and efficient method to treat of heavy menstruation. It reduces the menstrual flow, improves the quality of life, and remarkably satisfies patients with a desire to preserve a uterus

To evaluate the outcome, clinical efficacy and safety of endometrial radiofrequency cauterization for the treatment of hypermenorrhea. From January 2011 to March 2015, a total of 195 women who visited to Chosun University Hospital had their charts and telephones reviewed for demographics, procedure data, clinical history, and follow up. The mean age was 43.3±5.9 years old. A decrease in days per cycle (7.9±2.8vs 5.4±2.3 days, p<0.001), and in pads per day (10.1±2.7 vs 5.9±3.8 pads/day, p<0.001) and an increase in hemoglobin (g/dL, mean±SD) / hematocrit (%, mean± SD) (7.4±0.5 / 29.5± 2.7 vs 11.7±1.3 / 36.1±4.2, p<0.001) and an improvement in self-reported quality of life scores (limitation of life: 8.1±2.2 vs 2.9±1.7, p<0.0001, discomfort score: 2.1±1.5 vs 0.9±1.5, p<0.001) were observed after endometrial radiofrequency cauterization. Assessment of the level of satisfaction showed that 83.6% of patients were satisfied with the procedure. No major complications were found. The prognostic factors of endometrial radiofrequency cauterization were age, parity, uterine depth, and cauterization time. But age and cauterization time had no significant difference statistically. Endometrial radiofrequency cauterization is a safe and efficient method to treat of hypermenorrhea. It reduces the menstrual flow, improves the quality of life, and remarkably satisfies patients with a desire to preserve a uterus.

본 논문의 목적은 당뇨병 및 신경병증의 병력이 없는 17명의 일반 성인을 대상으로 한 정량적 감각검사(QST)와 광용적맥파(PPG)와의 비교를 통해 정량적 감각검사의 임상적 유용성을 파악하는 것이며, 광용적맥파 검사를 이용한 혈당수치에 따른 자율신경계의 부교감신경의 변화를 살펴보는 것이다. 일반인을 대상으로 혈당검사와 광용적맥파 검사를 실시하여 상관관계를 분석한 결과 혈당수치에 따라 자율신경계 부교감신경이 느려지는 상관관계를 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 정량적 감각 검사가 주관적 평가에 의한 검사이기는 하나 검사의 민감도를 신뢰할 수 있다고 보이며 따라서 말초 신경의 평가도구로서 정량적 감각검사가 당뇨병성 신경병증 등의 진단의 민감도를 높이는데 폭넓게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 보이며, 광용적맥파 검사가 심박변화율에 의한 자율신경계를 평가하는 후속연구에 기초자료연구로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, fluidity and compressive strength characteristics of latex modified mortar was compared with each latex types. From the test result, fluidity of the product "A-a" was most outstanding and the product "B-b" revealed the highest compressive strength. Following this experiment range, when using the produce "B-b" it is considered to be able to secure proper fluidity and strength.

This paper presents a robotic system that provides telepresence to the visually impaired by combining real-time haptic rendering with multi-modal interaction. A virtual-proxy based haptic rendering process using a RGB-D sensor is developed and integrated into a unified framework for control and feedback for the telepresence robot. We discuss the challenging problem of presenting environmental perception to a user with visual impairments and our solution for multi-modal interaction. We also explain the experimental design and protocols, and results with human subjects with and without visual impairments. Discussion on the performance of our system and our future goals are presented toward the end.

1970년대의 게임은 소형카세트와 축음기 등의 하드웨어에 음악 등과 같은 아날로그 파형을 저장하여 사용하였다. 이러한 구성 요소들로 인해 내구성이 매우 떨어질 수 밖에 없었다. 비디오 게임에 음악을 사용하는 경우 보다 저렴한 방법은 컴퓨터 칩을 사용하여 아날로그 음형을 컴퓨터 코드로 변환해 스피커로 보낼 수 있는 전기 파형으로 변환하는 것이다. 게임 음향 효과도 이와 같은 방식으로 생성되었다. 기술적 한계가 점점 극복되어, 작곡가들에게는 더 많은 자유가 부여되었으며 광디스크 등에 의해 미리 녹음된 사운드 트랙이 출현하게 되었다. 오늘날의 게임 개발자는 게임음악을 제작하는 기술에 대해 여러 가지 시도를 하고 있다. 게임 음악 제작의 변화가 기술과 비즈니스 영향을 받아 발달하는 과정에 따른 연구를 고찰하였다.

Despite of common opinion that aiding or abetting of false accusation against oneself can not establish a crime, Supreme court adjudged a person who aided false accusation against himself to be guilty recently. With the help of this judgement of conviction and a Practical need of punishing such a crime, prosecution and punishment on a person who commits a this kind of crime would increase rapidly. So in this brief report let us survey how variously this crime can be committed and to what extent it can be constituted. Also we will consider a crime of ‘interference with government official in the execution of his duty' as a substitute.

항주파는 해안침식, 호안 결괴, 하역곤란 및 어선 등 소형선박의 동요를 발생시키며, 최근에는 고속으로 항행하는 수상오토바이, 모터보트 및 여객선 등이 수영객, 낚시꾼 및 어로작업중인 어민에게 위협이 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 실험 및 이론적으로 항주파고의 전파특성을 검토하였으며 상대수심이 얕은 수역에서 발생한 항주파가 천해역으로 전파하는 경우 파고증가율이 커지며, 수심이 얕을수록 유속이 느린 흐름이 존재하여도 파가 진행하지 못함을 알 수 있다.

운동심리학(exercise psychology) 문헌들은 운동이 수면을 향상시키는 효과가 있다고 밝혀왔다. 이 연구의 목적은 일회성 유산소운동 강도에 따라 성인남자의 수면질(sleep quality)과 정서에 어떤 변화가 일어나는 지를 알아보는 것이었다. 연구 참여에 동의한 15명의 대학교 기숙사 남학생들은 균형배정(counter-balance)을 원칙으로 각 강도의 운동(60%, 80%, 최대강도)을 차례로 수행하였다. 피험자들은 운동을 수행한 날 저녁 취침 직전에 체온을 측정하고 잠자리에 든 시간을 기록한 후 수면을 시작하였으며, 다음 날 기상과 함께 수면질 검사지와 정서상태 검사지를 완성하였다. 조건간의 평균을 비교하기 위해 실시한 반복측정 일원변량분석(one-way ANOVA repeated measure) 사후검정(LSD) 결과 수면질은 80%강도의 운동 후가 비운동(no exercise) 후보다 높았고(p<.01), 잠드는데 걸린 시간도 80%의 운동이 비 운동에 비해 짧았으며(p<.05), 총수면시간은 60%의 운동 후가 비운동에 비해 긴 것으로(p<.05) 나타났다. 정서에서는 활력이 80%의 운동에서 비운동과 비교하여 높은 변화를 보였고(p<.05), 혼동과 총정서장애는 60%와 80% 강도의 운동 후에 비운동 후보다 낮아졌다(p<.05). 수면 전 체온은 최대운동과 비운동 사이에서만 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p<.05). 이 연구는 남자 성인들의 수면질을 향상시키기 위한 운동은 최대운동능력의 80% 강도가 적당하고, 수면 후 긍정적 정서를 위해서는 60% 강도의 운동도 권장될 수 있다는 결론에 도달하였다. 그 외 연구결과를 토대로 후속 연구들을 위한 방향이 논의되었다.

최근 GMO 작물의 재배, 생산이 날로 늘어나며 GMO 작물이 환경에 미칠 수 있는 많은 가능성들이 대두되고 있다. 특히 GMO 작물과 야생종과의 자연교잡에 의한 유전자 전이로, 잡초화의 문제점이 제기되며 생태계의 변화 및 파괴의 위험성이 우려되고 있다. 본 실험에서는 GM벼와 야생 및 근연종 사이의 교잡가능성 및 유전자 전이율을 조사하기 위한 유전자 이동의 분석 체계를 확립하고자 하였다. 벼의 개화시기에 GM벼와 야생 및 근연종 간의 인공교배 후 수확한 교잡 추정 종자를 발아시켜서 제초제를 처리하여 교잡종자를 선별하였다. 또한 GM 벼 및 야생 근연종벼들 간의 RAPD PCR 분석을 통해 선별한 marker를 사용하여 낙동 교잡벼와 샤레 교잡벼가 GM 벼와 교배된 식물체임을 확인하였다. PCR 분석을 수행한 결과 GM벼에서 도입된 trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) 유전자와 선별marker로 사용된 bar유전자가 GM벼 뿐만 아니라 샤레 교잡벼에도 존재하였으며, 결과적으로 GM벼의 bar 및 tpp 유전자가 잡초성벼인 샤레 교잡벼에 전이되었음을 검증할 수 있었다.

최근 액화천연가스(Liquefied Natural Gas, LNG)에 대한 수요가 우리나라는 물론이고 전 세계적으로 증가하면서 LNGC(LNG Carrier)에 대한 발주 또한 증가하고 있다. LNG는 위험 화물로써 사고 방지를 위해 그 운송 및 관리에 있어서 특별한 전문지식이 요구되는데 이를 운송, 관리하기 위한 항해사의 수요가 폭발적으로 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 이러한 위험 화물인 LNG를 운송하는 LNGC항해사들에게는 보다 전문적이고 체계적인 교육 및 훈련이 절실하게 요구되고 있다. 본 논문은 국적 LNGC 항해사의 교육 및 훈련 실태를 조사함으로써 전문적이고 체계적인 교육 및 훈련이 이루어지도록 하는데 있다. 이를 위해 IMO 규정, IMO 규정에 따른 한국해양수산연수원 교육, 국적선사 및 일본의 "T"회사 LNGC 교육 프로그램을 상호 비교분석하였다.

The cost of the construction and management of new apartment buildings was evaluated using a monetary analysis and an emergy concept to provide a new perspective regarding the housing policy of Korea. The systems of analyses were typical apartment buildings with an area of 76.03㎡ per household in Korea built on the same size of land area. Three apartment buildings with different stories were evaluated and compared; 5-story, 15-story, and 20-story apartment buildings. The durable years of those apartments were assumed to be 40 years. The total cost of the construction and management of an apartment building was divided into three categories of construction, land purchase, and management. A 20-story apartment showed the highest cost and a 15-story apartment the lowest in the monetary cost analysis. In contrast, the emergy evaluation revealed a different pattern in the cost of construction and management, the cost increasing from a 5-story apartment to a 20-story one. This means that the higher the apartment constructed, the greater the cost in terms of real wealth. This result suggests that new evaluation methodologies like the emergy analysis should be used together with the monetary analysis to provide better insights on the national housing policy.