Potholes on urban expressways are a critical pavement maintenance problem because they threaten driving safety, generate vehicle-damage claims, and require repeated emergency repairs. However, network-level evidence integrating climate, traffic, maintenance execution, and detection practice remains limited. This study addressed this gap through a stage-1 empirical assessment of pothole occurrence and pavement maintenance response on the Seoul urban expressway network. The novelty lies in integrating six years of operational data, including pothole repair records, compensation cases, monthly rainfall, monthly average temperature, route-level traffic volume, maintenance budget and execution records, detection pathways, and repeated pothole locations. A total of 28,821 pothole repairs were recorded between 2020 and 2025, with Olympic-daero (11,330 cases), Dongbu Trunk Road (6,594 cases), and Gangbyeonbuk-ro (5,067 cases) accounting for approximately 79.8% of the total. The compensation burden was also concentrated, with 158 cases and a total payout of KRW 48,592,000. Pothole occurrence showed a clear dual-season pattern, with high counts during the thawing period and a stronger summer peak, increasing from 1950, 3100, and 3773 cases in June, July, and August when rainfall rose from 174.60 mm to 333.68 mm and 352.15 mm, respectively. Traffic remained consistently high (48,576–96,700 vehicles/day) but varied by only approximately 5.1% annually, indicating that climate governed outbreak timing, while traffic acted mainly as a chronic aggravating factor. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based Camera Detection System (CDS) detection contributed to 54.3% and 57.2% of external detections in 2024 and 2025, respectively, while repeated repairs accounted for 3,957 cases across 783 locations (13.7% of total repairs). These findings support seasonal preventive maintenance, route-based prioritization, AI-assisted detection, and hotspot-focused management.

Despite the growing interest in the role of first language (L1) in English-medium instruction (EMI) contexts, few studies have examined how L1 instruction influences learners’ writing beliefs, motivation, and perceptions of instructional languages. This study investigates the effects of genre-based L1 writing instruction on core writing beliefs among Korean university students in relation to their motivational orientations and perceptions of Koreans’ role within a broader EMI context. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining questionnaire data from 140 university students with eight semi-structured interviews. The results showed that following the writing instruction, students’ beliefs about key writing skills shifted, with greater emphasis placed on textual structure and logical organization. Alongside these changes, both intrinsic and extrinsic writing motivation increased by the end of the course. Notably, extrinsic motivation was strongly correlated with students’ perceptions of the instructional languages (English and Korean). Qualitative findings further highlighted the importance of meaningful L1 writing experiences and the role of English as a disciplinary language in engineering education. These findings underscore the pedagogical and policy relevance of strategically incorporating L1 instruction to enhance the effectiveness of EMI in higher education.

Tactical data link (TDL) is one of the key means for enabling real-time exchange of tactical information among weapon systems operated by the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Most messages consist of position information of participating nodes, with latitude and longitude fields designed to enable worldwide operation. Given the limited operational area of Korean army, enabling worldwide operation requires an excessive number of data bits, which cause data overhead and reduced network efficiency. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the current coordinate transmission methods used in TDL and propose a relative coordinate-based transmission scheme within a designated area to enhance network efficiency. The proposed method is optimized for the operational characteristics of the Korean military and improves both network efficiency and positional accuracy compared to existing TDL.

The adoption of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has attracted growing attention across industries due to its potential to transform organizational processes and value creation. Despite its high applicability, however, the diffusion of generative AI in the telecommunications industry remains limited. Existing studies have largely focused on identifying individual barriers to AI adoption, providing insufficient understanding of how these barriers interact and form a complex hierarchy of constraints. Addressing this gap, this study investigates the structural interrelationships among barriers to generative AI adoption in the telecommunications industry. Based on a comprehensive literature review and expert validation, fifteen key barriers were identified. Using a Delphi-based Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) approach, this study examined the hierarchical influence structure among the barriers. Subsequently, the Matrix Impact Cross-reference Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) technique was employed to classify the barriers according to their driving power and dependence. The results reveal a four-level hierarchical structure in which environmental barriers play a foundational role. In particular, the absence of alignment in institutional frameworks and technical standards emerges as a root-level barrier exerting strong influence on higher-level constraints. Regulatory uncertainty and concerns about job displacement function as independent drivers linking foundational environmental conditions to execution- level constraints. Most technical, organizational, and economic barriers are concentrated at the intermediate level, forming a highly interdependent execution layer. At the top level, delays and uncertainties in decision-making regarding generative AI adoption appear as outcome-oriented barriers resulting from the cumulative effects of lower-level constraints. By highlighting that barriers to generative AI adoption in the telecommunications industry operate as a structurally connected system rather than isolated factors, this study extends existing adoption research through a structural perspective. The findings provide practical insights for telecommunications firms in prioritizing adoption strategies and offer implications for addressing institutional and regulatory conditions that shape the diffusion of generative AI.

본 연구는 국내 정원 조성 및 식물 수급 여건을 반영하여 도입 된 한국 우수정원식물(KGM Plants)의 선정 및 평가 체계를 분석하고, 그 제도적 의의의 고찰을 목적으로 한다. 기존 국내 정원식물 추천 자료는 작성 주체의 선별 목록에 머물러 있었으 며, 명확한 평가 기준과 절차에 기반한 선정 체계는 부재하였다. 이에 한국정원협회는 영국 RHS의 AGM 제도를 참조하여 대중 성, 적응성, 정체성, 관상성의 네 가지 평가 항목을 설정하고, 국가표준식물목록 14,695종을 대상으로 단계적 심의를 통해 2024년 300종, 2025년 500종의 KGM Plants를 발표하였 다. KGM Plants는 재배품종(50%), 자생식물(30%), 도입식물 (20%)의 구성 비율을 명시적으로 설정하고, 정기적 증보와 갱신 이 가능한 구조를 구축하였다. 본 연구는 KGM Plants가 국내 최초로 정원식물 평가를 제도화한 사례임을 밝히고, 향후 객관 성과 투명성을 강화하기 위한 개선 방향을 제시한다.

This study investigated rater effects in the ICNALE Global Rating Archives (GRA), which contain ratings from 160 raters on 140 speeches and 140 essays across 10 rating criteria. After cleaning the raw dataset, two separate three-facet partial credit models were fitted to the speech and essay datasets to examine rater consistency, and a bias analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between raters’ prior rating experience and severity. The results indicated that six raters in the speech ratings exhibited overly inconsistent rating patterns, but no rater in the essay ratings did. It was also found that raters’ prior rating experience was significantly associated with the complexity, involvement, and accuracy criteria in the speech ratings and with the complexity criterion in the essay ratings. However, the corresponding effect sizes for these interactions were trivial, indicating limited practical impact. The educational implication is that rigorous rater training could enhance rater consistency among both pre-service and less-experienced in-service English teachers in speaking and writing assessment.

목적 : 본 연구는 안경 착용자의 안경 사용 현황과 연령에 따른 구매 행태를 분석하여 안경원의 연령별 마케팅 전략 수립을 위한 실증적 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 방법 : 안경 착용자 97명을 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하였으며, SPSS ver. 18.0을 사용하여 빈도 및 백분율 산출과 Spearman 상관분석을 수행하였다. 순위형 문항은 1순위=1, 2순위=2, 3순위=3으로 코딩하였으며, 값이 낮을수록 해당 요인의 중요도가 높음을 의미한다. 결과 : 착용 안경의 종류는 시력교정용 안경이 88.66%로 가장 높았으며, 안경 구매 목적 역시 시력 교정용이 78.35%로 가장 많았다. 안경 사용 기간 및 교체 주기는 1년 이상~2년 미만이 각각 31.96%, 34.02%로 가장 높았 으며, 최근 안경 구매 장소는 프랜차이즈 안경원이 48.45%로 가장 높은 비율을 차지하였다. 연령에 따른 구매처 선택 요인 분석 결과, 20~29세는 저렴한 가격 및 할인 행사를 가장 중요하게 고려한 반면, 30세 이상에서는 검안 및 피팅 전문성 신뢰를 우선시하는 경향이 나타났다. 상관관계 분석 결과, 연령은 향후 안경 구매 장소(ρ=−0.227, p<0.050)와 유의한 음의 상관관계를, 저렴한 가격 및 할인 행사(ρ=0.332, p<0.050)와 안경 구매 예산(ρ=0.330, p<0.010)과는 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 결론 : 연령에 따라 안경 소비자의 구매 행태와 선택 기준이 유의하게 달라지는 것으로 확인되었으며, 안경원의 경영 전략 수립 시 주요 고객층의 연령 특성을 반영한 차별화된 마케팅 전략이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

This study investigated the photosynthetic responses of the CAM ornamental plant Schlumbergera truncata ‘Pink Dew’ under low-temperature greenhouse conditions to evaluate the potential for energy-saving cultivation. Greenhouse production requires substantial energy for heating, and reducing temperature is a possible strategy to save energy. However, low temperatures can suppress photosynthesis and plant growth. CAM plants, which absorb CO2 mainly at night, may respond differently to temperature, making it important to determine temperature ranges that maintain carbon assimilation while reducing energy use. Plants were grown in a greenhouse at average temperatures of 15/11°C (January, early flowering) and 21/12°C (March, late flowering). Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), and growth characteristics were measured, with comparisons made between top and second phylloclades. Results showed that during the early-flowering period, total net CO2 uptake was negative, indicating suppressed carbon assimilation under low temperature. During the late-flowering period, net CO2 uptake became positive, suggesting recovery of photosynthetic activity as temperatures increased. The second phylloclades generally exhibited higher CO2 uptake than the top phylloclades. The maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) increased from early to late flowering but remained below optimal values, indicating that plants experienced low temperature stress but maintained moderate photosynthetic function, suggesting some degree of acclimation. Morphological observations showed phylloclade discoloration and occasional lesions, which were consistent with symptoms of cold stress, although plants continued to grow and produce flower buds. Overall, the results indicate that low temperatures below the optimal range can suppress photosynthesis in S. truncata, but the plants retain a capacity for acclimation and recovery. These findings contribute to understanding the temperature sensitivity of CAM photosynthesis and may help define energy-saving temperature strategies in greenhouse cultivation.

This study examines the operational performance of a Manufacturing Execution System (MES)-based smart factory and presents a case study to provide practical insights for the effective adoption of smart factories by small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Korea. While Industry 4.0 and Korea’s Manufacturing Innovation 3.0 policy have accelerated the digital transformation of manufacturing sites, the emerging paradigm of Industry 5.0 places greater emphasis on human-centricity, sustainability, and resilience. The case company, S Corporation, is a mid-sized automotive parts manufacturer that implemented an MES-based integrated platform encompassing production management, materials management through a Warehouse Management System (WMS), quality management via a Quality Management System (QMS), and equipment management. This integration enabled real-time monitoring and control of shop-floor operations, thereby enhancing data-driven decision-making. The case analysis, supported by a review of related literature, identifies significant quantitative improvements, including increased productivity, reduced defect rates, shorter lead times, and improved inventory turnover. In addition, several qualitative benefits were observed, such as enhanced process visibility, operational standardization, faster managerial decision-making, and a reduced workload for shop-floor operators. Overall, this study demonstrates a smart factory operational model that integrates the technological foundations of Industry 4.0 with the value-oriented principles of Industry 5.0. The findings provide meaningful implications for SMEs seeking to achieve sustainable and human-centered digital transformation in manufacturing.

한국산 미기록종인 붉은광택긴가슴잎벌레(신칭)를 처음으로 보고한다. 유충에 대한 자세한 형태학적 설명과 그림, COI 유전자 서열, 성충 사진, 그리고 생식기 그림을 제공한다. 또한 긴가슴잎벌레속 성충에 대한 분류학적 키를 제공한다.

목적: 민항 조종사는 낮은 습도와 장시간 시각 집중이 요구되는 항공 환경에 노출되어 있어 안구건조 및 시각피로 발생 가능성이 높다. 본 연구는 민항 조종사를 대상으로 비행 중 경험하는 안구건조 증상과 시각피로 수준을 조사하고 두 증상 간의 관련성을 분석하여 조종사의 직업성 눈 건강 관리에 대한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 방법 : 본 연구는 온라인 설문조사를 이용한 단면 연구로 수행되었다. 총 50명의 응답 중 연구 참여에 동의한 27명의 자료를 최종 분석에 포함하였다. 설문은 안구건조 증상 8문항과 시각피로 증상 8문항으로 구성되었으며 각 문항은 4점 Likert 척도로 평가하였다. 집단 간 차이는 Mann–Whitney U test를 이용하여 분석하였으며 변수 간 관계는 Spearman 상관분석을 이용하였다. 결과 : 연구 대상자의 안구건조 점수는 평균 6.22±3.06점이었으며 시각피로 점수는 평균 5.89±2.81점으로 나 타났다. 안구건조 증상 중에서는 눈 건조감과 건조한 공기에서의 증상 악화가 가장 높은 평균 점수를 보였으며, 시 각피로 항목에서는 눈 피로, 집중력 저하, 초점 조절 어려움이 높은 점수를 나타냈다. 또한 비행 중 안구건조 증상 빈도는 ‘가끔’이라고 응답한 경우가 70.4%로 가장 많았으며 전체 대상자의 92.6%가 비행 중 최소 한 번 이상 안구 건조 증상을 경험한 것으로 나타났다. 안구건조 점수와 시각피로 점수 사이에는 통계적으로 유의한 양의 상관관계 가 나타났다(ρ=0.649, p<0.001). 결론 : 민항 조종사에서 안구건조 증상은 비교적 흔하게 나타났으며 안구건조가 심할수록 시각피로 역시 증가하 는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 조종사의 시각 건강 관리의 중요성과 조종 환경 개선의 필요성을 시사하며 향후 항공 환경에서의 직업성 눈 건강 연구를 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study comparatively analyzes the energy generation performance and economic evaluation of monofacial and bifacial photovoltaic (PV) modules, utilizing empirical data obtained from the Saemangeum project. The analysis is based on field data collected over a three-year period from 2022 to 2024. The results indicate that bifacial modules achieved an average power generation increase of approximately 8.27% compared to monofacial modules, attributed to the additional energy yield from rear-side irradiance. For the economic assessment, the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and the Break-Even Point (BEP) were analyzed. Although the initial investment cost for bifacial modules was approximately 7.4% higher than that of monofacial modules, the LCOE was found to be lower for bifacial modules (114.7 KRW/kWh) compared to monofacial modules (117.8 KRW/kWh) over a 20-year operation period, due to the benefits of increased energy generation. The BEP analysis revealed that bifacial modules reach a break-even point relative to monofacial modules after 7.02 years. Furthermore, the study examined the trends of the BEP in response to variations in electricity selling prices and bifacial gain. In conclusion, this study confirms that bifacial PV modules demonstrate superior results in both power generation performance and economic analysis within the testbed environment. Consequently, these findings suggest a high potential for the application of bifacial modules in future domestic and international photovoltaic projects.

This study was conducted to re-establish the withdrawal time (WT) for ivermectin (IVM) in pigs as part of the introduction of the positive list system (PLS) program. Forty-two healthy pigs were orally administered IVM at doses of 2.4 mg/kg feed (IVM-1, n = 20) and 4.8 mg/kg feed (IVM-2, n = 20) once daily for 7 days. After treatment, tissue samples were collected from four pigs at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days post-administration. Based on a previously established analytical method, residual IVM concentrations in pig tissues were determined using LC-MS/MS. In the IVM-1 group, IVM levels in muscle, liver, kidney, and fat were below the limit of quantification (LOQ) on days 7, 7, 7, and 14 after the final administration, respectively. In the IVM-2 group, IVM levels in muscle, liver, kidney, and fat were below the LOQ on days 7, 14, 7, and 14 after the final administration, respectively. According to the European Medicines Agency guideline on the determination of withdrawal times, the WTs for IVM-1 and IVM-2 in edible pig tissues were established as 8 and 11 days, respectively. In conclusion, the estimated WT of IVM in swine edible tissues was shorter than the currently recommended WT of 14 days for IVM.

Molecular markers have been widely utilized in population genetics, diagnostic taxonomy, and genetic mapping, and can be applied to cultivar discrimination during field selection processes for alfalfa. In this study, whole-genome sequencing information was obtained for seven alfalfa lines and cultivars developed in Korea, including ‘Alfaone (MS001)’, using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed that ‘Alfaone (MS001)’ could be distinguished from other lines and cultivars using six SNP loci. Specifically, only two SNP loci were sufficient to differentiate ‘Alfaone (MS001)’ from major lines and cultivars such as ‘MS002’ and ‘Alfaking (MSCB07)’. This set of SNP barcodes provides a reliable standard for alfalfa cultivar discrimination, contributing to domestic cultivar protection and the advancement of the Korea forage industry. Furthermore, the development of distinguishing markers across alfalfa cultivars will enhance genetic resource identification and support the breeding of high-quality new cultivars.

This study examined the 2022 Revised National Curriculum of Korea and Englishrelated policy documents through a critical discourse analytic lens, with particular focus on how language ideologies surrounding English education are discursively constructed and legitimised. The analysis demonstrates that the curriculum operates as a site of relegitimation and stabilisation in which English is discursively rearticulated as necessary, desirable, and governable under conditions of reform. Through intersecting discourses of future uncertainty, global communication, competency-based education, and inclusion, the curriculum constructs English as adaptive linguistic capital for an unpredictable future, moralises it as a marker of ethical global citizenship, and renders it measurable through standardised curricular technologies. In doing so, the policy stabilises standard language ideology while presenting itself as progressive, internationalised, and inclusive. This configuration exemplifies how reform discourse enables continuity in language ideology and linguistic stratification under the guise of innovation. These findings suggest that educational reforms frequently reproduce dominant ideologies through recontextualisation rather than transformation.

A survey was conducted on the main activities and profit-generating businesses of seven agricultural associations based in the Ecuadorian Andes region. The key resources of these associations are as follows: Virgen del Volcán de Lloa: high-quality organic products include barley, wheat, and quinoa from San Antonio de Valencia, which also boasts good genetic resources of cattle for breeding and association-owned land; Agropapa: native potato varieties and a chip processing facility; Asoagroquero: a store selling agricultural supplies, including pesticides, to local farmers; Mushuk Yuyay: production of flour made from quinoa, lupine, barley, wheat, faba bean, and pea; Corpopuruwa: certified seed production of Andean crops under the association’s own brand; Asorprosariv: uniquely devised grain-based beverages and cookies. This study presents the cases of farmers’ associations in the Ecuadorian Andes region that add value to agricultural products and engage in various profit-generating businesses by producing and selling high-quality agricultural products utilizing local native crops.

This study was conducted to re-establish the withdrawal time (WT) of ivermectin (IVM) in goats in accordance with the implementation of the positive list system (PLS). Thirty-four healthy goats were topically administered IVM at doses of 0.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) (IVM-1, n = 16) or 1.0 mg/kg BW (IVM-2, n = 16) as a single treatment. Tissue samples were collected from four goats at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post-administration. Residual concentrations of IVM in edible tissues were determined using LC-MS/MS based on a previously validated analytical method. In the IVM-1 group, IVM concentrations in all edible tissues were below the limit of quantification (LOQ) by day 3 post-administration. In the IVM-2 group, IVM concentrations in muscle, liver, kidney, and fat were below the LOQ by days 7, 3, 3, and 7 post-administration, respectively. WTs were estimated in accordance with the European Medicines Agency guideline on the determination of withdrawal periods. The calculated WTs for IVM-1 and IVM-2 were 12 and 19 days, respectively. In conclusion, the estimated WT of IVM in edible goat tissues was shorter than the currently recommended withdrawal period of 28 days.

관상식물의 명칭은 학명, 재배품종명, 상용 명칭, 일반명 으로 구분된다. 조류, 균류, 식물에 관한 국제명명규약(ICN, International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants)과 국제재배식물명명규약(ICNCP, International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants)은 학명과 재배품종명의 명명 규칙을 제시하며, 상용 명칭의 표기에 대해 서도 규정한다. 본 연구는 이러한 명명규약을 토대로 국내 카탈 로그에 수록된 관상식물명의 표기 현황을 분석하였다. 분석 결 과, 전체 5,843개의 관상식물명 중 일반명만 표기한 경우가 35.1%를 차지하였다. 학명, 재배품종명, 상용 명칭 중 최소 하 나 이상을 포함한 3,794개의 식물명 중에서 규약에 따라 적절히 표기한 비율은 19.2%에 불과하였다. 또한 재배품종명 또는 상 용 명칭이 존재하는 식물명 중, 두 명칭을 구분하지 않고 사용한 사례가 42.0%를 차지하였다. 즉, 국내 카탈로그에 수록된 관상 식물명은 국제적 명명규약 준수 수준이 전반적으로 낮아, 향후 체계적인 관리와 개선이 필요함을 시사한다.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 시각장애 청소년의 일상생활활동에 대한 경험과 어려움을 탐색하여 작업치료가 필요한 주요 영역을 파악하고, 작업치료에 대한 인식 수준을 확인함으로써 향후 작업치료 서비스 제공을 위한 기초자료를 마련하는 데 있다. 방법 : 2023년 8월 15일부터 10월 31일까지 계통추출방식을 통해 선정된 시각장애 청소년 6명을 대상으로 반 구조화된 심층면담을 실시하였다. 면담은 작업치료 실행체계 4판에 근거한 기본적 일상생활활동, 수단적 일상생활 활동, 작업치료 인식으로 구성하여 총 4회기, 회기당 60분씩 진행하였다. 수집된 자료는 현상학적 연구방법인 콜라 이지(Colaizzi)의 분석 방법을 적용하였으며, 질적 연구의 신뢰도와 엄밀성을 확보하기 위해 질적 연구 보고 지침 (COREQ: Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research)을 준수하였다. 결과 : 시각장애 청소년은 기본적 일상생활활동에서 시각 보상과 환경수정을 통해 수행이 가능하였으나, 타인의 인식으로 인해 심리적 위축을 경험하였다. 수단적 일상생활활동에서는 대부분의 영역에서 어려움을 보고하였으나, 전자기기와 소프트웨어를 활용해 일부 활동의 어려움을 보완하고 있었다. 작업치료에 대한 인식은 전반적으로 낮았 으며, 재활서비스는 중증 장애인을 위한 것이라는 인식이 나타났다. 결론 : 시각장애 청소년은 일상생활활동 전반에서 다양한 어려움을 경험함에도 불구하고 작업치료에 대한 인식 은 낮은 수준이었다. 작업치료 서비스 접근성 향상과 적극적인 정보 제공을 통해 시각장애 청소년을 위한 작업치료 서비스의 확대가 필요함을 시사한다.

With the evolving nature of modern warfare and the rapid advancement of technology, Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) has emerged as a core element of future air power. This study systematically identifies evaluation measures for assessing the mission effectiveness of MUM-T in the context of Air Force operations. To this end, a survey of experienced fighter pilots was conducted to derive mission scenarios suitable for MUM-T, and statistical analysis led to the selection of five scenarios. Subsequently, comprehensive evaluation measures for each selected scenario were derived through literature review and expert interviews, and their validity and expert consensus were verified using the Delphi method. Finally, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to calculate the relative importance of the evaluation measures (secondary measures only) for each scenario, and a formula-based model was proposed. The findings of this study provide a quantitative evaluation framework for verifying MUM-T mission effectiveness using Modeling and Simulation (M&S) tools, and are expected to serve as a foundational basis for weapon system acquisition and the development of operational concepts.