기존 고분자전해질연료전지(PEMFC)의 단점을 극복하기 위해 고체전해질 알카라인연료전지(SAMFC)가 근래에 많이 연구되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 술폰화 폴리벤지이미다졸(PBI) 유도체를 이용하여 SAMFC용 막을 제조하였다. 술폰화 폴리벤지이미다졸 유도체는 KOH에 의해 쉽게 도핑되고 도핑된 막은 높은 OH-의 전도도와 기계적 강도를 보였다. 특히 sPBI-co-PBI (술폰화 PBI : 비술폰화 PBI = 75 : 25)의 경우, 90℃ 100% 상대습도 하에서 2.98 × 10 -2 S/cm의 높은 OH-의 전도도를 보였다.

파이 프 설 t서는 다양한 두께 및 직경， 길이 룹 가진 파이프뜰로 이 루 어진 ':rL조 늄로 서 정확한 해석 을 위해서논 3차원의 유한 요소 모델이 필요 하다 그러나 유한효소 모덴에 의한 헤석 l상빈은 계산 시 간이 길어 칠 뿐만 아니라 방대한 양의 컴퓨터 용량을 핀요로 한다. 반변에， 파이 프 륜 보 요소로 가 정한 단순 한 해석 모덴은 파이프 설비의 정확한 서동을 예측하기에 문제점이 많 다. 따라서， 본 연구에서는 파이프 설비의 효율적인 해석 모탤을 제안하고자 한다. 제안된 해석 모델 은 보요소로 구성된 모델에 접합부 요소만을 추가함으로써 보요소만으 로 구성된 모델만큼 단순하며， 또 한 파이프 접합부의 국 부적 인 변형을 고려하기 때 문 에 파이프 설비의 거동 을 정확히 예 꽉 할 수 있다. 예제 해석 올 통하여 결과들을 비교함으로써 본 연구에서 제안한 모델의 효융성올 입 증하였다.

국내에서 유망 소과류 및 베리류로 농가에 보급되고 있는 과종 및 품종들을 대상으로 각 과실들 간의 안토시아닌, 폴리페놀 함량, 각 구성성분 및 항산화활성을 분석하였다. 총 안토시아닌 및 폴리페놀 함량을 분석한 결과, 같은 과종에서도 품종에 따라 안토시아닌과 폴리페놀 함량의 차이가 나타났으며, 총 안토시 아닌은 블랙 쵸크베리가 가장 많았으며(927.9~1,149.1 ㎎･100 g-1, F.W.), 총 폴리페놀 함량도 블랙 쵸크베리(502.2~530.5 ㎎･100 g-1, F.W.)에서 가장 많았다. DPPH 항산화활성에서도 블랙 쵸크베리가 가장 높은 것으로 나타나 안토시아닌, 페놀 함 량과 항산화활성과 고도의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 주요 폴리페놀 구성 성분을 조사한 결과 모든 과종에서 quercetin, catechin, epicatechin 함량이 높게 나타났다. 블루베리와 블랙 커런트의 주요 안토시아닌은 delphinidin-3-glucoside로 사스카툰 베리와 블랙 쵸크베리의 주요 안토시아닌은 cyanidin-3- galactoside였다.

This study aimed to produce fermented soy-powder milk (FSPM) with Lactobacillus plantarum P1201 and to evaluate its anti-obesity activity. Isoflavone and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) of unfermented soy-powder milk (UFSPM) and FSPM and were analyzed via high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). Their inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase were assayed. Their anti-obesity activities were evaluated on the basis of their inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells, and the expression of mRNAs associated with adipogenesis and lipid metabolism were analyzed via real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). FSPM with L. plantarum P1201 increased the isoflavone aglycones (daidzein, glycitein, and genistein) content and produced CLA in soy-powder milk (SPM), both of which possessed bio-activity. Both UFSPM and FSPM showed dose-dependent inhibitory activity for α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase. FSPM, but not UFSPM, suppressed adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and reduced their triglyceride content by 23.1% after treatment with 1,000 μg/mL of FSPM, compared with the control group. The anti-obesity effect of FSPM can be attributed to CLA and isoflavone aglycones, which targeted CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBP-α) and down-regulated lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adiponectin, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) mRNA. Furthermore, FSPM enhanced the inhibitory activity of glucosidase and pancreatic enzymes and anti-obesity activity. Further studies are required to investigate whether the anti-obesity effect of FSPM persists in an in vivo mouse model of diet-induced obesity.

Present study aimed to determine the effect of ‘bitter melon’, a popularly used fruit in Bangladesh and several other Asian countries, on high-fat-diet-induced type 2 diabetes. To investigate the effect, ethanol extract from bitter melon (BME) as a dietary supplement with mouse chow was used. BME was found to significantly attenuate the high-fat diet (HFD) -induced body weight and total fat mass. BME also effectively reduced the insulin resistance induced by the HFD. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of BME was highly effective in increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing hepatic fat and obesity. These results indicate that BME could be effective in attenuating type 2 diabetes and could therefore be a preventive measure against type 2 diabetes.

음식물류폐기물은 배출, 수거 및 처리단계에서 여러 문제점을 내포하고 있다. 배출 및 수거 단계에서는 보관용기 주변에서 발생되는 악취 및 해충 등 위생상의 문제점, 처리 단계에서는 음식폐기물 재활용 산물의 낮은 품질로 인한 유통상의 문제점 등을 들 수 있다. 또한 서울연구원에서 실시한 설문조사에 따르면, 가정 생활폐기물을 배출하는 데 있어서 가장 어려움을 느끼는 것이 음식폐기물의 배출(50.7%)이라고 응답하였고 주방용오물분쇄기(이하 디스포저) 사용이 허용된다면 사용할 의사가 있다는 응답이 매우 높았다(82.8%). 이에 따라 서울시에서는 디스포저 도입의 타당성을 평가하기 위하여 2009년과 2010년 및 2015년에 배수전처리, 정화조병합, 고액분리 등 총 3가지의 전처리시스템에 대한 시범사업을 실시하였다. 모니터링 항목에는 음식폐기물발생원단위, 디스포저 오수 발생량 및 오염부하량, 디스포저 사용 전후 오수의 성상 변화, 및 주민설문조사 등이 포함되었다. 시범사업의 모니터링 결과, 음식물류폐기물 발생원단위는 0.12~0.15kg/cap･dayfh 측정되었는데, 이는 환경부 통계 자료의 30~50% 수준이었다. 주방오수발생량원단위는 29.9L/cap･day, 분쇄오수발생량원단위는 4.1L/cap･day로 측정되었으며, 이는 일본의 국토교통성에서 제시한 자료(30L/cap･day, 5L/cap･day)와 거의 일치하였다. 디스포저 사용 후 배수전처리시설과 정화조병합처리시설 및 고형물회수시설 후단에서 측정된 각각의 BOD는 20.9, 67.8 및 129.0mg/L, SS는 63.7, 47.5 및 63.0mg/L, n-Hexane 추출물질은 18.8, 27.5 및 54.0mg/L를 나타내었다. 시범사업을 통해 전처리시설을 설치하고 디스포저를 사용하는 경우에 공공하수도에 미치는 영향이 매우 적은 것으로 확인되었고, 사용 주민을 대상으로 한 설문조사에서도 현재 법으로 금지되어 있는 디스포저 사용이 허용될 경우 90% 이상의 주민이 사용할 의향이 있다고 조사되었다.

A new mandarin hybrid cultivar ‘Shinyegam’ was developed from a cross between ‘Kiyomi’ (Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis) and ‘Wilking’ (Citrus reticulata) at the Citrus Research Institute of the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science in 2012. The ‘Jegam na No. 33’, a first selection seedling from the fruits obtained in 2008 was finally named ‘Shinyegam’ after field evaluation trials at five locations in Jeju island, Korea from 2010 to 2012. The tree vigor was intermediate and the tree was spreading in nature, similar to that of the ‘Kiyomi’ cultivar. The fruits produced were compressed to oblate and globose in shape, were a deep orange in color, and moderately weighed at 130 g. ‘Shinyegam’ produces fruit that mature in late December, and has few seeds, which are mono-embryonic. The average seed number of a fruit varied depending on the pollinator citrus tree. Cultivation of ‘Shinyegam’ along with the other cultivars possessing high pollen fertility resulted in seed numbers that was more than 20, while in the absence of a pollinator species the seed number was around 5. The fruit contained soluble solids at 11 to 12 ° Bx and the acidity was approximately 1% at maturity. The rind thickness of approximately 2.5 mm ensures easy peeling. The flesh is very tender and juicy, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor similar to that of ‘Wilking’ but is comparatively weak. ‘Shinyegam’ is moderately resistant to the citrus scab disease and melanose, but susceptible to citrus canker. Owing to the high quality of fruit, good aroma, and cold hardness characteristics, this cultivar is expected to satisfy consumer acceptability in terms of the diversity of the cultivar in open-field cultivation.

The 12 cultivars of the Jeju native Citrus are considered to have originated from China. However, the origin of the cultivar ‘Byungkyool’ (Citrus platymamma Hort. ex Tanaka) is not clearly known. We performed PCR analysis by using three primer sets designed from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) to analyze the phylogenetic relationship between the traditional citrus cultivars and the Byungkyool cultivar. Sequence length of the nrDNA ITS1 region of JNCPCRI (Jeju Native Citrus platymamma Citrus Research Institute) cultivar was 247 bp, 8the ITS2 region was 228 bp and the total ITS region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) was 638 bp. Analysis of the genetic relationship based on the sequence analysis at the ITS region of the JNCPCRI cultivar revealed that the ITS1 region of the cultivar was genetically the same as that of the Byungkyool (JQ990189) cultivar, and the ITS2 region was genetically similar to the Binkyool (JQ990180), Hongkyool (JQ990178), Dangyooja (JQ990179), and Pyunkyool (JQ990181) cultivars. Moreover, the total ITS region in the 5.8S rDNA region was genetically similar to the Hongkyool (JQ990178) cultivar. In addition, the total ITS region of the JNCPCRI cultivar was the most closely related to the Cheongkyool (JQ990183) cultivar and has been reported to originate from the Binkyool (JQ990180) and Pyunkyool (JQ990181) cultivars. Although the JNCPCRI cultivar was morphologically the same as the Byungkyool (JQ990189) cultivar, the ITS region showed genetic heterogeneity. Taken together, we conclude that the genetic variation in the ITS region of JNCPCRI cultivar suggests that it was propagated through fertilization with the surrounding citrus cultivars.

Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT), widely spread in Europe, is a process combined with mechanical separation and biological treatment. This is an alternative technology that can accomplish WtE (Waste-to-Energy) and landfill diversion. Bio-drying, aimed to produce high quality SRF, focused on removing moisture of waste through generated heat when biodegradable organic material is partially degraded by micro-organism. However, most of SRF production facilities in Korea consist of mechanical treatment. In those, 40% of input waste have been generated as residue disposed of in landfill. As a result of physico-chemical characteristic analysis of residue from target facilities, composition of food wastes, papers and plastics ranged 6.7 ~ 18.3%, 9.1 ~ 17.3%, and 5.8 ~ 12.2%, respectively. The moisture content of residue was about 43%, and low heating value was analyzed a range of 1,300 up to 1,900 kcal/kg. Results showed that combustible material having potential to produce SRF is discarded and the amount of biodegradable material such as food waste is still large. Therefore, we assumed it may cause pollution in terms of landfill gas emission and high concentrated leachate generation. In this study, recent trends of Bio-drying is discussed as the alternative technology to solve problems at SRF production facilities in South Korea.

Transforming growth factor (TGF) family is well known to induce the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). However, the precise signal transduction pathways and underlying factors are not well known. Thus the present study aims to evaluate the possible role of C2 domain in the chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. To this end, 145 C2 domains in the adenovirus were individually transfected to hMSC, and morphological changes were examined. Among 145 C2 domains, C2 domain of protein kinase C eta (PKCη) was selected as a possible chondrogenic differentiation factor for hMSC. To confirm this possibility, we treated TGFβ3, a well known chondrogenic differentiation factor of hMSC, and examined the increased-expression of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), collagen type II (COL II) as well as PKCη using PT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. To further evaluation of C2 domain of PKCη, we examined morphological changes, expressions of GAG and COL II after transfection of PKCη -C2 domain in hMSC. Overexpression of PKCη-C2 domain induced morphological change and increased GAG and COL II expressions. The present results demonstrate that PKCη involves in the TGF-β3-induced chondrogenic differentiation of hMSC, and C2 domain of PKCη has important role in this process.

With total four lysimeters, having a decreased reaction rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) through the 1st study, the effects of foodwaste leachate (FWL) injection on the degradation of MSW and FWL were estimated for 533days. Average methane potential of FWL injected in lysimeters investigated through the Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP)test was 368.2 mL-CH4/g-VS. The amounts of methane generated in lysimeters injected simultaneously with FWL and leachate were higher than that of FWL injected each lysimeter. The pH levels of leachate generated in each lysimeter maintained a range of 7.2 ~ 8.1. CODCr concentrations were 1,640 ~ 2,275 mg/L initially, and were rising to 4,640 ~ 5,950 mg/L as increasing FWL injection amount. Whereafter those repeated fluctuation in a range of 2,400 ~ 5,600 mg/ L as methane productions in each lysimeter increase. BOD5/CODCr ratios were kept below 0.1 during the test period. Settlement analysis results of MSW in each lysimeter indicated that the simultaneous injections with FWL and leachate in each lysimeter promoted the degradation of not only FWL itself, but MSW. This became clear when the methane balance in lysimeter under rich-organic condition is established.