Chitosan is attracting attention as a health supplement material because of its various physiological activities. In this study, sugar solution containing chitosan was fed to honey bees to induce the production of ‘chitosan fortified honey’ by their same mode of natural honey production. To accomplish this, sugar solutions containing 0.1%, 1%, 2% and 5% chitosan were fed to the honey bees. Fully inverted Chitosan-honey was harvested after feeding the chitosan in sugar solution. To investigate the anti-obesity and immune-enhancing effects of Chitosan-honey, 1% and 10% Chitosan-honey containing drinking water were administrated freely to C57BL mice. Glucosamine concentrations in serum rapidly increased to peak levels in 10 minutes (1261.0 ± 97.6 ng/ml), then decreased gradually for more than 24 hours 793.0 ± 34.7 ng/ml. There were no significant differences in weight and or splenocyte proliferative capacity among experimental mice groups. However, increased granulocytes and monocytes were observed upon flow cytometric analysis. These results suggest that Chitosan-honey could induce removal of foreign antigens. In conclusion, ‘Chitosan-honey’ developed in this study has the potential for use as a honey type dietary health supplement with the same bioactivity as chitosan; however additional research should be conducted to confirm these effects.

The currently cultivated varieties of moth orchid flowers have weak or no fragrance and the plant requires high temperatures for cultivation. In order to develop a new variety of orchid that is psychrophilic and fragrant, intergeneric cross between wild wind orchids and moth orchids was performed. In 2009, To obtain intergeneric hybrids from Sedirea japonicum and Neofinetia falcata with moth orchids, artificial crosses with a total of 160 combinations were performed. Most of the cross combinations failed due to crossincompatibility after intergeneric crosses, with no pod formation, premature pod dropping after pod formation, and pod formation that did not produce seeds. From among these, the crosses that formed normal seeds and germinated to produce viable plants included Doritis pulcherrima × S. japonicum, N. falcata × D. pulcherrima, and N. falcata × P. equestris. From the hybrid specimens obtained through these crosses, 2 superior lines (819-3B and K9256) were selected based on their floral morphology, number of flowers, hardiness, and fragrance. Comparative analyses of the morphological and chromosomal traits were performed between the selected hybrid specimens and their parents. The flower and inflorescence characteristics of the selected hybrids exhibited intermediary traits of both the parents; however, more traits from the moth orchids were inherited. For pollinia traits, both 819-3B and K9256 specimens exhibited intermediate forms of their parents in terms of their shape and size. In the case of 819-3B specimen, a high degree of trait similarity with that of D. pulcherrima was observed; whereas, K9256 specimen showed lobes similar to that of P. equestris. The ploidy of moth orchid, S. japonicum, and N. falcata used for crosses was diploid, as determined by microscopic examination and ploidy analysis. The microscopic examination of chromosomes from the intergeneric hybrid pollens revealed mutation of the chromosome count among different specimens as well as irregular chromosome separation. For the production of next-generation progeny using the obtained hybrids, back-cross was performed; however, most of the progeny obtained were sterile and, among the 12 back-crosses, pod formation was noted in S. japonicum × 819-3B and 819-3B × S. japonicum crosses only.

In this study, we conducted to select the promising crops for both uses in the bioethanol and forage production in Korea. The result indicated t㏊t Natsukaje (guinea grass), Gwangpyeongok (corn), Jumbo (sorghum×sudangrass hybrid), SS405 (sorghum×sorghum hybrid), Millex32 (pearl millet), Jeju barnyard grass), Alamo (switch grass) and Selection75 (klein grass) showed the production of biomass from the highest to the lowest in order. However, the order of the production of quality forage was, from the highest to the lowest, Natsukaje (guinea grass), Jumbo (sorghum×sudangrass hybrid), SS405 (sorghum×sorghum hybrid), Gwangpyeongok (corn), Millex32 (pearl millet), Selection75 (klein grass), Jeju (barnyard grass), and Alamo (switch grass). We concluded the Natsukaje (guinea grass) was the best bioethanol crop, and also the Natsukaje (guinea grass) was the best for forage production.

Although whole crop barley are now widely grown as a silage crop in Korea, but silage quality of the whole crop barley produced from farmer's fields have not been published. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate forage quality of whole crop barley which was participated in Korean quality contest in 2008. These data were classified by region, forage production, added inoculants, planting date and harvest date. Difference on lactic acid of barley silage was detected in the region (p＜0.05), however, there no significant differences in other chemical composition. The moisture and lactic acid were significant differences in dry matter yield of barley silage. There is all the difference between silage added inoculants and control. Differences between planting dates in ash and crude protein (CP) were detected in barley silage (p＜0.05). From comparison within harvest date, lactic acid ㏊d significant differences among barley silage. Differences in forage quality were observed among whole crop barley for silage. Therefore, nutritional quality as well as lactic acid is important in silage quality contest of whole crop barley.

This experiment was conducted to prevent the contamination of parasite egg on vegetables for supporting safety production of leafy vegetables. After the chinese cabbages and soil samples were collected at 5 cities of Gyeonggido during 2007-2008, the existence of parasite egg was surveyed. All collected samples had no parasite egg, so the chinese cabbages produced in Gyeonggi area were assumed parasite egg-free. To examine the characteristics of parasite eggs, the pig roundworms, Ascaris suum, were collected from the intestine of infected pig and the parasite eggs were collected from the uterus of A. suum. The eggs of A. suum developed to embryonated eggs, which can infect humans, in 20℃-30℃, but not 15℃ and 35℃, when cultured at different temperatures. The eggs developed to embryonated eggs after drying for 0-24h when cultured after different drying times. Effect of soakage different salt solution and times showed that the eggs developed to embryonated eggs after soakage at 0-25% salt solution for 0-24h. For eliminating the parasite eggs attached leafy vegetables, it was efficient to soak at salt solution for 5 minutes and washing 5 times with water.

Propylea japonica is small ladybug(approximately 4-5mm) and is met with everywhere in Korea. When there was no aphid, the survival rate of P. japonica was 0% among another instar bugs and 26.7～32.8% among same instar bugs after 48 hours. When there were sufficient aphids, the cannibalism of P. japonica was low, so the survival rate of P. japonica was 78.6～95.8% among another instar bugs and 80.6～100% among same instar bugs after 48 hours. In the comparison of the number of eggs at different oviposition site, P. japonica preferred the corrugated cardboard. In experiment using T-tube, the rate of decoy was 81% at cotton aphid compared with pepper leaf and 62% at cotton aphid compared with artificial diet. In the artificial diet using shrimp and chicken liver, the developmental period from egg to adult was 17days and the survival rate from egg to adult was 66.7% but the vitality was not good. These data suggest that P. japonica can be used effective natural enemy for control of aphids and is needed to research about artificial diet, mass rearing system and control effect in field.

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis(Perg.), is one of the major pests of lettuce, Lactuca sativa. To develop the economic thresholds for western flower thrips on lettuce, the thrips was inoculated into two types of lettuce, green deeply lobed leaf lettuce which was harvested every week and red frilled & crinkled leaf lettuce which was harvested one time, with a density of 0, 1, 3, 7, 10 thrips per one lettuce after planting 1 week and 3 weeks at the plastic house in 2006, and 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 thrips per one lettuce after planting 1 week in 2007. There was close correlation between the initial thrips density and the marketable quantity of lettuce : y = -155.36x + 3564.7, r2=0.9724('06), y = -167.82x + 3474.5, r2=0.8897('07) in the green deeply lobed leaf lettuce inoculated the thrips after planting 1 week, y = -109.65x + 3549.1, r2=0.9384('06) in the green deeply lobed leaf lettuce inoculated the thrips after planting 3 weeks, y = -197.09x + 3334.9, r2=0.9707('06), y = -244.08x + 3425.9, r2=0.8914('07) in the red frilled & crinkled leaf lettuce inoculated the thrips after planting 1 week, y = -101.07x + 3457.6, r2=0.7334('06) in the red frilled & crinkled leaf lettuce inoculated the thrips after planting 3 weeks. The economic threshold for western flower thrips on lettuce was ranged 0.20～0.30 thrips per one lettuce in the blue type lettuce and 0.14～0.33 thrips per one lettuce in the red type lettuce.

조직배양묘인 Dtps. pulcherrima (sib.) × Dtps. ‘Kyotoprinty’ 를 이용하여 호접란 체세포 변이체의 형태적 유전 적 변이를 조사하였다. 잎과 꽃에서의 색깔과 형태 변이 도 다양하게 관찰되었다. 조직배양시에 발생하는 잎의 변이와 꽃의 변이중에서 대표적인 개체들 13개를 골라 정상적인 개체와 함께 total genomic DNA를 분리하고 RAPD 분석하여 변이체와 정상적인 개체간 DNA 밴드 차이가 나는지 살펴보았다. 그 결과 Operon primer OPO-06과 OPO-07를 이용한 PCR 분석에서 다형성이 관찰되었다. 잎의 변이를 일으킨 개체와 꽃의 변이를 야 기한 개체에서 각각 특이한 DNA Marker를 선발할 수 있었다.

Backgrounds : The action mechanisms of several chemopreventive agents derived from herbal medicine and edible plants have become attractive issues in cancer research. Tea is the most widely consumed beverage worldwide. It have been demonstrated that the active principles of tea sources such as flower extract Camellia sinensis (CSF) and Camellia japonica (CJF)were attributed to their tea polyphenols. We focused on investigating CSF, CJF, mixtures of CSF and CJF has been proven to suppress colonic tumorigenesis. Methods and Results : In this study, human colorectal carcinoma HT-29 cells were treated with CSF, CJF, mixture of CSF and CJF to examine the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of mixture of CSF and CJF (3 : 1), as well as the molecular mechanism underlying these effects. Cell viability assay, nuclear staining, DNA fragmentation, caspase assay, cytochrome c release, were utilized to dissect the signaling pathways. In mixture of CSF and CJF (3 : 1), CSF appeared most anticancer effect by both MTT assays and the cleavage analysis of apoptosis-related molecules and PARP. Interestingly, we found that CJF make it possible to express the apotosis inducing by CSF in a short time and apoptosis effect of CSF maintained sustainable. Conclusion : In summary, our results from this study suggest that in HT-29 human colon cancer cells (i) CSF treatment causes damage to mitochondria, and (ii) CJF contributed CSF induced apoptotic cell death mediates cytochrome C release, (ⅲ) mixture of CSF and CJF (3 : 1) the potential to function as a chemopreventive agent against colon cancer.

Backgrounds : Camellia sinensis is known to have a very high antioxidant activity, but its petals are small and it is difficult to use it because of its low yield. In comparison Camellia japonica has many petals and yield, however, the biological effects of C. japonica have been less frequently studied. In the present study, we focused on investigating the in vitro antioxidant effect of the ethanol extract from flower of C. sinensis (CSF), C. japonica (CJF) and mixture of CSF and CJF. Methods and Results : Content of total phenolics and total flavonid, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activities, reducing power, superoxide anion and hydroxy radical scavenging activity of CSF and CJF were compared in vitro experimetal models. Total phenolics was contained the higer in CJF (172.19±1.65 mgCAE/gEX) than 146.75±0.15 mgCAE/gEX in CSF. And effects of antioxidant measured by reducing power, superoxide anion generated by xanthine/xanthine oxidase and hydroxyl radical generated by the Fenton reaction (FeSO4 + H2O2) in a cell-free system was shown higher in mixture of CSF and CJF than BHT, ascorbic acid as a chemical oxidant which was detected by electron spin resonance spectrometry coupled with DMPO spin trapping. These results suggest that Camellia flower extract such as CSF and CJF exhibits antioxidant properties by scavenging ROS. Camellia extract contained quercetin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercitrin and kaempferol, which are antioxidant compounds. Conclusion : As a result, the combination of CSF and CJF showed higher antioxidative effect than using CSF or CJF alone.

Background : Plants are the rich source of antioxidants, which plays a very important role in maintaining human health. Their antioxidant property protects cells of different organs of human beings against free radicals and free radical mediated diseases. Even though, there is lack of knowledge on the antioxidant effect of lutein present in plants. In the present study, lutein was isolated from the GreenTea leaves (Camellia sinensis) which is used as a dietary source. Methods and Results : The procedure adopted for the isolation and purification of lutein using acetone extraction and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is simple and less time consuming. Free radicals scavenging activity of isolated lutein from acetone extract of GreenTea was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging assay and reducing power. The isolated lutein scavenged 79% of DPPH radicals at 20 ㎍/㎖ and two fold lower concentration compared to the standard antioxidants (α-tocopherol). No significant differences were found between the reducing power of the lutein and BHT when their concentrations were high. However, significant differences were observed at relatively low concentrations, the reducing power of lutein was isolated from the GreenTea leaves was stronger than those of their acetone extract and standard antioxidants (BHA). Both electron spin resonance (ESR) and in vitro assay confirmed that lutein was isolated from the GreenTea leaves, exhibited a greater capacity for scavenging superoxide (O2 •－) and hydroxyl (OH •) radicals than standard antioxidants β-carotene and α-tocopherol respectively. Conclusion : The results proven that lutein isolated from GreenTea leaves has an efficient antioxidant ability, it could serve as an antioxidant to scavenge reactive oxygen species.

Background : Lutein, a xanthophyll, consists of chains with 8 conjugated double bounds containing closed rings on each end of the chain. This carotenoid is found in fruits and vegetables, especially dark green leafy vegetables such as green tea. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of purified lutein from green tea on human cancer cell lines containing prostate carcinoma cancer cells (LNCaP). Methods and Results : Prostate carcinoma cancer cells (LNCaP) were cultured and evaluated the inhibitory effect of lutein isolated from green tea compared other carotenoids (β-carotene and lycopene) on cell proliferation. Cyclin D1 and PCNA were evaluated as cell differentiation. In results, PCNA/cyclin regulates the initiation of cell proliferation by mediating DNA polymerase. Under cultural conditions, lycopene remarkably suppressed the PCNA expression prostate cancer cell line LNCaP in higher doses (20 μM - 100 μM) statistically. However, β-carotene and lutein presented the less inhibitory effects on PCNA expression. Determination of PCNA expression in control and treated cells demonstrates that lycopene did affect proliferation in LNCaP cancer cells in dose-dependent manner. However, β-carotene and lutein suppressed the cyclin D1 expression in dose-dependent manner but no in lycopene group. These results indicate that differ carotenoids presented the various suppressive ability of PCNA and cyclin D1 expression in cell proliferation. Conclusion : In conclusion, lutein suppressed the carcinogenesis of induced prostate cancer cell line by acting as a suppressor for inhibiting the expression of cyclin D.

The karyotype analysis of various Lilium species native to Yun nan, Northeast China, viz., L. sulphureum, L. nepalense var, L. wenshanense, L. nepalense and L. brownie var. were observed through ordinary tablet compressing method. The results indicated that the chromosome number was 2n=2x=24 in all the species studied. The karyotype formula was 2n=2x=24=2m + 6sm (2SAT) + 4st+12t (4SAT) for Lilium sulphureum; 2n=2x=24=2m + 10st (2SAT) + 12t (4SAT) for Lilium nepalense var.; 2n=2x=24=2m + 2sm+8st (6SAT) +12t (2SAT) for Lilium wenshanense; 2n=2x=24=4m (4SAT) + 10st (4SAT) + 10t for Lilium nepalense; 2n=2x=24=2m + 2sm+10st + 10t for Lilium brownii var. The As.K value (the ratio between long arm and total chromosome length) and the ratio of the length of the longest and the shortest chromosome were recorded as 78.25%~83.71% and 1.83~2.18 respectively. The karyotype of all the species was 3B except for L. nepalense which was 3A. Comparatively, the karyotype analysis of Lilium nepalense var. and Lilium nepalense were similar and genetically close to each other. A great diversity in chromosome morphology was existed among different populations or cultivars of the same species. The genetic diversity of different species or populations could be discriminated thru the number and position of different kinds of chromosomes, as well as the difference of satellite number and positions.

Genetically modified (GM) papaya (Carica papaya L.) line 55-1 (55-1), which is resistant to papaya ringspot virus infection, has been marketed internationally. Many countries such as the European Union, Japan, and Korea have a mandatory safety assessment, approval and labeling regulations for GM foods. Thus, there is a need for specific methods for detecting 55-1. In this study, we established a real-time PCR detection method applicable to 55-1 for a variety of papaya products. The limit of detection was possible for fresh papaya fruit up to dilutions of 0.005% and 0.01% (weight per weight [w/w]) for homozygous SunUp and heterozygous Rainbow cultivars, respectively, in non-GM papaya. The 55-1 event-specific detection method observed parallelism (r2>0.99) between the concentration of line 55-1 cultivars and Ct values obtained in amplification plots at concentrations of 0.005-10% for SunUp DNA and 0.01-10% for Rainbow DNA. The method was applicable to the qualitative detection in various types of processed products (cocktail fruit, dried fruit, juice, etc.) containing papaya as a main ingredient. Monitoring papaya products for the presence of GM papaya were demonstrated using a P35S and T-nos real-time PCR detection method but no amplification signals were detected.

Magnetite (Fe3O4) has been prepared directly to avoid the reduction process prior to the H2 production from the high temperature water gas shift reaction of the simulated waste derived synthesis gas. Citric acid has been employed as a complexing agent for the direct synthesis of magnetite. Notably, without the reduction process, the catalyst prepared at the citric acid molar ratio of 1.0 showed 80% CO conversion at 350℃ at a gas hourly space velocity of 40,057 h-1.

Soybean is an important crop with useful traits such as the high seed protein and oil contents. Soybean reproduction is sensitive to temperature over 35℃. To obtain database of gene expression profiles, we used soybean cultivars, sensitive and tolerant. RNA sequencing was performed to find differentially expressed genes in two Korean soybean cultivars under heat stress condition. The transcriptomic changes in each cultivar under heat stress. We found 2727 common transcripts in two soybean cultivars under heat stress, and selected 20 transcripts to heat stress response genes. The 20 selected genes were analysed using BLAST2GO and PLANEX. The genes were major factor in co-expression networks. It appears that these 20 genes were mainly attributable to heat stress.