Pellino, a highly conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase, is known to mediate ubiquitination of phosphorylated Interleukin-1 receptor-related kinase (IRAK) homologs in Toll signaling pathway. To understand the immunological function of TmPellino, we screened the knockdown efficiency of TmPellino by injecting TmPellino-specific dsRNA into T. molitor larvae. Subsequently, we investigated the larval mortality and the tissue-specific expression patterns of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes against microbial challenges. Interestingly, the results indicate that the expression of many AMP genes was upregulated in the Malpighian tubules of TmPellino-silenced T. molitor larvae. This study may provide basic information to understand how Tmpellino regulates AMPs production in T. molitor.

Recently, it is demonstrate that the invertebrates have a immune memory, called Immune priming (IP). It was partially studied that the IP is mainly regulated by epigenetic modification. Here, to understand the IP on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) production, we investigated larval mortality and time-dependent expression patterns of AMP genes in T. molitor larvae challenged with E. coli (two-times injection with a one-month interval). Interestingly, the results indicate that the higher and faster expression levels of most AMP genes were detected compared to the non-primed T. molitor larvae. Our results may used to improve the understanding of mechanisms of invertebrate immune memory.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) is known to regulate antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) production in mammals. Here, to understand the immunological function of TmTRAF against microbial challenge, the induction patterns of TmTRAF against microbial infection was investigated by qRT-PCR in the whole-body and tissue of young larvae. In addition, the effects of TmTRAF RNAi on larval mortality and expression of 15 AMP genes in response to microbial infection were investigated. Our studies may help to understand the basic role of AMP production.

Tube, an intracellular protein of the Toll-pathway, forms a complex with Pelle and MyD88, and regulates a signal transduction to activate NF-κB in Drosophila. To understand the antimicrobial function of TmTube, the induction patterns of TmTube were investigated at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h-post injection of pathogens into 10th to 12th instar larvae. In addition, we investigated the effects of TmTube RNAi on larval mortality and tissue specific AMP expression in response to microbial challenge. Our results will provide a basic information to elucidate the immunological function of TmTube

In insects, the glutathione S-transferase is initiated in both the detoxification process and the protection of cellular membranes against oxidative damage. In this study, we identified the open reading frame (ORF) sequence of GST-iso1 and 2 from Tenebrio molitor (TmGST-iso1 and 2). To investigate the expression patterrns of TmGST-iso1 and 2 in response to herbicide, 0.06, 0.6, and 6 ㎍/㎕ of butachlor (FarmHannong, Seoul, South Korea) was challenged into T. molitor larvae, resulting that the TmGST-iso1 were highly induced at 3 and 24 h-post injection. Whereas, the highest expression of TmGST-iso2 was detected at 24 h after treatment. This study may contribute to basic information about the detoxifying activities of T. molitor.

Pelle, a serine/threonine kinase, is an intracellular component of the Toll pathway and is involved in antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) production due to pathogenic infection. It is known that the Pelle phosphorylates Cactus and activates the NF-κB signaling pathway in Drosophila, but it is not studied in Tenebrio molitor. In this study we investigated the tissue-specific expression patterns of the Pelle following pathogenic infection at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hours. Additionally, larval mortality and AMP expression against microbial injection were investigated in dsPelle-treated T. molitor larvae. Our results may help to understand the antimicrobial function of TmPelle.

It is well known that the JNK pathway regulates AMP production against pathogenic infection in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Tenebrio molitor hep (Tmhep) is an homolog of MAP kinase kinase in mammals. Here, we investigate the immunological function of Tmhep in responses in microbial infection using RNA interference technology. The results showed that silencing of Tmhep increased the larval mortality against microbial challenge, as well as reduced AMP production compared to the control group (dsEGFP-treated group). Conclusively, Tmhep plays an critical role in antimicrobial defense in T. molitor larvae.

This investigation was conducted three times (April, August, and October) from 2023 at five surveyed sites in Gonyangcheon estuarine wetland. A total of benthic macroinvertebrates belonging to 59 taxa 44 families 21 orders in 8 classes of 4 phyla were collected. The numbers of benthic macroinvertebrates species in each surveyed site were from 10 (St.1) to 41 (St.2). As a community indices analysis, the average DI is 0.78 (±0.12), H' is 1.6 (±0.68), R′ is 0.96 (±0.39), and J´ is 0.61 (±0.24). Community indices tended to decrease as the diversity and abundance decreased downstream. Total ecological score of benthic macroinvertebrates community (TESB), an average score of 35.47 (±15.86). The Habitat of Clithon retropictum and Ellobium chinense belonging to endangered species II, were identified at st.3~st.5.

In the Gucheon stream of Deogyusan National Park, a survey was conducted at three sites (six sites in total) in 2018 and 2021. A total of benthic macroinvertebrates of 107 taxa 46 families 13 orders in 6 classes of 5 phyla were found. According to the analysis of the appearance by year, a total of 87 species were surveyed in 2018, and a total of 89 species were surveyed in 2021. As a results to the functional feeding group analysis, Gathering-Collector (GC) accounted for a high species share (2018: 29.89%, 2021: 25.84%). In the functional habitat group analysis, Clinger (CL) accounted for a high species share (2018: 56.32%, 2021: 57.30%). Average annual community indices analysis, DI 0.38(±0.05), H′ 3.48(±0.19), R′ 3.23(±0.41), and J′ 0.85(±0.04) in 2018, and DI 0.55(±0.09), H′ 2.98(±0.31), R′ 2.91(±0.65), and J′ 0.70(±0.05) in 2021. As a results of the benthic macroinvertebrates index (BMI) analysis, indicating that all sites were classified as "very good," with average BMI values of 95.24(±2.84) in 2018 and 96.99(±1.13) in 2021.

The nuclear power plant (NPP) decommissioning market is expected to expand not only domestically but also overseas. Proven technologies must be applied to decommission NPP. This is based on Article 41-2, Paragraph 2 of the domestic ‘Enforcement Decree Of The Nuclear Safety Act’. Proven technology refers to technology that has verified that it can be applied in the field through demonstration. In other words, in order to carry out NPP decommissioning, verification must be done. Demonstration refers to reducing technological uncertainty and directly verifying services implemented in the field. From a technology commercialization perspective, demonstration requires an approach based on technology readiness level (TRL) from a technology perspective and market readiness level (MRL) from a market perspective. The characteristics of demonstration also differ depending on the characteristics of each field. The demonstration in the field of nuclear energy is the demonstration of demand matching. This is to confirm the feasibility of the technology in the company’s required environment. In order to perform demonstration, a scenario must be derived by reflecting demonstration design considerations. After evaluating the derived scenario, an actual assessment is conducted using lab-based demonstration/virtual environment demonstration/real environment demonstration. What must be preceded by an actual assessment is confirming the consumer’s requirements. In this study, the necessary environment and requirements of consumer’s to perform NPP decommissioning were reviewed. The domestic decommissioning procedure requirements management system presents decommissioning procedures, potential worker accidents, and worker requirements. In the case of foreign countries, it was confirmed that complex wide need, cost benefit, risk reduction, waste generation, operation, reliability and maintenance (RAM) improvement and quantitative measures were evaluated for the technology to be demonstrated. Also the requirements for demonstrating decommissioning need to a detailed review of actual decommissioning cases. Therefore, a comparison must be made between the requirements based on actual NPP decommissioning cases and the requirements derived from this research process. Afterwards, the empirical research approach proposed by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy was applied. The empirical research approach proposed by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy is to secure a track record over a certain period of time and performance under conditions similar to the actual environment in the final research stage at the TRL level 6 to 8. Through this, it will be possible to confirm the suitability of overseas technology for domestic application.

At a time when the demand for drones is increasing, a plan to utilize drone images was sought for efficient promotion of cadastral resurvey. To achieve the purpose of this study, the technical and legal status of drone images was reviewed, and through this, the possibility of using it for cadastral resurvey was primarily reviewed. subsequently, an experiment was conducted targeting the project district to examine whether drone images were applied to boundary extraction, which is the primary process of cadastral resurvey. As a result of the experiment, it was found that boundary extraction from images is possible. However, in some cases, it is impossible due to field conditions or image quality. Therefore, it is necessary first to apply cases where boundary extraction is possible to cadastral resurvey and seek solutions for some impossible cases. In particular, the image quality problem may have problems with the current technology, but it will also have problems with the existing drone equipment. So, standard for drone calibration should also be established. Finally, the cadastral resurvey surveying procedure using drones was also presented.

Crowding is widely observed in various tourism contexts. Compared with natural scenic areas, theme parks have concrete boundaries and are physically, economically, or culturally separate from the surrounding area, it also brings problems with carrying capacity and visitor management. Data shows that China has become a critical theme park market, and crowding has become a major problem for theme park operators in China. This study examined the effects of human crowding on visitors' emotions, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions using the M-R model as a framework. The investigations were conducted in Shanghai Disneyland and Zhuhai Chimelong Ocean Kingdom, 295 and 410 valid questionnaires were collected respectively.

Insurance and unit trust (also known as mutual funds) are high-involvement financial products that require investors to hold for long term to gain desired returns. These financial products are also considered unsought products, which require salespeople’s personal touch with their potential customers to make sales. Therefore, the relationship between salespeople and their potential or existing customers becomes crucial in the sales of insurance and unit trust. In theoretical terms, this relationship represents business ties. A strong business ties between the salespeople and the customers enable them to exchange resources and knowledge, and co-create values in their business relationships. Such exchange and co-creation of values are desirable in a business network. Weak ties are irregular and infrequent exchanges, creating structural holes that bring about an opportunity for bridging but have not yet been capitalized.

A 11-year-old sexually intact female dog was presented because of a misshapen left elbow with a large mass. The masses on the elbow were diagnosed as high-grade canine mast cell tumor (cMCT) based on the cytological examination using fine-needle aspiration. Cytologically, the mass revealed moderate numbers of eosinophils, anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, and aberrant mitotic figures. The degree of cytologic dysplasia is diagnosed as moderate to severe. The blood analysis revealed low hematocrit and electrolytes. After examining the metastasis and surgical scope with radiographs and ultrasound, surgery was performed to removal the mass. Histopathologically, the mass revealed partially cytoplasmic granules, anisokaryosis of the nucleus, and mitotic counts. Scattered inflammatory cells and necrotic tissues were observed in the tumor. In this study, we found high-grade cMCT and treated the patient through a surgical approach.