Background: Passive or therapist-assisted stretching, followed by scapular stabilization exercises, has been shown to be effective. However, most previous studies have focused on stretching individual muscles or specific movement directions, often neglecting the role of active scapular stretching. Objects: This study aimed to compare changes in the muscle activity of the lower trapezius (LT), serratus anterior (SA), and upper trapezius (UT), as well as the scapular posterior tilt (SPT) angle before and after scapular circle (SC) stretching during SPT exercise. Methods: Twenty participants were recruited for this study. Electromyography electrodes were attached to the LT, SA, and UT. Muscle activity and the posterior scapular tilt angle were measured while performing the SPT exercises. After the SC stretch, the measurements were repeated in the same manner. The LT, SA, and UT electromyography activities and SPT angles were analyzed using paired t-tests. Results: LT activity was significantly higher in the SC stretch plus SPT exercise compared with in the SPT exercise alone (p = 0.018). There were no significant differences in SA activity between the SPT and SC stretch plus SPT exercise conditions (p = 0.812). UT activity significantly increased in the SC stretch plus SPT exercise compared with that in the SPT exercise (p = 0.001). The SPT angle was significantly enhanced during SPT exercise after the SC stretching compared to that without SC stretching (p = 0.009). The RSP improved by 2.32% compared to the initial posture when only the SPT was performed, and improved by 9.95% when the SPT was performed after the SC stretching. Conclusion: These results suggest that performing SC stretching prior to SPT exercise may effectively improve scapular alignment and posture, even when UT activation increases more than of the LT. Elevated UT activity highlights the need to address muscular balance in corrective exercise design.

인류는 역사적으로 삶의 본질을 이해하고 지속적인 충만함을 성취하기 위해 끊임없이 노력해 왔다. 이러한 여정은 종종 자기실현으로 귀결된다. 자기실현은 단순한 심리적 상태를 넘어, 인간의 본질적인 욕구이자 지속적인 성장과 변형, 그리고 진정한 잠재력의 실현을 의미한다. 저명한 브라질 작가 파울로 코엘료는 그의 소설에 서 인간의 경험을 중심에 두며, 존재의 영적이고 실존적인 측면을 탐구한다. 코엘료의 이야기 속 주인공들은 전통적인 서사 속 영웅이 아닌, 평범하지만 내면의 여정을 통해 특별함을 보여주는 인물들이다. 􋺷연금술사􋺸(1988)의 산티아고와 􋺷11분􋺸(2003)의 마리 아는 모두 매우 개인적인 여정을 떠나며, 사회적 기대와 내면의 제약에 도전해 자기 안에 숨겨진 보물을 찾아 나선다. 산티아고는 자신의 ‘개인적 전설’을 향한 열망에 의 해 움직이며, 마리아는 사랑과 자존감, 인간관계의 복잡성을 탐색한다. 이 두 인물은 회복력, 용기, 자기 발견의 변혁적 본질을 구현하며, 이 논문은 그들이 자기실현에 이 르는 과정을 분석한다. 이를 통해 코엘료 작품 전반에 흐르는 운명, 삶의 목적, 내면의 충족이라는 보편적 주제를 조명한다. 코엘료는 이러한 이야기들을 통해 개인이 어떻게 자신의 여정을 통해 의미와 자기 실현을 향해 나아갈 수 있는지를 깊이 있게 통찰한다.

본 논문은 칼 융이 정의한 원형의 개념이 인도 영어 소설에서 여성의 경험을 어떻게 형상화하는지를 탐구한다. 샤시 데슈판데의 􋺷뿌리와 그림자􋺸와 아니타 나이르의 􋺷레이디스 쿠페􋺸를 중심으로, 처녀상, 어머니상, 그림자, 새로운 여성 등의 원형적 이미지가 여성 인물들의 갈등, 성장, 자아 인식을 어떻게 표현하는지를 분석한 다. 두 작가는 모두 가부장적 사회에서 여성이 마주하는 도전을 강조하지만, 그 주인 공들이 이에 대응하는 방식은 다르다. 데슈판데의 인물들은 전통적 역할 속에서 자아 를 찾으려는 반면, 나이르의 여성들은 독립을 선언하는 과감한 선택을 감행한다. 이 두 작품은 여성의 삶에서 반복적으로 나타나는 패턴과 정체성 및 자율성에 대한 지속 적인 탐색을 이해하는 데 있어 원형이 중요한 역할을 한다는 점을 드러낸다.

Background: Decreased respiratory muscle strength in patients with stroke may cause breathing difficulties, and cardiopulmonary function and exercise capacity may decline, which may reduce balance and gait ability. Objects: This study aimed to determine the influence of improved respiratory muscle strength on the recovery of balance and gait ability at discharge in patients with stroke. Methods: This prospective observational study involved 21 patients clinically diagnosed with stroke. Multiple regression models with a forward selection procedure were used to investigate whether the improvement of respiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory pressure [MIP] and maximal expiratory pressure) can contribute to the recovery of balance (Trunk Impairment Scale, Berg Balance Scale, Brunel Balance Assessment, and five times sit-to-stand) and gait (10-meter walk test, timed up and go, and 6-minute walk test [6MWT]) ability. Results: In the forward selection regression analysis, MIP was an influencing factor, accounting for 36.2% of the variance in the 6MWT. Conclusion: This result suggests that an improvement in MIP influences the increase in distance in the 6MWT. Therefore, it is important to evaluate respiratory muscle strength. Inspiratory muscle strengthening can recommended improving endurance and functional walking ability in patients with stroke.

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare gluteus medius (Gmed) and quadratus lumborum (QL) muscle activities and the Gmed/QL activity ratio, during five hip abduction exercises in individuals with Gmed weakness. Objects: Nineteen participants with clinically identified Gmed weakness performed five hip abduction exercises: side-lying hip abduction (SHA), side-bridge (SB), SB using sling (SB-sling), SB with hip abduction (SB-HA), and SB-HA using sling (SB-HA-sling). Surface electromyography recorded Gmed and QL, normalized to %maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC). A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess differences across conditions. Results: Significant differences were found in Gmed (F = 68.980, p = 0.001) and QL (F = 10.676, p = 0.001) activation across exercises. Gmed activity was highest in SB-HA (61.77 ± 14.46 %MVIC), while SHA produced the highest Gmed/QL activity ratio (1.70 ± 0.26), indicating more selective Gmed activation. SB and SB-sling showed lower Gmed activity and higher QL activation. SB-HA-sling resulted in moderate Gmed activation without significantly increasing QL activation. Conclusion: The SB-HA exercise is effective for co-activating Gmed and QL, while SHA and SB-HA-sling are better suited for selectively targeting Gmed with minimal QL compensation. These findings support exercise selection based on specific rehabilitation goals.

Background: Electrophototherapeutic resources are widely used in the treatment of shoulder injuries, despite some contradictory results. Objects: This scoping review aims to evaluate the existing electrophysical resources associated or not with physical exercise (EX), propose a dosage and to evaluate the methodological quality, for managing pain, range, and muscle strength in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS). Methods: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), non-RCTs (NRCTs) and systematic reviews of electrophototherapeutic interventions in people with SIS were included, with no restrictions on age, sex, year or language. The outcomes were pain intensity, range of motion, and muscle strength. The databases searched were PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, LILACS, PEDro, Google Scholar, Open Grey, LIVIVO, CAPES Catalogue of Theses and Dissertations, and citation search. The search was carried out on January 26, 2023 and updated on March 5, 2024. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed individually using the Cochrane risk of bias tools for randomized trials (RoB 2) and for non-randomized trials (ROBINS-I) and the AMSTAR-2 tools for systematic review studies. Results: Twenty studies were included (14 RCTs, one NRCT, and 5 review studies). The electrophototherapeutic resources used were photobiomodulation, high-intensity laser therapy (HILT), laser associated with light-emitting diode, Multiwave Locked System laser, extracorporeal shockwaves (ESWs), low-frequency electrical current stimulation, therapeutic ultrasound and radiotherapy. Ten clinical studies applied EX in their intervention, in addition to electrophototherapeutic resources. Conclusion: Photobiomodulation, HILT and ESWs have been shown to be effective in treating SIS, however, there was great heterogeneity in the quality of the studies included, with some risks of bias. The additional effects of electrophototherapeutic resources to EX for patients at different stages of SIS are still uncertain, and the dosimetric parameters were presented in tables in the text.

Ainsliaea acerifolia, a perennial herbaceous plant endemic to forested regions of the Korean Peninsula, has drawn attention for its bioactive properties and potential as a functional food and medicinal resource. Despite its ecological and economic value, little is known about its spatial distribution or habitat preferences under changing climatic conditions. This study aims to quantify the current and future habitat suitability of A. acerifolia in southeastern Korea—including Gyeongsangnam-do, Busan, and Ulsan—using the MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) species distribution model. A total of 217 presence records were compiled from both GBIF data and field surveys, and seven key environmental variables were selected through multicollinearity screening. Model performance was robust (mean AUC = 0.845), and key predictors included topographic roughness (TRI), precipitation of the driest month (Bio14), and mean diurnal range (Bio2). Under current climate conditions, 31.5% of the study area was identified as suitable habitat (≥0.222), with only 4.7% categorized as core habitat (≥0.6). Future projections under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios indicated substantial habitat contraction, particularly in coastal and lowland areas, with refugial zones likely to persist in mid-elevation inland mountains (500–900 m). These findings suggest that A. acerifolia is highly sensitive to climatic variability and emphasizes the urgent need for conservation strategies focused on climate-resilient refugia and ecological corridors. The study provides a spatial framework for species conservation planning under future climate uncertainty.

본 연구는 중앙아시아의 난민 보호를 (1) 수용 역량, (2) 국제 기준과 의 법·정책적 정합성, (3) 재정적·제도적 기여라는 세 가지 차원으로 구 성된 부담 및 책임 분담 프레임워크를 통해 분석한다. 카자흐스탄, 키르 기스스탄, 타지키스탄, 투르크메니스탄, 우즈베키스탄 등 5개국을 비교한 결과, 국가별 난민 보호에 대한 관여 수준에서 뚜렷한 차이를 보인다. 타 지키스탄은 가장 많은 공식 등록 난민을 수용하고 있으며, 카자흐스탄은 난민 유사 상황에 처한 인구가 가장 많다. 1951년 난민협약과의 법적 정 합성은 국가별로 상이하며, 재정적 기여는 제한적으로, 카자흐스탄과 키 르기스스탄만이 UNHCR에 재정 지원을 하고 있다. 그러나 다섯 국가 모 두 난민에 관한 글로벌 콤팩트(Global Compact on Refugees)에 참여 하고 있다. 본 연구는 중앙아시아 국가들이 역량과 정치적 의지 면에서 차이를 보이지만, 난민 책임 분담 접근 방식은 점진적으로 진화하고 있 음을 보여준다.