Five nematophagous fungi were evaluated for their nematicidal effect in vitro on Rhabditis sp. and Meloidogyne hapla in soil. Inocula of Arthrobotrys arthrobotryoides, A. conoides, A. oligospora, Dactylella lobata, and Fusarium oxyaporum were grown in moistened corn-sandy soil and chopped potato-sandy soil media, and incubated at 26 for one week. The prepared inocula were incorporated in autoclaved sandy soil, mixing thoroughly at rates equ-invalent to 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, and 1:400, repectively, before 80g of the mixture carrying 100 Rhabditis sp. was put into petri plates. Nematophagous fungi effectively teduced the popuation of Rhabditis sp. in soil in a week or two following treatment of the incula at concentration of 1:50 and 1:100. The optimum was at for nematicidial effect as high as 80-100%. The at the rate of 1:100 prepared incula were incorporated in auto-claved soil, where 100 Juveniles M. hapla were introduced per 80% soil. All fungi infected the M. hapla effectively in soil, caysing more than 90% mortality within one week. This result indicated the potential value of these fungi as promising biocontrol agents

GLONASS, a satellite navigation system developed in Russia since 1976, is defunct and orbits in an unstable attitude. The satellites in these problems are not managed and there is no precise information, which can increase the risk of collisions with other space objects. In this study, detailed attitude dynamic have to be analyzed through photometry data, which requires spin period and spin axis. The light curve data is obtained by observing through the photometer at the Graz station and the power spectrum is calculated to obtain the cycle of the satellite. The geometric relationship between observer and sun is analyzed for GLONASS-50 satellite. The box-wing model is applied to obtain the phase reflection of the satellite and obtain the Irradiation of the satellite through this information. In Light Curve and Irradiation, the spin axis is calculated for each peak points with the distance square minimum technique. The spin axis of the GLONASS-50 satellite is RA = 116°, Dec = 92°.

Alcoholic fatty liver disorder has become a frequent health concern worldwide. To investigate the effects of Brassica oleracea (B. oleracea) sprout extract (BOE), the present study was designed with alcoholic fatty liver in the rat. Initially, the effects of BOE on liver parameters were examined. Male rats were divided into five groups. The normal control group was fed the normal diet, and the BOE group was fed the high fat diet and ethanol with/without BOE for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks feeding period, rats were sacrificed and their livers and blood were used for fatty liver-related biomarkers analyses. As a result, BOE ameliorated fatty liver-related enzymes profiles in liver tissues and also reduced blood alcohol concentration in rat model. We demonstrated that BOE protected the high fat diet and alcohol-induced fatty liver in rat model. Furthermore, BOE increased detoxificative abilities against alcohol.

Mankind has been using ships for more than 5,000 years and has developed a range of related technologies. However, despite such a long history, compared to aircraft with a history of approximately one century, the pace of progress has been markedly slow. Even though technological progress of ships or the installation of various navigation equipment have been achieved, seaborne collisions have occurred quite frequently. This study analyzed the TCAS( Traffic Collision Avoidance System) that has contributed to the prevention of collisions with other transport methods including aircraft to suggest a collision avoidance system that can be deployed for ships. To apply the technologies applied to aircraft that move in 3D to ships that move in 2D, the difference in the operational environment between the two modes was analyzed to identify elements that need to be applied to ships. The suggested display of data on the collision prevention system is one that manipulates the augmented reality display device used in automobiles that over the past few years has undergone rapid development. Based on the presentation of technological elements that need to be considered when adopting the SCAS or the Seaborne Collision Avoidance System as suggested in this study, the authors hope to contribute to the prevention of collisions.

본 연구는 non-Saccharomyces 효모와 S. cerevisiae Fermivin으로 혼합발효된 사과와인을 동결농축하였을 때, 이화학적 특성의 변화를 관찰하여 고품질 무가당 사과와인의 가능성을 알아보았다. 이를 위해 향미 증진능을 지닌 것으로 알려진P. anomala JK04와 malic acid 분해능을 지닌 I. orientalis KMBL5774 효모를 사용하였으며, 혼합발효 후 알코올 함량이 12%(v/v)가 되도록 동결농축하였다. P. anomala JK04 혼합발효구는 다른 시험구와 비교하여 발효속도가 늦어 발효를 완전히 진행시키지 않았다. 동결농축 후 이화학적 특성의 변화를 관찰하였을 때, P. anomala JK04 혼합발효구의 당도, 환원당, 총산, 총 페놀성 화합물의 함량이 다른 시험구보다 높게 측정되었으며, 다른 시험구들도 동결농축 후 해당 성분들의 함량이 증가하였다. P. anomala JK04 혼합발효구의 유리당 함량이 상대적으로 높게 검출되었으며, 동결농축 후 2-3배 증가하였다. 유기산의 경우, lactic acid를 제외한 모든 유기산의 함량이 동결농축 후 증가하였으며 모든 시험구에서 malic acid 함량이 가장 높게 측정되었다. I. orientalis KMBL5774는 malic acid 감산능력을 지니고 있어 malic acid 함량이 다른 시험구보다 낮게 검출되었다. 메탄올, 아세트알데히드, 퓨젤유의 경우, 동결농축에 의하여 함량이 증가하였으나 식품공전상 허용기준치보다 낮게 검출되었다. 사과와인의 색도 분석에서는 hue value는S. cerevisiae Fermivin 단독발효구와P. anomala JK04 혼합발효구에서 동결농축 후 감소하였으나, I. orientalis KMBL5774 혼합발효구에서는 증가하였으며, intensity value는 모든 시료구에서 2배 가량 증가하였다. L과 a value는 모든 시험구에서 동결농축 후 감소하였으며, b value는 증가하였다. 총 20종의 휘발성 향기성분이 검출되었으며, 상대적으로 저분자에 속하는 알코올류와 에스테르류 들의 함량이 동결농축 후 증가하였으며, 고분자에 속하는 물질들의 함량은 감소하였다. 관능평가 결과, non-Saccharomyces를 이용한 혼합발효구 모두 대조구보다 우수한 결과를 얻었으며, 특히P. anomala JK04 혼합발효구는 색과 향미에서, I. orientalis KMBL5774 혼합발효구는 맛과 전반적인 기호도에서 가장 우수한 결과를 얻었다. 본 연구 결과, 동결농축된 사과와인에서 다양한 성분들이 축적되어 새로운 무가당 사과와인 제품 개발의 가능성을 나타내었으며, non-Saccharomyces 효모 혼합발효는 사과와인의 품질 향상을 이룰 것으로 기대된다.

Continuous outbreaks of Shigella spp. have raised concerns about the lack of rapid and on-site applicable biosensor method for Shigella detection. Since a bacteriophage has recently been employed as an emerging bio-recognition element in biosensor method, Shigella sonnei-specific bacteriophage was isolated and purified from a slaughterhouse with the final concentration of 2.0×1012 PFU/mL in this study. Analysis of purified S. sonnei-specific bacteriophage using transmission electron microscopy indicated that it possessed an icosahedral head with a relatively long non-contractile tail. It was therefore classified as a member of the Siphoviridae family. Head width, head length, and tail length were 69.9±11.2 nm, 77.5±8.8 nm, and 264.4±33.9 nm, respectively. The genomic DNA size of the S. sonnei-specific bacteriophage was determined to be approximately 25 kb by using 0.4% agarose gel electrophoresis. In specificity test with 43 food-associated microorganisms, the S. sonnei-specific bacteriophage exhibited a clear plaque against S. sonnei only. In addition, the S. sonnei-specific bacteriophage was stable within a wide range of pH values (pH 3-11) and temperatures (4-37 ). Thus, the present study demonstrated the excellent specificity and stability of the S. sonnei-specific bacteriophage as a novel bio-recognition element for S. sonnei detection in foods.

This study was implemented to verify effectiveness related to job stress, depression or fatigue of hospital workers, by let them wearing necklaces with essential oils injected which were extracted from herb plants, as an alternative therapy. For this study, totally 60 people were selected who work in K hospital located in D city, in accordance with their agreement with participation in, and who were divided into 30 and 30 for a control group and an experimental group as appropriate subjects. The study was followed for 2 weeks from June 29 of 2015 by July 10 of 2015, by letting the experimental group wearing essential oils necklaces with a distance of 20 cm from noses during working time for 8 hours per day. After inhaling essential oils by wearing the necklaces, the job stress status didn’t have obvious difference between two groups statically, such as 104.1±11.3 points from 101.2±10.3 points for the control group and 104.7±9.8 points from 104.9±9.0 points for the experimental group. In case of the depression status, the control group had no difference such as 28.8±8.0 points from 29.4±9.0 points, and the experimental group had small decrease with 0.017 points such as 26.6±5.3 points from 28.5±5.6 points. In case of the fatigue status, the control group had no difference such as 75.7±19.7 points from 72.0±19.0 points, and the experimental group had small decrease with 0.049 points such as 64.3±20.0 points from 70.5±19.0 points.

Tree canopy is a valuable component consisting of urban ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to classify urban tree canopy (UTC) by using high resolution imagery and object-oriented classification (OOC), which was used to classify the different land cover types. With an urban canopy mapping system based on OOC and Decision Tree Classification (DTC), a site mapping was carried out by merging spectral data of high resolution imagery. This methodological approach showed high classification accuracy to distinguish small patches and continuous UTC boundaries on the high resolution imagery. For shadow removal, decision tree classification with various environmental variables such as brightness channel and band combination could effectively work. Our proposed methodology can be successfully used for the assessment and restoration of fragmented urban ecosystem and offer an opportunity to obtain high classification accuracy for the distinction of UTC components in urban landscape areas.

The circadian clock control of CONSTANS (CO) transcription and the light regulation of CO stability coordinately regulate photoperiodic flowering by triggering rhythmic expression of the floral integrator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). The diurnal pattern of CO accumulation is modulated sequentially by distinct E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENES 1 (HOS1) in the morning, FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX 1 (FKF1) in late afternoon, and CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) at night. In particular, CO is stabilized by FKF1 in late afternoon only under long days. Here, we show that CO abundance is not simply regulated by the E3 enzymes in a passive manner but also self-regulated actively through dynamic interactions between two CO isoforms. CO alternative splicing produces two protein variants, the full-size COa and the C-terminally truncated COb. Notably, COb, which is resistant to the E3 enzymes, induces the interactions of COa with CO-destabilizing HOS1 and COP1 but inhibits the association of COa with CO-stabilizing FKF1. These observations demonstrate that CO plays an active role in sustaining its diurnal accumulation dynamics in Arabidopsis photoperiodic flowering.

The vascular system of plants consists of two conducting tissues, xylem and phloem, which differentiate from procambium cells. Xylem serves as a transporting system for water and signaling molecules and is formed by sequential developmental processes, including cell division/expansion, secondary cell wall deposition, vacuole collapse, and programmed cell death (PCD). PCD during xylem differentiation is accomplished by degradation of cytoplasmic constituents, and it is required for the formation of hollow vessels, known as tracheary elements (TEs). Our recent study revealed that the small GTPase RabG3b acts as a regulator of TE differentiation through its autophagic activation. By using an Arabidopsis in vitro cell culture system, we showed that autophagy is activated during TE differentiation. Overexpression of a constitutively active RabG3b (RabG3bCA) significantly enhances both autophagy and TE differentiation, which are consistently suppressed in transgenic plants overexpressing a dominant negative form (RabG3bDN) or RabG3bRNAi (RabG3bRNAi), a brassinosteroidinsensitive mutant bri1-301, and an autophagy mutant atg5-1. Wood (called secondary xylem) is the most abundant biomass produced by land plants including Populus and Eucalyptus, and therefore is considered to be one of the most cost-effective and renewable bioenergy resources. In an attempt to enhance xylem differentiation and thus to improve biomass traits in poplars, we generated transgenic poplars overexpressing the RabG3bCA form. As notable phenotypes, both stem height and diameter were increased and xylem area in vascular bundles was significantly expanded in RabG3bCA transgenic poplars compared to control plants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that RabG3b regulates xylem differentiation in both Arabidopsis and Populus. This study enhances our understanding of biological mechanisms underlying wood formation and serve as a framework to engineer the quality and quantity of wood as useful biomass.

“Jojoong”, a winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It was derived from the cross “Suwon272/Olgeuru//Keumkang/Suwon252” during 2002. “Jojoong” was evaluated as “Iksan360” in advance yield trial test in 2011. It was tested in the regional yield trial test between 2012 and 2014. “Jojoong” is an awned, semi-dwarf and hard winter wheat, similar to “Keumkang” (check cultivar). The heading and maturing date of “Jojoong” were earlier to “Keumkang”. “Jojoong” had lower test weight (799 g/L) and 1,000-grain weigh (35.6g) than “Keumkang” (816 g/L and 45.5g, respectively). “Jojoong” showed resistance to winter hardiness and pre-harvest sprouting, which lower withering rate on the high ridge (10.5%) and rate of pre-harvest sprouting (10.5%) than “Keumkang” (31.7 and 21.4%, respectively). “Jojoong” showed similar protein content (12.5%), SDS-sedimentation volume (43.5ml) and gluten content (8.6%) to “Keumkang” (12.9%, 58.5ml and 8.5%, respectively). It showed higher lightness (93.17) in flour color than “Keumkang” (91.95, respectively). “Jojoong” showed higher lightness (81.50) of noodle dough sheet than “Keumkang” (80.95). “Jojoong” exhibited similar hardness (3.84N) and higher springiness and cohesiveness of cooked noodles (0.94 and 0.66) compared to “Keumkang” (3.88N, 0.90, and 0.62, respectively). Average yield of “Jojoong” in the regional adaptation yield trial test was 5.09 MT/ha in upland and 5.35 MT/ha in paddy field, which was 9% and 8% higher than those of “Keumkang” (4.67 MT/ha and 4.92 MT/ha, respectively).

‘Youhan’ (Hordeum vulgare L.), a new whole crop barley cultivar, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2012. ‘Youhan’ has the growth habit of III, light green and middle size leaf, hooded and lax-type spikes. The cultivar showed 107 cm of culm length, 641 spikes per m2. Heading date of ‘Youhan’ was May 1, one day later than that of check cultivar ‘Yuyeon’ in upland, and 2 days earlier than that of check in paddy field. Maturing time was similar to check cultivar ‘Yuyeon’ as June 4 in upland and May 31 in paddy field. ‘Youhan’ also showed better winter hardiness, the resistance to lodging and disease than those of check cultivar. The average forage dry matter yield in the regional yield trial was about 12.6 and 12.0 ton ha-1 in upland and paddy field, respectively, which were 6%, 5% higher than that of the check. It also showed 7.3% of crude protein, 26.8% of ADF(Acid Detergent Fiber), 47.8% of NDF(Neutral Detergent Fiber), and 67.7% of TDN(Total Digestible Nutrients), including higher grade of silage quality for whole crop barley. Fall sowing cropping of ‘Youhan’ is recommended only in areas where average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than －8°C, and it should not be cultivated in mountain areas of Korea.

‘Subo’ is a new japonica rice variety developed by a cross breeding between HR21124-B-59 and HR19567-B-70-3 having a good Phenotype with a multi-resistance and high yield elite line. The new variety developed for direct seeding by the rice breeding team in Rice Breeding and Cultivation Research Division, Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2012. The heading date of this variety is August 13 and earlier than that of check variety, Nampyeongbyeo, by two days. ‘Subo’ has 72cm of culm length and 104 spikelets per panicle in direct seeding cultivation. This variety showed resistance to bacterial leaf blight and rice stripe virus and have germinating ability in sumerged soil conditions. The milled rice of this variety exhibits translucent and very clear non-glutinous endosperm. ‘Subo’ has much better palatability of cooked rice than that of Nampyeongbyeo. The whole grain rate of milled rice are 86.9% and milled rice recovery of are 74.6%. The yield of ‘Subo’ in direct seeding cultivation is 5.55MT/ha in milled rice. ‘Subo’ could be adaptable to the southern part plain area of Pyeongtaek and southwestern in Korea.

‘Hyeonpum’ is a new japonica rice variety developed by a cross breeding between Iksan469 having a good canopy architecture and Sindongjin and Musashino 7 having a good eating-quality with a view to develop a new variety having high quality of grain and palatability by the rice breeding team of Rice Breeding and Cultivation Research Division, Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2012. The heading date of this variety is August 18 and later than that of check variety, Nampyeongbyeo, by four days. ‘Hyeonpum’ has 74cm of culm length and 101 spikelets per panicle. This variety showed resistance to bacterial leaf blight and rice stripe virus, but susceptible to leaf blast and planthoppers. The milled rice of this variety exhibits translucent and very clear non-glutinous endosperm. ‘Hyeonpum’ has much better palatability of cooked rice than that of Nampyeongbyeo. The whole grain rate of milled rice and milled rice recovery of ‘Hyeonpum’ are slightly higher than those of Nampyeongbyeo as 91.8% and 75.2% respectively. The yield of ‘Hyeonpum’ is 5.6 MT/ha in milled rice. ‘Hyeonpum’ could be adaptable to the southern part plain area of Pyeongtaek and southwestern costal areas in Korea.