Pearling, an important primary process on food barley utilization, refers to the gradual removal of grain tissues starting from the outer grain tissues/layers, bran, and germ. The removal of barley bran through pearling yields a bright white kernel that is ideal for various food applications. The removed grain layers are usually sold as feed. However, its use for producing various innovative food products such as high-fiber functional pasta. Here we investigated composition of pearled barley. Barley grains from two hull-less varieties, Saechalssal and Hinchalssal, were pearled to various degrees(10-60%). The composition (protein, β-glucan, fat, ash, total phenol and proanthocyanidin) of pearled barley fractions flour(PF) was determined. Protein, fat, ash, total phenol and proanthocyanidin content was decreased in PF according to increasing pearling degree. Hunter L value and whiteness was increased. β-glucan content also was increased from 3.35, 2.73% to 8.9, 9.3% in Sachalssal and Hinchlssal individually. PF of Sachalssal and Hinchalssal showed different content in all components. Protein content was the highest in 90～80% flour fraction. Total phenol, proanthocyanidin and crude fat content was the highest in outer grain layer, bran(100～90% fraction) than other fractions.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is the most important disease of wheat that may cause serious yield and quality losses and leads to harmful contamination of the grain with fungal toxins. Korean wheat cultivars showed much less resistant to FHB than Sumai3, which known as resistance to FHB, evaluated by spray inoculation in our companion report. Many DNA-marker studies, including sequence tagged site (STS) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and qualitative trait loci (QTL) associated with FHB resistance have been identified and mapped on the specific chromosome, especially 3BS, by many previous studies. However, there was no application of DNA-markers to select FHB resistance lines in Korean wheat breeding programs. 3 SSR markers and 6 STS markers linked to major QTL on chromosome arms 3BS found in Sumai3 and its derivatives were used to screen FHB resistance in Korean wheat cultivars. All markers known to be most significant markers based on previous research (Liu and Anderson 2003). There was general lack of marker polymorphism for Korean wheat cultivars used in this study. However, STS3B-138 marker only showed the polymorphism in Korean wheat cultivars. Allele size of STS3B-138 is 355 bp in Sumai 3 and 12 of 24 cultivar showed this allele. The range in Type II resistance rating was 1-5 and average of these 12 cultivars have 355bp allele was grade 2.4. The most resistant cultivars under the 2 grade, Gobun, Jinpoom, Milseong and Namhae also showed 355bp allele. Therefore, These results provide potential for development of wheat cultivars with improved Fusarium head blight resistance through use of effective FHB screen methods and marker - assisted selection.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), also known as head scab of wheat causes serious yield losses and deteriorated grain and may also contaminate the grain with mycotoxins. Many researches have been conducted to minimize damage caused by FHB and to improve resistance to FHB in many countries. However, little information of FHB in Korean wheats is available. In this study, 23 Korean wheat cultivars and F8 population were evaluated FHB symptoms infected two types of inoculations, both spray and point inoculation. Grain properties of Korean wheat cultivars, including grain morphology, antioxidant activity and ion content, were also evaluated to elucidated the relationship to the degree of infection of FHB. Anbaek, Eunpa and Milsung showed lower degree of infection by spray inoculation than any other cultivars, in spite of higher infection degree than Sumai3, which have been known as resistant to FHB. The degree of infection by point inoculation of Milsung, Gobun and Olgeuru was comparable to that of Sumai3. Poly phenol oxidase activity and total polyphenol content negatively correlated with the degree of infection by spray inoculation (r = -0.388, r = -0.466* respectively). Roundness of grain positively correlated with the degree of infection by point inoculation (r = 0.419*). In F8 population of 234 lines derived from the cross between Sumai3 and Korean wheat cultivar, 33 lines (14.1%) showed lower degree of infection by spray inoculation than parental cultivars, although there was no line comparable resistance of FHB to Sumai3. Fourteen lines (6.0%) showed lower degree of infection by point inoculation than Sumai3 and 135 lines (57.6%) were comparable to Sumai3 and parental cultivars.

In April 2009 two wheat cropping fields, Jeonju and Gimje in Jeonbuk Province, showed yellowish leaves and dead tillers in stem bases with sharp lens-shaped darken lesions. The disease incidence in wheat cultivar Jopummil ranged from 2.2 to 43.5%, with a mean incidence of 28.5%. The different incidence was related the seeding date. Earlier seeding (15th October) fields showed severe incidence as 25.5 to 43.5% while late seeding around the end of October weakened incidence in the cultivar. Based on morphology and pathogenic characteristics, the fungus was identified as Rhizoctonia cerealis that causes sharp eyespot in wheat. The disease severely affected growth and yield including culm length, spike length, number of kernel. The average culm length of the infected cv. Jopummil was 66 cm while that of healthy plant was 74 cm. The number of kernel and tiller per unit area was decreased only in the case of more than 13% incidence, but the length of heads was not significantly different compared with that of the healthy plants.

　A new naked oat cultivar ‘hoyang’(Avena sativa L.) was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2007. It was derived from a cross between ‘ikyonggwiri’and ‘wiri23’ The cultivar, Sikyonggwiri is early heading while the breeding line Gwiri23 has a high yielding potential with large-size grain. Bulk method combined with pedigree selection program was employed in subsequent generations, and the promising line SO96025-B-303- 44-2-5 was selected for agronomic performance in 2002. The line showed both high yield and good husking rate of seed in the Yield Trial tested at Suwon in 2003 to 2004, and was subsequently designated as ‘wiri57’ Gwiri57 was evaluated for winter hardiness, earliness, and yield in four locations, Gimje, Iksan, Jeongeup and Jinju from 2005 to 2007 and was released as Choyang. Choyang headed 11 days earlier and matured 5 days earlier than the check cultivar ‘unyang’in the paddy field condition. The new cultivar Choyang had 97 cm of culm length and 23.4 cm of spike length, 658 spikes per m2, 75 grains per spike, 28.8 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 636 g of test weight. Choyang showed better winter hardiness than that of the check cultivar Sunyang, and similar seed quality to the check cultivar in respect to crude protein (12.9%) and β-glucan content (4.7%). However, it showed higher husking rate than the check cultivar. The grain yield of Choyang in the regional yield trial for 3 consecutive years was averaged 4.67 MT ha-1, which was 38% higher than that of the check cultivar Sunyang. Choyang is recommended for the fall sowing cropping only in the southern area where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than -4℃ in January, and is not recommended the in mountain area where frost damage is presumable.

A new whole crop silage barley cultivar, “oungyang” was developed from the cross between “unong and Milyang55 at the Yeongnam Agricultural Research Institute (YARI) in 2002. An elite line, YB3882-3B-17-1-3-1, was selected in 1999 and designated as “ilyang111” It showed good agronomic performance in the regional adaptation yield trials (RYT) from 2000 to 2002 and was released by the name of “oungyang”with higher yield and better animal feed quality than that of Olbori. The average heading and maturing dates of Youngyang were May 2 and June 6, which were late by 2 & 1 days than those of Olbori, respectively, in Suwon. Youngyang had longer culm length, 83cm but it had lesser spikes per m2 637 than that of Olbori, respectively, in RYT from 2000 to 2002. The rate of leaf sheath/whole length (culm+leaf) and the rate of the grains/ whole crop weight was similar to Olbori. It showed resistance to BaYMV at the regions of Naju, Jinju, Milyang andt Iksan. however, the response of Youngyang to other environmental stresses (tolerance of cold and wet) was similar to Olbori. The dried whole crop yield potential of Youngyang in the RYT was about 11.67 MT/ha in paddy fields which was about 18% higher than that of Olbori. The grain yield potential was 6.32 MT/ha in paddy fields which was about 5% higher than that of Olbori. Youngyang had lower rate of shattering, higher content of protein and NDF, lower ADF and TDN, and better quality of silage than those of Olbori.

　A new sprout-soybean cultivar, “oseo”was developed at the Honam Agricultural Research Institute (HARI) in 2007. Hoseo was selected from a cross between Camp and Nattosan. The preliminary, advanced, and regional yield trials to evaluate the performance of Iksan 57 were carried out from 2003 to 2007. This cultivar has a determinate growth habit with purple flower, grayish brown pubescence, yellow seed coat, grayish brown hilum, rhomboid leaflet shape and small seed size (7.4 g/100 seeds). The maturity date of “oseo”is 12 days earlier than the check variety, “ungsan” It has good seed quality for soybean-sprout and resistance to lodging. This cultivar has resistance to soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and necrotic symptom (SMV-N). The average yield of “oseo”was 2.51 ton per hectare in the regional yield trials (RYT) for double cropping carried out for three years from 2005 to 2007.

Almost of Korean has used the barley mixing with rice and there are many barley brands have been sold in Korea. In this study, we investigated protein, -glucan content, waxy β ratio, cooking property and whiteness of 107 Korean barley products. The protein, β-glucan content and whiteness of waxy barley(7.17-12.57%, 2.81-7.38%, 27.1-49.6) were higher than non-waxy barley products(6.62-11.38%, 2.44-6.95%, 29.0-44.4). Waxy barley had a better cooking properties than non-waxy barley products. Water absorption and expansion of waxy barley(218-593%, 366-593%) were higher than non-waxy barley(135-284%, 227-457%). These properties and components were significantly different with producing area. Protein showed positive correlation with β-glucan in non-waxy and waxy barley(r=0.632***, r=0.453**). Whiteness showed negative correlation with protein content in non-waxy barley and waxy barley(r=-0.433***, r=-0.343**). Waxy ratio of 49 waxy barley brands was ranged from 84.4% to 100%. Average was 96.7%.

Recently, barley is gaining renewed interest for food due to nutritional and functional characteristics. and many breeder developed new barley varieties containing nutritional and functional components. Anthocyanin have been well characterized for its bioactive properties, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. Some colored varieties with purple lemma that is a kind of anthocyanin were developed. We have to find out the harvesting time containing maximum anthocyanin content. In this study, we analyzed anthocyanin content at intervals of 4-6days after heading date. We analyzed Delphinidin-3-glucoside(Del3g), Cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cya3g), Pelargonidin-3-glucoside(Pel3g), Peonidin(Peo3g), Malvidin-3-glucoside(Mal3g) using the HPLC with Xterra C18 column and UV Detector. Anthocyanin was extracted with 80% MeOH solution containing 1% HCl for 24hr. Mobil phase composition of HPLC was 45% Acetonitrile solution with 10% Formic acid. Anthocyanin content was increased rapidly from 30day after heading date to 35day. At 35-37day, anthocyanin content was maximum. Thereafter, it was decreased rapidly to 40day.

The purple and blue grain of barley have anthocyanins that is good sources of antioxidant. Thus we investigated the malt and wort characteristic of purple and blue barley for brewing. During steeping period, anthocyanins content reduced both materials. However the lost content was different from 80% and 20% in purple and blue barley, respectively. Also the anyhocyanin content was different both malt comparing to raw grain from 0.4~4.2% in purple but 50% in blue grain. The wort and beer color(EBC unit) and content of polyphenol and soluble nitrogen from malt of purple and blue were higher than control malt(Hopum). There was no anthocyanins in wort and beer of malt in purple and blue. In these results, it was identified that the anthocyanins from raw grain lost during malting and brewing processing with conventional method.

The growth period of corn is so shorter than that of any other crops. So, corn is the most promising crop in upland cropping systems. However, there was not so much in basic informations related to cultivation method including seeding period. This study was undertaken to investigate how different seeding date affected the growth characteristics and yield in corn. Two corn varieties(Chalok 4, Ilmichal) were planted on 6 different seeding date(from April 11 to July 10) in upland and paddy field. The total growth period was the longest(105 days) on the seeding date of April 11 regardless of testing varieties and cultivation condition. The total growth period was ranged from 77 days to 86 days in other seeding dates. The commercial yield of corn was higher in paddy field than that of upland field. In consideration of economic productivity, it was concluded that seeding date can be possible from early in April to middle of July in middle and south plain regions.

This study was undertaken to determine how different harvesting times affected the nutritional compositions in two forage rice varieties(Nokyangbyeo, Dasanbyeo). The contents of crude protein in leaf and stem decreased, with time, after heading in Nokyangbyeo, Dasanbyeo, but there was not so changed in that of spikes. Contents of Neutral Detergent Fiber(NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber(ADF) in leaf and stem increased slightly but decreased rapidly in these of spikes. Contents of Total Digestive Nutrient(TDN) in spikes was the highest compared to that of the other parts of plants. Contents of Total Digestive Nutrient(TDN) in plants was the highest at 40 days after heading in Nokyangbyeo and was the highest at 50 days after heading in Dasanbyeo.

This study was undertaken to determine how different seeding methods and harvesting times affected the biomass partitioning of forage rice. Two rice varieties(Nokyangbyeo, Dasanbyeo) were planted by 4 different seeding method(rice transplanting, direct seeding on dry paddy, water hill seeding, water seeding). The heading date was delayed more than 10 days in water seeding and water hill seeding compared to that of rice transplanting method. The biomass production by harvesting times was the highest at 50 days after heading in two rice varieties and was high in order of direct seeding on dry paddy〉water hill seeding〉rice transplanting〉water seeding in seeding methods. The ratios of spikes dry weight to total dry weight increased, with time, after heading. But the ratio of leaf and stem dry weight to total dry weight decreased, with time, after heading.

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is implicated in discoloration of white salted noodles and other wheat based foods. PPO activity was evaluated to determine the effect on discoloration of noodle dough sheets prepared from 25 Korean wheat flours during storage and to screen experimental lines with low PPO activity in 52 Korean wheats. PPO activity was assayed with whole-seed and performed with L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) as substrates. Absorbance by L-DOPA assay of 25 Korean wheats was from 0.285 to 1.368 at 475 nm. PPO activity was significantly related with grain characteristics, including 1000-kernel weight and grain colors. In flour characteristics, PPO activity positively correlated with ash and protein content (r = 0.658, P < 0.001 and r = 0.424, P < 0.05, respectively) and negatively correlated with L* value of flour (r = 0.412, P < 0.05). In the changes of color of noodle dough sheet, L* and b* values consistently decreased and a* value increased during storage. PPO activity negatively correlated with L* value of noodle dough sheet during storage (r = 0.566, P < 0.01 at 2 hr, r = 0.547, P < 0.01 at 24 hr, and r = 0.509, P < 0.01 at 48 hr). But, no significant relationship was found in between PPO activity, a* and b* values during storage. The 52 Korean wheat lines examined in this study were divided into 3 different groups, low (< 0.500), medium (0.501-0.999) and high level (> 1.000), on the basis of the level of PPO activity. Twenty two Korean wheat lines showed low level of PPO activity and Suwon 252, 277 and 280 showed lower PPO activity (< 0.200) than others.

“aegjoong” a white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It was derived from the cross “eumkang”“lgeuru”during 1996. “aegjoong”was evaluated as “ksan307”in Advanced Yield Trial Test in 2004. It was tested in the regional yield trial test between 2005 and 2007. “aegjoong”is an awned, semi-dwarf and soft white winter wheat, similar to “eumkang”(check cultivar). The heading and maturing date of “aegjoong” were similar to “eumkang” Culm and spike length of “aegjoong”were 77 cm and 7.5 cm, similar to “eumkang” “aegjoong”had lower test weight (802 g) and lower 1,000-grain weight (39.8 g) than “eumkang”(811 g and 44.0 g, respectively). It had resistance to winter hardiness, wet-soil tolerance and lodging tolerance. “aegjoong”showed moderate to pre-harvest sprouting (23.9%) although “eumkang”is susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting (38.9%). “aegjoong”had similar flour yield (72.4%) and ash content (0.41%) to “eumkang”(72.0% and 0.41%, respectively) and similar flour color to “eumkang” It showed lower protein content (8.8%) and SDS-sedimentation volume (35.3 ml) and shorter mixograph mixing time (3.8 min) than “eumkang”(11.0%, 59.7 ml and 4.5 min, respectively). Amylose content and pasting properties of “aegjoong”were similar to “eumkang” “aegjoong”had softer and more elastic texture of cooked noodles than “eumkang” Average yield of “aegjoong”in the regional adaptation yield trial was 5.88 MT ha-1 in upland and 5.35 MT ha-1 in paddy field, which was 13% and 17% higher than those of “eumkang”(5.21 MT ha-1 and 4.58 MT ha-1, respectively). “aegjoong” would be suitable for the area above the daily minimum temperature of -10℃ in January in Korean peninsula.

This study was conducted to investigate the relations between brown planthopper (BPH, Nilapavata lugens) resistance and specific organic acids (oxalic acid, silicic acid, and trans-aconitic acid) known as BPH sucking inhibitors on different rice varieties and/or lines. There were no specific relations between BPH resistance and the contents of oxalic and silicic acids in the rice plant tissues. However, the stronger the BPH resistance was occurred, the higher the content of trans-aconitic acid was contained in the rice plants. The relations between the injury rate of rice plant by BPH and the content of trans-aconitic acid in the rice plants were negatively correlated, which were -0.84 and -0.82 at 30 and 60 days after seeding, respectively. Therefore, the content of trans-aconitic acid in rice plant tissues might be utilized as an index for improving BPH resistance of rice varieties.

To investigate the application of biochemical markers' and small-sample methods using whole-wheat flours for screening in early generation in Korean wheat breeding system, 74 Korean wheats, including cultivars, local breeding lines and experimental lines, were analyzed. Seed storage protein and amylose contents of grains were evaluated. Biochemical makers, including granule bound starch synthase (GBSS), high molecular weigh glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and friabilin were also evaluated by using one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryla-mide gel electrophoresis with a single kernel. The small­sample methods, including modified SDS-sedimentation test (MST), micro-alkaline water retention capacity (AWRC) and whole-wheat flour swelling volume (WSV) were also tested in this study. Protein content, MST and AWRC was 11.0 - 15.8~% , 2.7 - 26.2 ml and 71.9 - 109.7~% , respectively. Apparent and total amylose content and WSV was 20.6 - 25.0~% , 26.1 - 32.4~% and 9.0 - 16.9 ml, respectively. There were highly significant correlations between MST and AWRC (r=0.592, P<0.001), but Korean wheats showed no significant difference in protein content, amylose content and small-sample methods. In the biochemical markers, Korean wheats contained all three GBSS encoded by Wx loci, except for Suwon 252. Korean wheats showed the high frequency (58.1~% ) of 1Dx2.2 + 1Dy12 subunits of HMW-GS. Friabilin band was present in 46 lines (62.2~% ) and absent in 28 lines (37.8~% ). Friabilin-absence lines showed the higher MST (14.9 ml) and AWRC (92.1~% ) value than friabilin-presence lines (8.5 ml and 82.4~% , respectively).

Molecular-based genetic diversity for a set of 141 accessions of Korean barley cultivars and 24 accessions of foreign exotic cultivars were analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Different level of genetic variability was observed with 30 random decamer primers in the Korean barley varieties and breeding lines which were preliminarily classified by morphological (hulled & hulless barley) and end-use (malting barley) and/or by the released periods. A total of 74 RAPD bands were scored, and the number of bands per primer varied from 1 to 7 with an average of 2.74. The hulled barley pool had one more marker genotype per primer than the hulless barley pool. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values based on the band pattern frequencies among genotypes varied depending on genetic pools where mean PICs of hulled, hulless and malting barleys were 0.62, 0.57, and 0.43, respectively. Certain genomic loci amplified by opR04, opF01, opB05, and opC13 were highly polymorphic with PIC>0.8. Patterns and temporal trends of genetic diversity assessed over the period from 1970s to 1990s had a tendency to increase, and in particular, this upward slant was quite clear and significant for the hulless barley pool. In the cluster analysis using genetic similarity matrix calculated from RAPD profiles, two major groups and several small subgroups were classified. Major grouping of materials was not affected by the presence of the husk but by their genetic background and the spike-row type. The validity of information on the genetic diversity and relationships between genotypes will have been reviewed to predict their yield potential.