United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S. NRC) specifies regulations on obtaining licenses and describes the technical position on the average waste concentration, also known as Concentration Averaging and Encapsulation Branch Technical Position (CA BTP); CA BTP helps classify blendable waste and discrete items and address concentration averaging. The technical position details are reviewed and compared in a real environment in Korea. A few cases of concentration averaging based on the application of CA BTP to domestic radioactive waste are presented, and the feasibility of the application is assessed. The radioactive waste considered herein does not satisfy the Disposal Concentration Limit (DCL) of the second-phase disposal facility while applying the preliminary classification. However, if CA BTP is applied when the radioactive waste is mixed with other radioactive waste items in a large and heavy container, it can be disposed of at the second-phase disposal facility in Gyeongju Repository. To apply the CA BTP of the U.S. NRC, it is necessary to investigate the safety assessment conditions of the US and Korea.

Covid-19 pandemic has significantly affected online advertising market. The pandemic has changed customers’ shopping behavior by decreasing customer traffic in offline businesses but increasing customers’ online activities that has led to growth of online shopping and advertising. While the outbreak of Covid-19 has sparked growth of online advertising in general, its impact on various industries may not be the same, given the differences in product characteristics and consumer behavior across different products and services. This paper aims to address this question by empirically examining how Covid-19 has affected online search advertising market. First, we examine how Covid-19 has affected the behavior of online users and advertisers, the main stakeholders in the search advertising market, in terms of user traffic and clicks and advertiser bids and payments. Second, we examine if the impacts of Covid-19 on behavior of online users and advertisers would be different in various industries.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore nursing simulation training needs and the educational environment of instructors. Method: This study was conducted according to the inductive method of qualitative content analysis. An online focus group interview was conducted with six instructors with experience operating a nursing simulation. Data were collected in July 2021. Results: First, “nursing simulation practice operations” required simulation design elements, practical operations, and curriculum integration. Second, the “educational environment” showed a lack of human and physical resources, and there was a need for standard education reflecting the domestic nursing education environment. Third, for “instructor competencies”, the facilitator role, step-by-step education for strengthening instructor competencies, and cooperation with clinical experts were derived. Fourth, it was found that “learner competencies” should meet the nursing professionals’ needs; self-directed learning competency and unique human competency should also be strengthened. Conclusion: This study is meaningful because it seeks to understand the instructor’s needs for nursing simulation training and the educational environment. Moreover, it identifies considerations for instructor and learner competencies in the nursing simulation operator training programs.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a faculty development program for nursing simulation on perceived knowledge, confidence, and competence, and then evaluate its effects. Method: A one-group pretest–posttest design was used. The eight-hour program covered simulation education theory, scenario design and development, simulation design and operation using patient simulators and standardized patients, debriefing, curriculum integration, simulation evaluation, and faculty development. Thirty-eight participants completed a self-administered questionnaire. Data were collected in August 2021. The study used paired t-tests to analyze differences in perceived knowledge, confidence, and competence before and after the application of the program. Results: The participants were generally satisfied with this program. The results indicated that knowledge, confidence, and competence for nursing simulation significantly improved. Conclusion: The faculty development program positively affected simulation instructors’ knowledge, skill, and attitude. Therefore, this validated and standardized training program can be used for training simulation faculty members at universities and institutions. It can not only reduce the cost and effort required for faculty development at each university but also ultimately contribute to the spread of nursing simulation.

Radioactive waste is classified into Intermediate level, low level, and very low potential based on the amount of radioactivity per unit gram, that is, the concentration limit. This method of classifying radioactivity per unit weight is not a problem if all packaged wastes are homogeneous. However, the reality is that not all waste is homogeneous. Relative hotspots may exist. Also, when several items are mixed, if one item has a relatively higher concentration than other items, it can become a relative hotspot. In Korea, even if all nuclides in a single radioactive waste package satisfy the low level concentration limit, if even one nuclide exceeds the concentration limit, the radioactive waste package becomes the intermediate level. In case of the United States, the US NRC provides regulations related to obtaining license as well as presents the technical position on the average waste concentration called Concentration Averaging and Encapsulation Branch Technical Position (CA BTP). CA BTP classifies waste into four types : Blendable Waste, Encapsulated items, Single Discrete Items, and Mixture of Discrete Items, and presents each approach to concentration averaging. In general, this is a method that suggests an acceptable ratio in case of the waste, which relatively high concentration waste is mixed. In order to apply this in Korea, we compare the classification standards for low and Intermediatelevel waste in Korea and the United States, related laws and backgrounds, and the application methods of CA BTP.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify research trends by applying the scoping studies method to articles published from the establishment of the Korean Society for Nursing Simulation in 2011 to June 2021, and to suggest the direction for future research. Method: A total of 73 articles were reviewed by applying the six steps and recommendations for scoping studies as suggested by Arksey and O'Malley. Results: Focusing on the subjects, research topics were classified comprehensively into the experience of nursing students, nurses, professors, and office workers. As a result of analyzing the research process characteristics, practical teaching and learning using simulation technology resources were conducted during most of the research, and a systematic curriculum for learning promotion was devised and applied. Furthermore, nursing performance ability was evaluated, learning situation was identified, and simulation education situation and necessity of clinical field were identified. The keywords “applied technology,” “teaching-learning method,” “environment,” “cognition,” “attitude,” “affect,” “patient status,” “nursing,” and “nursing performance” were identified as eight categories. Conclusion: The post-coronavirus era has provided an opportunity to expand the scope of Korean nursing simulation research, which is going to further contribute to nursing development.

이 논문의 목적은 세계화가 1990년대 한국의 노동운동에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지 살펴보는 것이다. 한국은 새로운 산업 국가에서 가장 눈에 띄는 노동 운동을 경험한 국가로 간주되었다. 한국 정부가 추진하는 산업 이 급속히 발전함에 따라 한국의 노동력은 1960년대에서 1980년대 사이에 엄청나게 증가했다. 이에 따라 3년간 한국의 노동운동은 정부의 강한 압박에도 불구하고 성장했고, 1987년 대투쟁으로 상당한 발전을 이루었 으며, 1989년에 정점을 찍었다. 그러나 정부가 지원하는 시장의 공격적 인 이데올로기, 새로운 경영을 포함한 경제 구조조정, 1990년대 아시아 금융위기로 인해 세계화 현상이 나타났다. 본 연구는 이러한 세계화의 대내외 영향이 노동법 개정과 한국의 노동 유연성 확대로 노동운동을 어떻게 약화되었는지 설명할 것이다.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to explore same-age-tutoring experiences for fundamental nursing practice in peer learners. Method: Content analysis was performed on the collected data. Participants were 14 nursing students. Data were collected from September 19, 2018 to November 2, 2018. Results: Three theme clusters were extracted as follows: 1) autonomous learning environment 2) meeting learning needs 3) motivation to learn. Conclusion: The results can contribute to understanding peer learners’ same-age-tutoring education experiences. Further, they can provide foundational data for establishing same-age tutoring education strategies to improve nursing skills and knowledge, helping nursing students adapt to clinical practice.

본 연구는 국내 강도 범죄자들의 동종 전과 유무에 따라 가해자와 피해자의 배경 특성, 범행 장소, 범행 수법 등에 있어 차이점이 나타나는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 더불어, 강도 범죄자에게 있어 동종 전과가 있는지를 예측하는 요인들을 알아보고자 하였다. 국내에서 2011년부터 2013년 사이에 기소된 강도 사건 중 기록 조사로 수집된 총 512건을 바탕으로, 가해자가 동종 전과가 있는 186건을 동종 전과가 없는 326건과 비교하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, 우선 동종 전과가 있는 강도 범죄자의 경우 그렇지 않은 범죄자들에 비해 평균 연령이 더 높았으며, 여성을 대상으로 범죄를 저지른 비율이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 동종 전과가 있는 강도 범죄자들은 흉기나 결박도구 등을 미리 준비하여 범행을 저지른 비율이 더 높았으며, 주거침입강도의 비율이 더 높았다. 반면, 동종 전과가 없는 강도 범죄자의 경우 주로 자신의 거주지나 그 인근에서 노상강도를 저지른 비율이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 한계점과 함께, 강도 범죄 전과가 범행에 미치는 영향 및 강도 범죄자 재범 방지에 대한 시사점에 대해 논의하였다.

본 연구에서는 태풍 동반 강풍으로 발생한 피해를 예측하기 위하여 강풍 위험도 평가 모델을 개발하고 위험도를 평가하였다 . 강풍 위험도 평가 모델은 강풍 위험 모델과 강풍 취약도 모델의 합성곱을 통하여 개발되었으며, 강풍 위험과 강풍 취약도 모델은 모두 확률기반의 몬테카를로 모사 기법을 이용하여 개발되었다. 강풍 위험도는 아파트에 설치되어 있는 창호 시스템에 대하여 정량적으로 평가되었다. 강풍 위험도에 영향을 미치는 요인들의 상대적 영향성을 평가하기 위하여 지역적 요인(부산, 대구, 대전, 서울), 지형적 요인(지형계수, 지표조도구분), 건물의 형태적 요인(건물 높이, 지붕 경사각, 주 호수)에 따라 강풍 위험도를 비교하였다. 개발된 위험도 평가 모델을 적용하여 총 432개 강풍 위험도를 비교한 결과, 지표조도구분이 강풍 위험도에 가장 높은 영향을 보이는 것을 확인하였으며, 다음으로 지형계수, 건물 높이, 평가 지역, 지붕 경사각, 주호 수 차례로 영향을 미치는 것을 파악하였다. 본 연구에서 확립된 강풍 위험도 평가 모델은 창호 시스템의 경제적 가치와 결합하여 강풍으로 인한 손실 추정 및 피해 저감 대책 수립의 기본 데이터로 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, an electro-catalyst of Pt nanoparticles supported by polypyrrole-functionalized graphene (Pt/PPy-reduced graphene oxide [RGO]) is reported. The Pt nanoparticles are deposited on the PPy-RGO composite by chemical reduction of H2PtCl6 using NaBH4. The presence of graphene (RGO) caused higher activity. This might have been due to increased electro-chemically accessible surface areas, increased electronic conductivity, and easier charge-transfer at polymer-electrolyte interfaces, allowing higher dispersion and utilization of the deposited Pt nano-particles. Microstructure, morphology and crystallinity of the synthesized materials were investigated using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed successful deposition of Pt nano-particles, with crystallite size of about 2.7 nm, on the PPy-RGO support film. Catalytic activity for methanol electro-oxidation in fuel cells was investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The fundamental electrochemical test results indicated that the electro-catalytic activity, for methanol oxidation, of the Pt/PPy-RGO combination was much better than for commercial catalyst.

방사선이 다양한 분야에 사용됨에 따라 방사선작업종사자의 수가 증가하고 있으며, 이에 따라 종사자의 안전에 대한 우려도 높아지고 있다. 국내에서는 KISOE 시스템, 발주자보고 등을 통해 종사자의 안전 확보에 주력하고 있다. 선행연구에서는 종사자 및 업체의 안전 확보를 위한 위험성 평가에 피폭선량과 더불어 이외의 항목에 대한 추가적 평가가 효과적일 것이라고 판단하여 평가를 위한 항목들 및 방사형 척도분석 모델을 개발하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2016년 방사선투과검사업체의 자료를 방사형척도분석 모델에 적용하여 실제 업체의 위험성 평가를 수행하였다. 또한 위험성이 낮을 것으로 예상되는 업체 2곳과 위험성이 높을 것으로 예상되는 업체 2곳을 선정하여 위험성 분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과에서 예상과 동일한 결과를 얻어 모델의 타당성을 확인할 수 있었다. 전체 56개 업체의 위험성 평가가 수행되었고 업체별 문제점에 따른 개선 및 점검사항을 예측하였다. 본 연구 결과를 방사선투과검사업체 및 규제기관에서 자체 평가 및 규제 기준 등으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.