Polyploidization, or genome doubling, has a significant impact on plant speciation and adaptation, and it is commonly used in agriculture to improve crop traits. In this study, we investigated the induction of polyploidy in three wild Allium species native to Korea: A. senescens and A. spirale Willd. and A. taquetii, using colchicine treatments tailored to meet specific experimental requirements. By avoiding tissue culture methods, we developed a more accessible, cost-effective, and scalable approach to polyploidization. Our research demonstrated that polyploid Allium plants exhibit distinct phenotypic changes, such as reduced growth rates and increased stomatal size. Flow cytometry and chromosome counting confirmed the successful induction of polyploidy, with clear peaks indicating double DNA content and stable chromosome numbers in polyploid plants. The presence of B chromosomes in A. spirale Willd. following polyploidization suggest interesting genetic dynamics. Despite the initial growth lags, polyploid plants may offer enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and resilience under optimal conditions. This study highlights the potential of polyploidization to improve ornamental traits in Allium species, thereby contributing to the diversification and sustainability of ornamental plant offerings. Future research should focus on the long-term performance and ecological adaptability of polyploid Allium species to fully harness their horticultural potential.

Due to climate change and the expansion of cultivation areas through the use of reclaimed land, changes in the selection of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) varieties are anticipated. This study was conducted to compare the growth characteristics before overwintering, productivity, and feed value of eight Italian ryegrass varieties with different maturing stages under the same cultivation conditions. The variety ‘Lm4ho’, a medium-maturing type, showed superior growth characteristics before overwintering, including plant height, leaf length, and leaf width. The heading date was advanced in all varieties, with a greater degree of advancement observed in varieties with earlier heading dates. When harvested at the heading stage of the early-maturing types, the dry matter yield of the medium-maturing types was not significantly different from that of the early-maturing types. However, when harvested at the heading stage of the medium-maturing types, the dry matter yield was higher than that of the early-maturing types. Specifically, ‘Lm4ho’ produced 2,518 kg/ha more than ‘Kowinearly’. The late-maturing variety IR901 and the medium-maturing varieties ‘Lm4ho’ and ‘Kowinmaster’ showed statistically superior dry matter yields. In terms of forage value, including crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and relative feed value (RFV), the medium- and late-maturing types outperformed the early-maturing types. Notably, ‘Lm4ho’, ‘IR 901’, and ‘Hwasan 104’ were evaluated as suitable varieties for high-quality forage production. These results suggest that medium-maturing varieties may be suitable for double cropping in the central regions due to climate change. We propose that future breeding of Italian ryegrass should expand from focusing on cold tolerance and early-maturing varieties to include mediumand late-maturing varieties that consider both productivity and quality.

본 연구는 중국 수채화 전공 대학생의 정서불안감과 학업성취도 간의 관계에서 학습동기와 학습몰입의 매개효과를 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위 해 중국 후베이성, 산동성, 헤이룽장성에 소재한 수채화 전공 대학생 574명을 통해 설문지를 수집하였다. 수집된 설문지는 SPSS WIN 22.0 프로그램과 AMOS 프로그램을 이용하여 수행하였다. 이를 통해 대학생 들의 정서불안감을 야기시킬 수 있는 환경들을 제한하고 학업성취도를 높일 수 있는 다양한 정책과 적절한 지원책을 마련하는데 필요한 기초정 보를 제공하고자 하는데 목적이 있다.

양도담보는 비전형적담보의 중요한 유형이다. 또한, 최근 중국민법학계의 관심 이 집중되고 있는 주제이다. 중국에서는 <민법전>과 <담보제도 해석>이 공포된 후, 양도담보를 비전형담보의 한 유형으로 볼 것인가와 관련해 집중적인 논의가 있었다. 이에 본고는 해석학의 측면에서 담보이론을 해석하며, <민법전>과 <담보 제도해석>의 내용을 종합적으로 분석하였다. 이를 통해 양도담보는 비전형담보의 일종으로서 <민법전>에서 인정해야 한다는 결론을 도출하였다. 한편 집합물의 양도담보와 관련해, 본고는 집합물의 법적 성질 및 물상대위에 관해 분석하였다. 본고는 집합물양도담보는 이론적 및 실천적 가치가 있다는 것 을 논증하였다. 또한, 집합물의 양도담보의 공시효력을 강화하고, 집합물양도담보 의 물상대위성을 인정해야 한다고 보았다. 이러한 태도는 채권의 실현을 보장하 는데 기여할 수 있으며, 특히 담보물이 대체된 경우 채권자의 이익을 보호하는데 유리하다. 그리고 거래안전도 강화할 수 있다. 그 밖에도 본고는 집합물의 과잉담보 문제에 대해 다음과 같은 해결방안을 제 시하였다. 우선 보증을 설정하기 전에 집합물에 대한 합리적인 평가가 진행되어 야 한다. 또한 계약당사자가 합당한 협상을 진행해야 한다. 이는 위험을 예방하 고 분쟁을 피할 수 있을 것이다. 한편, 집합물에 대해 담보권을 실행하기 위해 환가하는 경우에는 “일물일권주의”에 따라 집합물의 분리를 인정하여 담보책임을 명확히 해야 할 것으로 보았다. 이러한 방법은 당사자의 형평을 도모할 수 있고, 금융거래의 건강한 발전을 촉진할 수 있을 것이다.

A phenylboric acid functionalized carbon dot (2-FPBA-CD) for rapid fluorescent sensing of glucose in blood was synthesized by simply mixing N, S-doped carbon dots (CDs) with phenylboric acid at room temperature. At pH 7.4, the response of 2-FPBA-CD to glucose could reach equilibrium in a very short time (10 min), with a wide responsive linear range of 19.70 μM to 2.54 mM, which can be applied to the detection of glucose in serum. The mechanism studies showed that the layered carbon film of 2-FPBA-CD aggregated after adding glucose, thereby leading to the fluorescence quenching of 2-FPBA-CD.

This study explores the histological features and Bmp4 expression patterns in the replaced tooth germ of Xenopus laevis . Tooth germ formation starts from the dental placode through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, involving various signaling pathways such as Fgf, Shh, Bmp, and Wnt. In mice, Bmp4 expression in the dental placode inhibits Pax9 expression in the dental mesenchyme. Although absent in the presumptive dental lamina of birds and toothless mammals, Bmp4 remains conserved in reptiles and fish owing to gene duplication. However, its expression in amphibian tooth germs is poorly understood. Three-month-old X. laevis were employed in this study. Initially, samples underwent paraffin embedding and were sectioned into 5 or 12 μm ribbons for H&E staining and in situ hybridization, respectively. Results revealed teeth appearing in two maxillary rows: the labial side, with prefunctional and functional teeth, and the lingual side, with replaced tooth germs behind functional teeth. Enameloid was observed between the inner dental epithelium and dental mesenchyme at the cap or early bell stages, whereas enamel and dentin formed during the late bell or mineralization stages from the replaced tooth germ. Bmp4 expression was evident in the inner dental epithelium (ameloblasts), dental papilla (odontoblasts), stellate reticulum, and Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath. Overall, these findings highlight the conservation of Bmp4 expression in X. laevis tooth development.

We have intended and preparation of hierarchically absorbent materials were covered with a NiMn2O4 and acts as a catalyst for azo dye degradation. The polyaromatic-based (PA) absorbent compounds were initially constructed by bromomethylated aromatic hydrocarbons which undergo self-polymerization in presence of ZnBr as a reagent and cross linker is bromomethyl methyl ether. The absorbent black materials with a 3D network were prepared by direct carbonization and activation of the as-prepared PA. The hydrothermal method was adapted for the preparation of carbon hybrid material C@NiMn2O4 powder's catalytic activity is effective in reducing p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol and decolorizing carbon-based dyes like methyl orange (MO), methyl yellow (MY), and Congo red (CR) in aqueous media at 25 °C when NaBH4 is added. UV–visible spectroscopy was used to analyze the dyes' breakdown at regular interval.

In recent years, the efficient and clean utilization of coal has been widely concerned by scholars at home and abroad. Despite the abundance of global coal resources, the deep utilization rate of coal is still insufficient. To address this challenge, it has been explored the development and preparation of coal-based high value-added carbonaceous materials. In the present study, a novel process was developed for the preparation of graphene using biphenyl sourced from low-rank coal. Using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology, it was successfully implemented for us to grow high-quality graphene on copper foils. The prepared graphene products were observed and characterized using Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The results of this research provide a new perspective for the utilization of low-rank coal resources.

Graphene-modified melamine sponges (RGO-MSs) were prepared, as adsorbents with photothermal conversion ability, utilizing solar energy to achieve heavy oil temperature rise, viscosity reduction, and efficient adsorption recovery of highly viscous oil. The RGO-MSs were prepared through a simple impregnation method. The photothermal performance and heavy oil adsorption performances of RGO-MSs with different densities and thicknesses were observed. It was found that as the density increases, the thermal conductivity of RGO-MS increases too, leading to the increase of the average oil absorption rate. The reduction of thickness is beneficial to improving of the adsorption rate. The prepared RGO-MS with a density of 21.5 mg/cm−3 and a height of 1 cm (RGO-MS-3-1) shows excellent mechanical properties and fatigue resistance. Cyclic adsorption–desorption of RGO-MS-3-1 was achieved through extrusion/ ethanol washing. After 10 cycles of reuse through extrusion, the adsorption capacity decreased from 52.90 to 50.02 g g− 1, with a loss of 5.4%. The material was then washed with petroleum ether and ethanol in turn. Its adsorption capacity can restored to 98.8% of the initial value, showing a promising application prospect on heavy oil leakage treatment. The easily prepared RGO-MS exhibits excellent light absorption and photothermal oil adsorption properties, providing a good solution for the problem of heavy oil leakage at sea.

장내 미생물 군집은 소화 과정, 면역 시스템, 질병 발생 등 숙주의 다양한 면에 광범위한 영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 주요 장내 미생물 종은 숙주의 생리 기능에 핵심적인 역할을 수행한다고 발표된 바 있다. 곤충의 장내 미생물 군집에 관한 연구가 최근 활발히 이루어지고 있으며, 이들 연구는 주로 장내 미생물 군집과 기생충, 병원체 간의 상호작용, 종간의 신호 전달 네트워크, 먹이의 소화 과정 등을 중심으로 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 연구들은 대부분 Illumina MiSeq을 활용하여 16S rRNA 유전자의 V1부터 V9 영역 중 선택된 특정 부분을 대상으로 짧은 서열 정보를 대상으로 진행되었다. 그러나, 최근에는 PacBio HiFi 기술이 상용화되면서 16S rRNA의 전장 분석이 가능할 수 있게 되었다. 이번 연구는 장수말벌(Vespa mandarinia)의 해부를 통해 gut과 carcass 부분을 분리한 뒤, 각 샘플을 Illumina MiSeq과 PacBio HiFi 기술을 활용하여 미생물 군집 간의 차이점을 확인하기 위하여 수행되었다.

Since Dolichovespula kuami Kim & Yoon was first recorded in Korea in 1996, there has been ongoing debate over its valid specific status. However, through recent analysis of the male genitalia structure and DNA barcode, it has been proven that it is a different species from D. flora Archer, which live in China. D. kuami is an endemic species that mainly lives in forest areas in the central and northern parts of South Korea. It is a hornet species that is relatively rare due to low nest density. Therefore, little is known about their ecological characteristics. However, as numerous wasps of D. kuami were recently collected in the Jilin Province of China, their distribution records have been confirmed to be beyond the Korean Peninsula to China. Therefore, this study aims to record the distribution of D. kuami in China for the first time.

국내 원예작물에서 화분매개곤충의 의존도는 해마다 증가하고 있다. 우리는 사과, 딸기 등 화분매개곤충의 의존도가 높은 주요 과수와 시설작물에 대하여 화분매개곤충의 사용기술을 개발하고 이를 현장에 적용하는 연구를 수행하고 있다. 2021년부터 2022년까지 딸기, 키위 등 5가지 주요 농작물에서 화분매개벌을 적용한 결과, 딸기에서 뒤영벌의 적용결과 기존 꿀벌과 통계적으로 같은 수준의 화분매개효과를 나타내었으며, 하우스에서 농약적용시 하우스 밖으로 벌통을 위치시키는 것이 방치보다 벌의 소실을 20% 더 감소시킬 수 있었다. 인공수분 에 의존하고 있는 씨없는 수박에서 수분수 식재와 꿀벌을 이용함으로 기존 벌 방사보다 16% 착과율을 향상시킬 수 있었다. 시설고추에서 꿀벌과 뒤영벌의 혼합사용시 기존 꿀벌 방사보다 고추 수량이 10% 향상되었고, 토마토 에서 660㎡당 뒤영벌의 봉군량을 1.5배 증가시 토마토 수량은 4.4% 향상되었다. 키위는 꿀벌로 기존의 인공수분 을 충분히 대체할 수 있었고, 인건비가 60%이상 절감되었다. 또한 현재 시판중인 30종의 살충제와 27종의 살균제 에 대하여 24시간내 반수치사를 보인 농약은 각각 살충제 6종와 살균제 4종 이었다. 이어서 2023년부터 참외, 멜론, 사과, 단감에 대한 현장적용연구가 진행되고 있다.

최근 이상기후 및 기후변화로 인해 농작물 병해충 발생이 증가하고 발생양상 또한 다양해지고 있으며, 국제 무역 및 해외 여행객 증가로 인한 외래 병해충 유입 위험성이 높아지고 있는 추세이다. 특히 대표적인 비래해충 중의 하나인 벼멸구(Nilaparvata lugens Stål, 1854)의 발생 범위, 출현율 및 빈도수가 꾸준히 증가하여 피해를 호소 하는 농가들이 많아진 반면, 이들에 대한 대응책은 피해발생의 불규칙성, 이전 자료의 부족 및 불명확성으로 인해 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제를 대비해 벼멸구의 온도발육모형을 이용하여, 기상자료, NCPMS와 더불어 연발생 횟수와 분포 가능 범위 및 발생 시기를 예측하였다. 또한, 벼멸구의 발생량이 많았던 충남 예산, 경남 사천, 진주의 최초발생일, 최초비래일, 최고발생일, 발생최성일 기준으로 각각 발육영점온도 및 유효적산온도를 적용하여 세대별 발생시기를 예측하였다. 최초발생일과 최초비래일은 예산 7월 9일, 7월 16일, 사천 7월 2일, 7월 19일, 진주 7월 26일, 7월 26일로 나타났으며, 최초발생일과 최초비래일 사이를 초발생일 로 적용하면 다음세대 발생이 실제 조사한 지역별 최고발생일인 예산 9월 7일, 사천 8월 9일, 진주 8월 8일과 근접 한 시기로 추정되어 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

Vespa mandarinia (Vespidae: Hymenoptera) is one of the two largest true hornets known to science. The species is a noted predator of social Hymenoptera and a significant pest of managed honey bees in its native range, but is also known to feed on a wide variety of other species when available. Most of the prey records for V. mandarinia are derived from visual observations in Japan, with sparse observations from other parts of its native range. A population of V. mandarinia was detected in North America in 2019 and five nests were removed between 2019 and 2021. We extracted DNA from larval meconia from four nests collected in Washington State, USA, and amplified the CO1 region to determine the potential prey base. We compared these with sequences generated from three nests in the Republic of Korea, and with prey pellets collected from foraging hornets at several locations in Korea. Results indicate that the prey base was much wider in the ROK than the USA, although social Hymenoptera were the most abundant and common prey items in both regions. Prey range seems to be bound by an intersection of organism size and local biodiversity, with little evidence to suggest that the latter is a limiting factor in colony success.

Background: The biological information of fish, which include reproduction, is the prerequisite and the basis for the assessment of fisheries. Methods: The aim of this work was to know the reproductive biology with the first sexual maturity (TL50) and the spawning period for 58 mainly fish species in the waters around La Réunion Island (Western Indian Ocean). Twenty families belonging to the Actinopterygii were represented (acanthuridae, berycidae, bramidae, carangidae, cirrhitidae, gempylidae, holocentridae, kyphosidae, labridae, lethrinidae, lutjanidae, malacanthidae, monacanthidae, mullidae, polymixiidae, pomacentridae, scaridae, scorpaenidae, serranidae, sparidae; 56 species; n = 9,751) and two families belonging to the Elasmobranchii (squalidae, centrophoridae; 2 species; n = 781) were sampled. Between 2014 and 2022, 10,532 individuals were sampled covering the maximum months number to follow the reproduction periods of these species. Results: TL50 for the males and the females, respectively, ranged from 103.9 cm (Acanthurus triostegus ) to 1,119.3 cm (Thyrsitoides marleyi ) and from 111.7 cm (A. triostegus ) to 613.1 cm (Centrophorus moluccensis ). The reproduction period could be very different between the species from the very tight peak to a large peak covered all months. Conclusions: Most species breed between October and March but it was not the trend for all species around La Réunion Island.

Sulforaphane is a naturally occurring active substance found in vegetables that is known for its potential in preventing and treating cancer. This compound has demonstrated promising effects in inhibiting the growth of various types of cancer, including esophageal, lung, colon, breast, and liver cancer. However, its instability towards pH and heat limits its application in the medical and food industries. To address this challenge, novel drug delivery systems have been developed to improve the stability and efficacy of sulforaphane, making it a more suitable candidate for clinical use in cancer research. In this study, nanocomposite materials were prepared using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and chitosan (CS) as base materials, with polydopamine (PDA) acting as a bridge material. The synthesized composite materials were used as drug carriers for the release of sulforaphane. The results of the study showed that the drug loading increased with an increase in the concentration of sulforaphane, indicating that the nanocomposite materials were effective in delivering and releasing the drug. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between the drug loading and the thickness of the PDA layer. These findings suggest that the use of MWCNTs, CS, and PDA in the development of drug delivery systems can enhance the stability and efficacy of sulforaphane, potentially leading to improved cancer treatment outcomes.

Curing agents are critical components of aqueous epoxy resin systems. Unfortunately, its uses and applications are restricted because of its low emulsifying yields. Epoxy resins are frequently used in electrical devices, castings, packaging, adhesive, corrosion resistance, and dip coating. In the presence of curing agents, epoxy resins become rigid and infusible. Eco-friendliness and mechanical functionality have emerged as vulcanization properties. Curing agents are used for surface modification, thermodynamic properties, functional approaches to therapeutic procedures, and recent advances in a variety of fields such as commercial and industrial levels. The curing agent has superior construction and mechanical properties when compared to the commercial one, which suggests that it has the potential for use as the architectural and industrial coatings. The thermal stability of cured products is good due to the presence of the imide group and the hydrogenated phenanthrene ring structure. Over the course of the projection period, it is anticipated that the global market for curing agents will continue to expand at a steady rate. The growth of the market is mainly driven by its expanding range in future applications such as adhesives, composites, construction, electrical, electronics, and wind energy. This review focused on the most recent advancements in curing techniques, emphasizing their thermal and mechanical properties. The review also presents a critical discussion of key aspects and bottleneck or research gap of the application of curing agents in the industrial areas.

In order to prevent early distress in asphalt pavement and save on subsequent operational and maintenance costs, modifying asphalt is an effective approach. Styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) block copolymers, due to their excellent physicochemical properties, have become a mature and widely used asphalt modifier. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess advantages such as a large specific surface area and high modulus, which, when incorporated into asphalt, can enhance its deformation resistance. To analyze the effect of incorporating CNTs on SBS-modified asphalt (SBS-A), this study analyzed the influence of different CNT concentrations on the high and low-temperature performance and aging properties of SBS-A through penetration, softening point, ductility, dynamic shear rheometry, and short-term aging tests. The optimal CNT concentration was determined to be 1.0%. Furthermore, the changes in the modified asphalt during the aging process were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy.