최근 정원에 대한 관심이 증가함에 따라 자생 식물을 활용 하기 위한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 참식나무(Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz).는 관상용뿐만 아니라 목재로도 이용할 수 있 다. 따라서 이 연구는 참식나무를 정원 식물 소재로 활용하기 위한 대량 증식 기술 개발을 위하여 종자의 발아 특성과 저장 특성에 대해 알아보고자 진행하였다. 2022년 11월 2일 제주 지역에서 채집한 종자를 실험에 사용하였다. 종자의 내·외부 형태 관찰을 한 결과, 종자가 탈리되는 시점에 배가 완전히 발 달한 형태를 가지고 있기 때문에 형태적휴면(morphological dormancy, MD)이 없음을 확인할 수 있었다. 수분흡수 실험 을 통하여 참식나무 종자는 72시간 이후 40% 정도의 수분흡수 율을 보여 내과피의 불투성에 의한 물리적휴면(PY, physical dormancy)이 없는 것으로 판단하였다. 채종 후 곧바로 무가 온 온실에 파종하면 이듬해 5월에 약 60%가 발아하였다. 저 온습윤처리 0, 2, 4, 8, 12주 후 25/15°C에 배양한 결과 최 종 발아율은 각각 0%, 0%, 21.1%, 32.6%, 34.7%였다. GA3 를 0, 10, 100, 1000mg·L-1 농도로 처리한 후 25/15°C에서 배양한 결과, 최종 발아율은 각각 0, 14.5, 22.7, 42.2%였다. 따라서 본 실험의 결과 8주 이상의 저온 처리 또는 GA3 처리 를 통하여 어느 정도 휴면을 타파시킬 수 있었다. 이러한 결과 를 통하여 종자는 intermediate PD를 가지는 것으로 판단 된다. 일부 발아하지 않은 종자는 deep PD를 가지고 있는 것 으로 판단하였다. 후숙 처리 실험의 결과 4주 만에 수분 함량 이 2% 이하로 감소하였고 종자는 전혀 발아하지 않았다. 따라 서 종자의 저장 특성 중 recalcittrant 특성을 지닌 난저장성 종자로 보인다.

The lattice thermal expansion of zirconium-based samples containing tin, niobium, and iron elements at a temperature range of 30–870°C with intervals of 40°C was studied by in situ hightemperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD). The a- and c-axes lattice constants of the hexagonal Zr crystal structure for the zirconium-based samples were calculated by Pawley refinement using the in situ HT-XRD spectra. The a-axis lattice parameters for the zirconium-based samples with tin element overall decreased, whereas those for the samples containing niobium or iron elements are not declined, as compared to those for a pure zirconium sample. It suggests that the lattice thermal expansion along the a-axis direction of the hexagonal Zr crystal structure for zirconium-based samples was suppressed by the tin element. This effect is the greatest when the content of tin element added in zirconiumbased sample is 3wt%. On the other hand, the c-axis lattice parameters for all the zirconium-based samples overall increase as compared to the pure zirconium, indicating no suppression effect by tin, niobium, and iron elements, in contrast to the a-axis lattice constants.

본 연구에서는 한반도에 자생하는 삼수개미자리(Minuartia verna var. coreana)의 자생지 보존 및 신관상식물로서 원예 적 활용을 목적으로 자생지 식생조사 및 종자의 발아특성을 조사하였다. 삼수개미자리는 석회암지대가 오랜 시간에 걸쳐서 풍화된 모래 언덕에 자생하는 것으로 확인되었다. 자생지 주변에는 총 60종의 식물이 자생하고 있었다. 출현한 60종 중 에서 IUCN categoty 기준으로 EN(endangered) 종은 복사 앵도(Prunus choreiana), 솔붓꽃(Iris ruthenica), 동강할미꽃 (Pulsatilla tongkangensis) 3종이었고, VU(Vulnerable)은 백리향 (Thymus quinquecostatus)과 시호(Bupleurum komarovianum), 세잎승마(Cimicifuga heracleifolia var. bifida) 3종, LC(Least concerned)는 지치(Lithospermum erythrorhizon), 참배암차즈 기(Salvia chanryoenica), 금마타리(Patrinia saniculaefolia) 3종 이었다. 한반도 특산식물은 삼수개미자리를 포함하여 복사앵도 (P. choreiana)와 덕우기름나물(Sillaphyton podagraria), 세잎승 마(C. heracleifolia var. bifida), 동강할미꽃(P. tongkangensis) 5종이었다. 삼수개미자리 종자는 완전히 발달된 배를 가지고 있었고, 20/10, 25/15℃에서 각각 53.7, 95.6%의 발아율이 나 타났다. 20/10℃에서 31일차에 41%가 발아하였기 때문에 약 60% 정도는 ‘conditional dormancy’를 가지고 있었다. 광조건 과 암조건에서 각각 90.6, 38.9%가 발아하였기 때문에 땅속에 매몰된 종자의 경우 ‘soil seed bank’를 형성할 가능성을 보여 주었다.

본 연구는 국내 자생하는 진달래속(Rhododendron) 종들의 종자 휴면유형 분류 및 발아특성 구명을 목표로 하였다. 진달래속 종들의 배는 형태적휴면(MD)이 없는 완전히 발달된 직선(linear) 형태였으며, 만병초 및 꼬리진달래 종자는 탈리 시점에 이미 휴면이 없는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 반면에 털진달래 종자는 population 수준에서 부분적으로 생리적휴면(PD)을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 털진달래의 이러한 생리적휴면 (PD)은 외생 지베렐린(GA3) 1,000mg･L-1 처리를 통해 타파될 수 있었다. 그러나 4℃에서의 저온층적처리는 털진달래 종자 휴면 타파에 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 종합적으로 판단 했을 때, 진달래속(Rhododendron) 종들의 적정 발아 환경조 건은 광조건･25/15℃(만병초), 암조건･20/10℃(꼬리진달래), 광 조건･25/15℃(털진달래)로 확인된다. 진달래속(Rhododendron) 에서의 종간 차이(interspecific variation)로 인해 모든 종이 종자 휴면유형 또는 발아특성에서 구별이 되었다. 본 연구는 국내 자생하는 진달래속(Rhododendron) 종들의 생리･생태 특성을 이해하는 데 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

The development of nanostructured functional materials derived from biomass and/or waste is of growing importance for creating sustainable energy-storage systems. In this study, nanoporous carbonaceous materials containing numerous heteroatoms were fabricated from waste coffee grounds using a top-down process via simple heating with KOH. The nanoporous carbon nanosheets exhibited notable material properties such as high specific surface area (1960.1 m2 g–1), numerous redox-active heteroatoms (16.1 at% oxygen, 2.7 at% nitrogen, and 1.6 at% sulfur), and high aspect ratios (>100). These unique properties led to good electrochemical performance as supercapacitor electrodes. A specific capacitance of ~438.5 F g–1 was achieved at a scan rate of 2 mV s–1, and a capacitance of 176 F g–1 was maintained at a fast scan rate of 100 mV s–1. Furthermore, cyclic stability was achieved for over 2000 cycles.

This study aims to examine the effects of taping of the ankle joint on the static and dynamic balance and gait ability of stroke patients. Twenty-six stroke patients receiving physical therapy at a hospital located in Gyeonggi-do were divided equally into a group that had taping in physical therapy and an ordinary physical therapy group. They exercised for 30 minutes each, 3 times per week for 8 weeks from June to August 2011. Romberg’s eye open and eye closed tests, limits of stability(LOS), forward and back test, timed up and go test(TUG) and 10-meter gait velocity test were performed to evaluate static balance, dynamic balance, and gait ability, respectively, prior to and 8 weeks after the intervention. Differences within each group in relation to the lapse of time were compared by a paired t-test. Differences between the two groups were compared by an independent t-test. Regarding comparison of differences within each group, all tests resulted in significant changes in both groups after the intervention (p<.05). Comparison of differences between the two groups showed that taping in the physical therapy group had significantly better test results than the ordinary physical therapy group in all measured items(p<.05). The after effects of ankle taping on stroke patients are more efficient and effective than ordinary physical therapy alone in improving balance and gait ability.

Pyrifluquinazon, as a quinazinalone chemical group, based on a new mode of biological activity. It is reported that mode of action is modifies insect behavior, rapidly stopping feeding such that insects starve to death. Time-release feature and mortality effect on M. persicae using different pyrifluquinazon nano type and non-nano type were compared. Pyrifluquinazon nano type was formulated with different molecular weight and density of used chitosan (CS 30000 0.1% and CS 3000 0.3%). In the CS 30,000 0.1%, the mortality was weakly occurred at early time, but steadily increased after 4days. Finally, we confirmed more than 70% mortality as a peak at 16days. In CS 3000 0.3%, the mortality showed about 70% until 18days as a effective controlled release. Also, We examine time-release feature and mortality effect on M. persicae according to the different pyrifluquinazon nano type(CS 30000 0.1% and CS 3000 0.3%) of concentrations. The CS 30000 0.1% bioassay results of different concentration were showed that the highest concentration(100ppm) was measured better mortality than other concentration at 0 day, but cannot confirm different effect about dissimilar concentration. However, increasing rates of M. persicae were low as treatment concentrate was high. In CS 3000 0.3% 100ppm concentration bioassay result, aphid mortality reached peak at 24 days and increasing rate also low. Additionally, for the comparing of bioassay and feeding behavior of M. persicae against pyrifluquinazon nano types and non-nano type, EPG technique was carried out. In case of non nano type, feeding inhibition efficacy was showed during 4 days after treatment, but appeared similar level with control after 10days. In CS 3000 0.3% 50ppm, residual efficacy was specially showed until 28days after treatment whereas treatments with CS 30000 0.1% were similar to the control after 22days. These result show that the change of feedinng behavior and motrality of M. persicae is correlated with the change of nano type or non nano type of pyrifluquinazon.

The multicolored Asian ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis, is a generalist predator of aphids also, shows a high level of phenotype polymorphism in color pattern of elytra. Although, it is not sure about genetic information of color polymorphism, it has been confirmed that this phenomenon comes from their genetic traits. The color of H. axyridis elytra is mainly composed of black and red pigment. Phenoloxidase (PO) plays an important role in many insect physiological functions, i.e. sclerotization and pigmentation of cuticle and melanization of parasites. Following activation, PO catalyses the hydroxylation of tyrosine and subsequent oxidation of phenolic substance into quinines, which are further converted to melanin. However, the molecular bases of H. axyridis color pattern formation are almost unknown but it may be that the different pro-POs have different expression. In this study, total RNA samples from four each color pattern individuals, for example, succinea 1, succinea 2, conspicua and spectabilis was extracted. A cDNA enconding pro-PO was molecular cloned from each color pattern of H. axyridis and its putative amino acid sequence shared homology with pro-PO of other insects. We are pursuing to elucidate that their pro-PO sequence will be similar with those other insect PPO sequence. There are also regions of high sequence similarity, including putative activation site and two copper binding sites.

The early diagnosis of bovine pregnancy is an essential component of successful reproductive planning on farms, because lack of bovine pregnancy over the long term results in reproductive failure and low milk yield‐the latter of which is a special concern on dairy farms. This study was designed to identify early pregnancy‐specific whey proteins in bovine, by comparing milk samples collected from cattle during pregnancy (Days 30 and 50) and from non‐pregnant cattle. In this study, differentially expressed proteins in five pregnant and five non‐pregnant Holstein dairy cattle were investigated and compared, using proteomics analysis. The first dimension was applied to a pH 3.0～10.0 strip, by loading a 2‐mg milk protein sample. After the second‐dimension separation was performed, the gels were stained with colloidal Coomassie brilliant blue. The stained gels were scanned and the images were analyzed, to detect variations in protein spots between non‐pregnant and pregnant cattle milk protein spots, using ImageMaster; this was followed by analysis with MALDI TOF‐MS. Analysis of the 2‐DE gel image resulted in a total of approximately 500～600 protein spots, of which 12 spots were differentially expressed, six spots were up‐regulated, and four spots were downregulated; two spots were identified as pregnancy‐specific proteins. These proteins were identified as lactoferrin, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2, albumin, serum albumin precursor and transferrin. Our results via 2‐D PAGE analysis revealed composite profiles of several milk proteins related to early bovine pregnancy, implying the possible use of these milk proteins in the early detection of bovine pregnancy.

Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) is a valuable tool for studying the interactions between an oocyte and somatic nucleus. The object of this study was to investigate the developmental competence of in vitro‐matured porcine oocytes after transfer of the somatic cell nuclei of 2 different species (goat and rabbit). Porcine cumulus oocytes were obtained from the follicles of ovaries and matured in TCM‐199. The reconstructed embryos were electrically fused with 2 DC pulses of 1.1 kV/cm for 30 μs in 0.3 M mannitol medium. The activated cloned embryos were cultured in porcine zygote medium‐3 (PZM‐3), mSOF or RDH medium for 7 days. The blastocyst formation rate of the embryos reconstructed from goat or rabbit fetal fibroblasts was significantly lower than that of the embryos reconstructed from porcine fetal fibroblast cells. However, a significantly higher number of embryos reconstructed from goat or rabbit fetal fibroblasts cultured in mSOF or RDH, respectively, developed to the morular stage than those cultured in PZM‐3. These results suggest that goat and bovine fetal fibroblasts were less efficacious than porcine‐porcine cloned embryos and that culture condition could be an important factor in iSCNT. The lower developmental potential of goat‐porcine and porcine‐bovine cloned embryos may be due to incompatibility between the porcine oocyte cytoplasm and goat and bovine somatic nuclei.