기후변화와 세계시장 개방에 따른 외래 및 돌발해충의 종류는 다양해지고 밀도는 지속적으로 증가하고 있지 만 발생 실태에 관한 자료는 미흡하다. 본 연구는 경남지역 돌발 및 남방계 해충의 발생과 피해조사를 위해 미국선 녀벌레, 썩덩나무노린재, 담배거세미나방 등 3종을 경남 18시·군에서 조사하였다. 미국선녀벌레는 약충기(6월), 성충기(9월) 조사를 진행하였고, 길이가 50cm 이상되는 가지의 밑동에서 위쪽으로 50cm 내 개체를 육안조사하 였다. 썩덩나무노린재는 콩 개화기(7월), 등숙기(9월) 조사를 진행하였고 지점당 집합페로몬 트랩 1개를 설치하 고 1주 후 채집된 마리 수를 조사하였다. 담배거세미나방은 성페로몬 트랩 1개를 설치한 뒤 1주 후 채집된 마리 수를 조사하였다. 미국선녀벌레는 의령, 함안, 함양 등에서 발생이 많았고, 전년대비 발생이 소폭 감소하였다. 썩덩나무노린재는 합천, 밀양, 함양 등에서 발생이 많았고, 담배거세미나방은 전시군에서 발생이 확인되었으 며, 특히 함양, 산청, 사천, 고성 등에서 밀도가 높았다.

최근 기후변화에 따라 아열대 작물 재배가 증가하면서 경남지역 망고 재배면적도 크게 증가하고 있다. 하지만 망고에 발생하는 병해충 발생 정보가 부족하여 2022년부터 현재까지 경남지역에 있는 망고농장을 조사하였으 며, 그 결과 병해 6종, 해충 8종 발생을 확인하였다. 특히 경남지역 망고 포장에서 꽃노랑총채벌레, 대만총채벌레, 볼록총채벌레 등의 발생을 확인하였고, 통영, 함안, 밀양 등에서 총채벌레류에 의한 피해가 발생하였다. 많은 농가에서 총채벌레류 방제를 위해 화학농약에 의존하고 있으나 총채벌레는 반복적인 약제 노출시 빠른 세대 진전으로 인해 저항성 발달이 쉽기때문에 방제에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하고자 색상별 끈끈이 트랩의 총채벌레류 유인효과를 확인하였으며, 꽃노랑총채벌레는 노랑, 주황, 연두, 대만총채벌레는 빨강, 노랑, 파랑, 볼록총채벌레는 파랑, 노랑, 빨강 순으로 유인효과가 높은 것을 확인하였다.

A facile and efficient method was developed to prepare highly stretchable and conductive graphene conductors with wrinkled structures by the mechanical stretching and shrinking of elastomeric substrates, in which graphene inks were printed on a prestretched elastomeric substrate. Stretchable and exfoliated graphene inks were prepared by mixing graphite and Ecoflex in a shear-assisted fluid dynamics reactor. The resultant graphene conductor exhibited excellent stretchability at 150% strain and high electrical conductivity of 64 ± 1.2 S m− 1. The resistance of the conductor did not change in bent, twisted, and stretched states. The resistance did not change during 10,000 cycles of stretching/releasing, with a maximum strain of 150%. Based on the graphene conductor, a stretchable conductometric sensor with a two-electrode configuration was fabricated to measure impedance changes at different concentrations of electrolyte ions. This sensor exhibited a good and linear sensitivity curve (298.61 Ω mM− 1, R2 = 0.999) in bent and stretched states.

L-asparaginase (ASNase) is a therapeutic enzyme used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Currently, the most widely used ASNases are originated from bacteria. However, owing to the adverse effects of bacterial ASNases, new resources for ASNase production should be explored. Fungal enzymes are considered efficient and compatible resources of natural products for diverse applications. In particular, fungal species belonging to the genus Trichoderma are well-known producers of several commercial enzymes including cellulase, chitinase, and xylanase. However, enzyme production by marine-derived Trichoderma spp. remains to be elucidated. While screening for extracellular ASNase-producing fungi from marine environments, we found four strains showing extracellular ASNase activity. Based on the morphological and phylogenetic analyses using sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1α), the Trichoderma isolates were identified as T. afroharzianum, T. asperellem, T. citrinoviride, and Trichoderma sp. 1. All four strains showed different ASNase activities depending on the carbon sources. T. asperellem MABIK FU00000795 showed the highest ASNase value with lactose as a carbon source. Based on our findings, we propose that marine-derived Trichoderma spp. are potential candidates for novel ASNase production.

This investigation aimed to assess the appetite response changes of olive flounder to starving and re-feeding conditions. Three different feeding groups (2 weeks feeding, fed; 2 weeks starving, starved; and 1 week starving and 1 week feeding, re-fed) were established to examine the changes in appetite-related genes for each group. The weight gain of the fish was highest for the fed group and lowest for the starving group. Based on the daily feed intake (DFI) and cumulative feed intake (CFI), overall food intake was found to increase in the re-fed group more than in the fed group from week 1 to week 2 of the experiment. Hypocretin neuropeptide precursor (HCRT) and galanin receptor 1 (GAL-R1) mRNA expression in the brain of olive flounder were decreased in the starved group. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) was decreased in all experimental groups, except for the fed group. However, overall leptin concentrations in the plasma did not change across groups. Considering the differences between this study and previous studies on starving and feeding, various factors (except the production and expression mechanisms of appetite-related factors in response to starving) are likely acting on the appetite responses of the fish. In this study, a 1-week re-feeding period induced substantial effects on appetite response when compared to a 2-week feeding period. These findings show that even if re-feeding is performed after starving, the unbalance caused by the re-feeding can affect various physiological changes in fish by feed intake efficiency.

4차 산업혁명 시대의 흐름에 맞춰 농업에서도 ICT 기술을 활용한 스마트팜의 개발 및 보급을 통해 경쟁력을 높이기 위한 노력이 진행되고 있다. 과거 농부의 경험에 의해 축적된 지식을 이용하던 농업에서 각종 센서를 이용하여 다양한 재배 환경을 분석하고 이를 이용하여 최적의 재배 환경을 제어하는 지능형 시스템으로 변 하고 있으며, 네트워크를 통하여 시간과 공간의 제약이 없이 작물 재배가 가능한 환경이 만들어지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존에 구축된 클라우드 기반 스마트팜과 연동하여 팜 시뮬레이터를 구현하는 방법을 제안한 다. 클라우드에 누적된 환경 데이터와 제어 데이터를 이용하여 환경 변수에 대한 예측 모델을 학습하고 실제 운영중인 스마트팜의 실시간 환경 데이터를 이용하면 보다 현실감 있는 시뮬레이션이 가능하게 되어 사용자 의 몰입을 유도할 수 있다. 단순 시뮬레이션에서 벗어나 학습 모드를 통해 실제 농부의 스마트팜 운영 데이 터를 학습할 수 있도록 하고, 운영 모드에서는 실제 스마트팜의 운영 결과와 비교를 통하여 경쟁을 통한 성 취감을 얻을 수 있도록 하였다. 이러한 경험이 누적되면 작물재배에 관심이 있는 사용자들에게 실제 스마트 팜을 통한 작물 재배의 경험을 제공할 수 있는 사업 모델로의 확장도 가능할 것이다. 추후 메타버스 (metaverse) 상에 스마트팜을 연동하는 연구를 통하여 가상 공간에서 보다 사실적으로 스마트팜을 운영하는 사용자 경험을 제공해 줄 수 있도록 확장할 수 있을 것이다.

In this study, a chlorination technique for recycling Li2ZrO3, a reaction product of ZrO2-assisted rinsing process, was investigated to minimize the generation of secondary radioactive pyroprocessing waste. It was found that the reaction temperature was a key parameter that determined the reaction rate and maximum conversion ratio. In the temperature range of 400−600℃, an increase in the reaction temperature resulted in a profound increase in the reaction rate. Hence, according to the experimental results, a reaction temperature of at least 450℃ was proposed to ensure a Li2ZrO3 conversion ratio that exceeded 80% within 8 h of the reaction time. The activation energy was found to be 102 ± 2 kJ·mol−1·K−1 between 450 and 500℃. The formation of LiCl and ZrO2 as reaction products was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The experimental results obtained at various total flow rates revealed that the overall reaction rate depends on the Cl2 mass transfer rate in the experimental condition. The results of this study prove that the chlorination technique provides a solution to minimize the amount of radioactive waste generated during the ZrO2-assisted rinsing process.

The reaction between Li2CO3 and Cl2 was investigated to verify its occurrence during a carbon-anode-based oxide reduction (OR) process. The reaction temperature was identified as a key factor that determines the reaction rate and maximum conversion ratio. It was found that the reaction should be conducted at or above 500℃ to convert more than 90% of the Li2CO3 to LiCl. Experiments conducted at various total flow rate (Q) / initial sample weight (W i) ratios revealed that the reaction rate was controlled by the Cl2 mass transfer under the experimental conditions adopted in this work. A linear increase in the progress of reaction with an increase in Cl2 partial pressure (pCl2) was observed in the pCl2 region of 2.03–10.1 kPa for a constant Q of 100 mL∙min−1 and W i of 1.00 g. The results of this study indicate that the reaction between Li2CO3 and Cl2 is fast at 650℃ and the reaction is feasible during the OR process.

Strontium is known as a salt-soluble element during the electrolytic oxide reduction (EOR) process. The chemical behavior of SrO during EOR was investigated via thermodynamic calculations to provide quantitative data on the chemical status of Sr. To achieve this, thermodynamic calculations were conducted using HSC chemistry software for various EOR conditions. It was revealed that SrO reacts with LiCl salt to produce SrCl2, even in the presence of Li2O, and that the ratio of SrCl2 depends on the initial concentration of Li2O dissolved in LiCl. It was found that SrO reacts with Li to produce Sr during EOR and that the reduced Sr reacts with LiCl salt to produce SrCl2. As a result, the proportions of metallic forms were lower in Sr than in La and Nd under various EOR conditions. The thermodynamic calculations indicated that the three chemical forms of SrO, SrCl2, and Sr co-exist in the EOR system under an equilibrium with Li, Li2O, and LiCl.

The corrosion behavior of Hastelloy C-276 was investigated to identify its applicability for carbon-anode-based oxide reduction (OR), in which Cl2 and O2 are simultaneously evolved at the anode. Under a 30 mL·min-1 Cl2 + 170 mL·min-1 Ar flow, the corrosion rate was less than 1 g·m-2·h-1 up to 500℃, whereas the rate increased exponentially from 500 to 700℃. The effects of the Cl2-O2 composition on the corrosion rate at flow rates of 30 mL·min-1 Cl2, 20 mL·min-1 Cl2 + 10 mL·min-1 O2, and 10 mL·min-1 Cl2 + 20 mL·min-1 O2 with a constant 170 mL·min-1 Ar flow rate at 600℃ was analyzed. Based on the data from an 8 h reaction, the fastest corrosion rate was observed for the 20 mL·min-1 Cl2 + 10 mL·min-1 O2 case, followed by 30 mL·min-1 Cl2 and 10 mL·min-1 Cl2 + 20 mL·min-1 O2. The effects of the chlorine flow rate on the corrosion rate were negligible within the 5–30 mL·min-1 range. A surface morphology analysis revealed the formation of vertical scratches in specimens that reacted under the Cl2-O2 mixed gas condition.

The corrosion behavior of the Inconel X-750 alloy was investigated for its potential application under a Cl2-O2 mixed gas flow in an Ar atmosphere. The corrosion rate was found to be negligible at temperatures up to 400℃ under a flow rate of 30 mL·min-1 Cl2 + 170 mL·min-1 Ar, whereas an exponential increase was observed in the corrosion rate at temperatures greater than 500℃. The suppression of the corrosion reaction due to the presence of O2 was verified experimentally at flow rates of 30 mL·min-1 Cl2 (4.96 g·m-2·h-1), 20 mL·min-1 Cl2 + 10 mL·min-1 O2 (2.02 g·m-2·h-1), and 10 mL·min-1 Cl2 + 20 mL·min-1 O2 (1.34 g·m-2·h-1) under a constant Ar flow rate of 170 mL·min-1 at 600℃ for 8 h. The surface morphology analysis results revealed that porous surfaces with tunnel-type holes were produced under the Cl2-O2 mixed-gas condition. Furthermore, the effects of the Cl2 flow rate on the corrosion rate were investigated, indicating that its impact was negligible within the range of 5–30 mL·min-1 Cl2 at 600℃.