With the evolving nature of modern warfare and the rapid advancement of technology, Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) has emerged as a core element of future air power. This study systematically identifies evaluation measures for assessing the mission effectiveness of MUM-T in the context of Air Force operations. To this end, a survey of experienced fighter pilots was conducted to derive mission scenarios suitable for MUM-T, and statistical analysis led to the selection of five scenarios. Subsequently, comprehensive evaluation measures for each selected scenario were derived through literature review and expert interviews, and their validity and expert consensus were verified using the Delphi method. Finally, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to calculate the relative importance of the evaluation measures (secondary measures only) for each scenario, and a formula-based model was proposed. The findings of this study provide a quantitative evaluation framework for verifying MUM-T mission effectiveness using Modeling and Simulation (M&S) tools, and are expected to serve as a foundational basis for weapon system acquisition and the development of operational concepts.

This study investigated the feasibility of hydroponic cutting and cultivation for vegetative propagation and functional root production of Persicaria chinensis. Hydroponic cutting was conducted using distilled water under deep water culture conditions, and rooting characteristics were evaluated over a 14-day period. Rooting initiated at basal nodes two days after cutting and reached 100% by day 6. Compared with soil propagation, hydroponic cutting resulted in earlier rooting and more vigorous root development. Low-nutrient conditions suppressed shoot growth while promoting root elongation, leading to significant increases in root length and number over time. For hydroponic cultivation, plants were grown for up to eight weeks, and root biomass and gallic acid content were analyzed at two-week intervals. Root fresh and dry weights increased steadily throughout the cultivation period, reaching 444.87 mg and 38.47 mg, respectively, by week 8. In contrast, gallic acid content was highest at week 2 (2.88 mg/g) and gradually decreased thereafter, stabilizing after week 6. This trend suggests that early-stage physiological activity or stress responses under nutrient-limited conditions may enhance phenolic compound accumulation. These results demonstrate that hydroponic propagation is an effective approach for rapid multiplication and root production of P. chinensis, and highlight the potential of hydroponic systems for sustainable production of plant materials. Further optimization of nutrient solutions and light conditions is required to improve both biomass yield and secondary metabolite accumulation.

This study investigated the meteorological characteristics and mechanisms of three distinct heavy snowfall events that occurred over the central Korean Peninsula on November 27, 2024, December 15, 2024, and March 18, 2025. Satellite imagery, total precipitable water, integrated vapor transport, and wind and pressure field data revealed that the November 27, 2024 event represented a compound case wherein strong moisture transport from the southwestern sea combined with a cut-off low, leading to the development of an atmospheric river (AR), synoptic-scale ascent, and countrywide heavy snowfall. In contrast, the December 15 2024 event exhibited a typical lake-effect snowfall pattern characterized by weak AR activity and a dominant localized moisture supply from the Yellow Sea, resulting in short-lived and spatially confined snowfall. The March 18, 2025 event was a mixed cycloniclake-effect case triggered by the interaction between mid-latitude moisture transported by southwesterly winds and an upper-level low, producing significant snowfall over the Seoul metropolitan and Yeongdong regions. These differences arise from variations in AR strength, lakeeffect processes, and cyclonic development, whereas all three events shared enhanced thermal instability, a moisture supply associated with a large SST850 hPa temperature difference (ΔT>10oC), and a prevailing northwesterly flow. These specific cases show that heavy snowfall intensity and duration are closely linked to sequential interactions between large-scale AR processes, regional lake effects, and cyclonic mechanisms. Overall, this study suggests that an increased AR frequency under climate change scenarios may increase the risk of extreme snowfall, thereby contributing to improved weather forecasting and disaster preparedness strategies.

미세플라스틱(MPs)은 수생 환경에 광범위하게 분포하는 오염물질로, 항생제 및 항생제 내성유전자(ARGs)의 운반체로 작용하여 생태계와 인체 건강에 복합적인 위해를 초래할 수 있다. 환경에 노출된 MPs는 노화 과정을 거치며 미생물 생물막이 형성된다. 이러한 생물막은 MPs의 물리화학적 특성을 변화시켜 항생제 흡착능을 향상시키고, ARGs의 유지 및 증식을 촉진한다. 항생제와 생물막이 형성된 MPs 간의 상호작용은 수소결합, 정전기적 상호작용, 소수성 효과, 공극 채움 등 복합적인 기작에 의해 지배되며, 미생물 활성은 흡착, 분해 및 탈착의 동역학을 추가로 조절한다. 생물막이 형성된 MPs는 오염물질의 저장소이자 운반체로서 기능하며, 수생 생물에 대한 항생제의 생물유효성을 증가시키고 미생물 군집 간의 수평적 유전자 전달을 촉진한다. 이러한 공동 노출은 수생 생물에서 산화적 스트레스, 면역 기능 저하, 효소 활성 억제, 조직 손상 등을 유발할 수 있으며, 먹이망을 통한 연쇄적 영향을 통해 궁극적으로 인간 건강에도 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 특히, 본 논문은 생물막 형성이 항생제 흡착과 수평적 유전자 전달 역학에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 초점을 맞추어 최신 연구 결과를 정리하였다. 이를 통해 생물막형성-항생제흡착-유전자전달 세가지 요소간 복잡한 상호작용의 물리화학적 및 생물학적 메커니즘을 명확히 설명하였으며, 이와 연관된 환경적 위해성을 파악하고 저감하기 위한 연구를 수행하기 위한 배경지식으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Mirizzi syndrome is infrequently associated with fistula formation, particularly a unique biliopleural fistula. The ideal therapeutic strategy remains diverse across guidelines, which usually includes surgical excision to eliminate the source of infection. We reported a case of a 60-year-old jaundiced female with pleural effusion resulting from a biliopleural fistula. Imaging revealed a cystic lesion close to the periphery of the upper right diaphragm, connected to the gallbladder. Following initial pleural drainage, an abdominal exploration was conducted to excise the fistula and remove the gallbladder. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for obtaining optimal outcomes for patients with biliopleural fistula.

The high theoretical capacity of transition metal-based compounds makes them promising candidates for lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes. Among them, iron selenide (FeSe2) has attracted considerable interest because of its excellent electrical conductivity and superior lithium storage capacity. However, pristine FeSe2 suffers from rapid capacity fading and structural instability during repeated cycling. Thus, this study used a facile solvothermal method to synthesize a FeSe2@rGO composite with enhanced structural integrity and electrical conductivity. By incorporating reduced graphene oxide (rGO), the composite demonstrated improved charge transfer kinetics and mechanical robustness. Morphological and structural characterizations were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses (XPS), which confirmed the successful formation of the composite and its uniform distribution. Electrochemical properties were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge, long-term cycling, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The optimized FeSe2@rGO electrode delivered a high reversible capacity of 971.95 mAhg-1 at 500 mAg-1 after 350 cycles. The underlying charge storage mechanism was investigated using scan rate-dependent CV, which revealed a dominant capacitivecontrolled contribution at higher scan rates. The study findings indicate that the FeSe2@rGO composite can serve as a high-performance anode material with excellent cycling stability and rate capability, providing a viable strategy for the development of advanced LIBs.

Activated carbons with high micro-/meso-porosity derived from biomass are increasingly popular as sustainable materials. However, these carbons often struggle with low carbon content and limited structural stability. Here, we present Mongolian anthracite-based carbons synthesized via carbonization and chemical activation. Structural analysis shows that Act-MRA samples develop plate-like morphologies with reduced particle size and greater porosity as KOH content increases. The Act-MRA samples have a disordered carbon structure with small graphitic domains, even at higher KOH ratios without significant crystal defects. Notably, Act -MRA3 displays a large specific surface area and high pore volume, with welldeveloped micropores (7–20 Å) and mesopores (20–50 Å) that expand as KOH ratios rise. Electrochemical tests indicate that Act -MRA3 achieves high specific capacitance (220.6 F/g at 5 mV/s) and rate retention (~ 80% at 300 mV/s), owing to its optimized pore structure and enhanced ion transport. These findings underscore the importance of tailored pore structures and defect engineering in boosting activated carbon performance for energy storage.

본 연구에서는 귀리(Avena sativa L.) 추출물을 이용하여 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성, 총 폴리페놀 함량 및 총 플라보노이드 함량을 통해 항산화 활성을 확인하고자 하였다. 또한, B16F10 멜라노마 세포를 대상으로 세포 독성 및 멜라닌 생성 억제 효과를 조사하여, 귀리 추출물이 피부에 안전하게 사용할 수 있는 천연 소재로서의 가능성이 있는지 확인하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 귀리 추출물은 우수한 항산화 활성을 나 타냈으며, 양성 대조군으로 사용된 알부틴(arbutin)과 유사한 수준의 멜라닌 생성 억제 효과가 나타남에 따 라 B16F10 멜라노마 세포에서의 안전성을 확인하였다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통해 귀리 추출물은 세포 독성 없이 탁월한 항산화 및 미백 활성을 지니고 있어, 피부 노화 방지 및 색소 침착 개선을 위한 천연 기능성 화장품 소재로서의 높은 가능성을 확인하였다.

Scymnus folchinii Canepari, 1979 is reported here for the first time in Korea, based on specimens collected from Dokdo and Ulleungdo Islands, the easternmost islands in the East Sea. Specimens were collected in 2022 and 2024 using malaise traps and sweep-netting in the coastal cliff grasslands of both islands and in grassland adjacent to the Namyang Stream on Ulleungdo Island. In this study, we provide detailed information on the general habitus, diagnostic morphological traits, and COI gene barcodes of the species. Based on COI gene sequences, S. folchinii showed distinct p-distances from S. babai Sasaji (>15.20%) and from S. ferrugatus (Moll) (>14.74%), both species previously recorded on Dokdo Island. This new record from these isolated volcanic islands underscores the need for further research on the genus Scymnus to enhance our understanding of its taxonomy and distribution in Korea.

무화과곰보바구미가 지중해 연안의 유럽 남부지역 및 한국의 무화과 재배 지역에서 빠르게 확산되고 있어 긴급한 방제 조치가 필요하다. 이 연구에서는 실험실 조건에서 무화과곰보바구미(Aclees taiwanensis)가 23종의 시판용 살충제에 대한 감수성을 조사하여 효과적인 살충제를 선발하 는 것을 목표로 하였다. 성충에 대하여 다양한 희석농도의 살충제에 노출시켜 사망률을 평가하였다. 그 결과, Nereistoxin 유사체 그룹에 속하는 Cartap hydrochloride이 낮은 희석농도에서도 100% 사망률을 보여 가장 효과적인 살충제로 확인되었다. 또한, Carbaryl, Carbosulfan, Fenobucarb (카바메이트계), Fenitrothion, Phenthoate (유기인계)도 처리 7일 후에 성충에 대하여 효과적이었다(>76.7% 사망률). LC50 값도 급성독 성 시험을 통해 추정되었다.

본 연구에서는 최근 국내 절화 시장에서 증가하는 소형·특이 화형 수요와 생산 현장의 노동력 절감 요구에 대응하여 개발된 소형 겹꽃 절화용 거베라 신품종 ‘페더핑크(Feather Pink)’의 육성 경위와 주요 특성을 보고하고자 한다. ‘페더핑크’는 2011 년 초세가 강건한 ‘08B3-3’ 계통을 모본으로, 화색과 화형이 우수한 ‘07B3-14’ 계통을 부본으로 교배한 실생 집단에서 선발되었다. 2011년 교배 후 조직배양을 이용한 계대 증식과 2012- 2020년 연차별 생육 및 절화 특성 평가를 통해 유전적 안정성과 균일성을 확보하였다. 주요 특성으로 두상화 직경은 평균 7.5cm이며, 절화장은 56.2cm로 유통에 적합하였고, 연간 채 화량은 75.3본/주/년으로 안정적인 생산성을 보였다. 절화수명 은 8.7일로 상업적 활용에 충분하였으며, 소형 계열이라 꽃목 처짐이 없어 철심 삽입·테이핑·캡 씌우기 등 꽃목보강작업이 필요하지 않아 재배 및 취급 과정의 노동력 절감에 유리하였다. 또한 기호도 평가에서 화색, 화형, 균형미 등에서 높은 선호도를 나타냈다. 이러한 특성으로 ‘페더핑크’는 최근 확대되고 있는 소형 절화 시장의 소비 경향에 부합하며, 국내 절화 시장의 품종 다양성 확대와 농가의 재배 효율성 향상에 기여할 것으로 기대 된다.

Nasopharyngeal stenosis (NPS) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening condition in cats, capable of causing complete upper airway obstruction in severe cases. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser staphylectomy provides precise tissue ablation with minimal collateral thermal injury; however, restenosis could occur when used as a sole treatment modality. Balloon dilation can temporarily restore luminal patency, yet recurrence rates remain high when performed alone. This report describes an 8-month-old Korean Shorthair cat with complete nasopharyngeal stenosis that underwent CO₂ laser ablation as an initial intervention, followed by rapid restenosis within three days. A second procedure combining CO₂ laser ablation with endoscopic balloon dilation achieved short-term maintenance of nasopharyngeal patency. These findings suggest that, in cases of complete stenosis with a high risk of recurrence, a multimodal approach may be more effective than single-modality treatment.

Urethral obstruction in male cats, commonly caused by urolithiasis or FLUTD, can be life-threatening. Modified perineal urethrostomy (MPU), connecting the proximal urethra to the preputial mucosa, was performed in three male cats. Two cases with urolithiasis underwent concurrent cystotomy, and one FLUTD case received MPU alone. Two cats recovered uneventfully, while one developed re-obstruction from urinary sludge requiring revision. MPU achieved stable urinary patency and good cosmetic results in most cases, suggesting it as an effective alternative to conventional PU; however, recurrence associated with inflammatory or metabolic causes in FLUTD indicates the need for careful postoperative medical management.

Traumatic urethral rupture is uncommon in cats but may occur secondary to high energy trauma and can cause severe systemic compromise. An 8-month-old neutered male cat presented after trauma by hit-by-car, and retrograde urethrography confirmed a pelvic urethral rupture. Despite conservative management, urethral stricture subsequently developed. Surgical correction was performed by resection of the stenotic segment and urethral anastomosis via a pubic osteotomy approach. The cat recovered normal urination without complications, and no recurrence was observed during one year of follow-up. This case demonstrates successful surgical repair of post-traumatic urethral rupture and stricture in a cat using a pelvic osteotomy approach.

본 연구는 막실라리아 테누이폴리아(Maxillaria tenuifolia) 의 효율적인 영양번식 방법을 개발하기 위하여 수행되었다. 실 험은 먼저 위구경 기부로부터 서로 다른 길이(0, 1, 2, 3cm)의 삽수를 채취하여 실시하였고, 이후 Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA: 0, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 2000mg·L-1)를 농도별로 처리 하였다. 삽수 길이에 따른 발근율은 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았으나, 1cm 삽수에서 뿌리 수, 뿌리 길이, 뿌리 직경이 유의 하게 증가하여 우수한 근권 발달을 나타냈다. 지상부 생체중과 건물중 또한 1cm 삽수에서 가장 높게 나타났다. NAA 처리에서 는 0~1000mg·L-1 농도간 발근율은 유의한 차이가 없었으나, NAA 2000mg·L-1 처리구에서 발근율이 78%로 감소하였다. 지하부 생육의 경우 NAA 500mg·L-1 처리에서 뿌리 수, 뿌리 직경, 지하부 건물중이 가장 증가하였다. 반면, NAA 2000mg·L-1 처리 는 뿌리 수, 신초 위구경 직경, 생체중 및 건물중 등 지상부와 지하부 생육이 억제되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 막실라리아 테누이폴리아의 삽목 번식 시 발근 및 후속 생육 증진을 위해서 는 1cm 길이 삽수에 NAA 500mg·L-1를 처리하는 것이 적합할 것으로 생각된다.

This paper reviews the genetic evolution and zoonotic potential of Alphacoronavirus suis (CCoV and FCoV), highlighting the emergence of highly virulent, recombinant variants. CCoV evolved from enteric strain into pantropic variants (e.g., CB/05, CCoV-2c, CCoV10/22) and gaining enhanced virulence, systemic dissemination, and severe clinical signs including lymphopenia. FCoV saw the emergence of the highly virulent FCoV-23 in 2023, which exhibits near-universal progression to FIP, increased neurological involvement, and exceptional direct cat-to-cat transmission efficiency, a major deviation from classical FCoV. The detection of CCoV-HuPn-2018 in humans and ongoing recombination in wildlife confirm the zoonotic potential. Alphacoronavirus suis was historically confined to the veterinary field, and attention to this group, apart from FCoV causing Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), was relatively limited. However, recent emergence of variants exhibiting altered host tropism and direct transmission capability, coupled with the detection of CCoV in humans, necessitates integrated surveillance for pandemic preparedness against these rapidly evolving alphacoronaviruses.

Background: Hallux valgus (HV) is a common forefoot deformity that can lead to pain, altered gait, and musculoskeletal dysfunctions. Accurate severity assessment is essential for clinical decision-making, yet radiographic methods, though accurate—are costly and less accessible. Objects: This study aimed to develop and clinically validate an end-to-end artificial intelligence (AI)-based mobile application for HV severity classification from smartphone-captured dorsal foot photographs. Methods: The study comprised two phases. In Phase 1 (App & Model Development), we developed a mobile application integrating foot Red-Green-Blue (RGB) image capture, HV severity classification, and immediate reporting. Paired (weight-bearing anteroposterior foot) radiographs and smartphone dorsal foot photographs were collected from 180 adults with HV. Radiographic HV angle and intermetatarsal angle were measured to categorize severity (mild, moderate, severe) as ground truth. A MobileNetV2 convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained on dorsal foot images to predict severity. In Phase 2 (External Validation & Usability Assessment), 30 independent participants underwent both radiographic and app-based severity assessments. Diagnostic times were recorded for both assessments. Participants then completed a 10-item Likert-scale usability questionnaire, with internal consistency assessed using Cronbach’s α. Results: The CNN successfully classified HV severity based on radiographic ground truth and showed consistent performance on an external dataset. App-based assessment was on average approximately 12 minutes faster than radiographic evaluation (p < 0.001). Usability evaluation indicated positive user experience (overall mean = 3.84/5, Cronbach’s α = 0.706). Conclusion: This study presents fully operational mobile AI application that enables rapid, accurate, and user-friendly classification of HV severity directly from smartphone photographs. By combining machine learning with an accessible mobile platform, it can support point-ofcare screening, patient self-monitoring, and community-based care where radiographic evaluation is impractical.

Veterinary drugs can remain as residues in animal-derived food products, and therefore, many countries conduct residue monitoring programs for imported livestock products. However, because the types and authorizations of veterinary drugs vary among countries, it is necessary for importing nations to establish residue monitoring systems tailored to their specific circumstances. This study aimed to develop an algorithm to quantitatively evaluate and score the risk of veterinary drug residues that may be present in imported livestock products, thereby enabling risk-based prioritization. The overall risk score was calculated as the product of exposure and toxicity factors. To minimize uncertainty, the algorithm utilized objective and accessible data obtained from both domestic and international sources. The exposure factor was determined using the number of residue violations and the estimated exposure value, which was calculated based on withdrawal periods and maximum residue limits (MRLs). The toxicity factor was evaluated using the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and the regulatory importance of the substances. The regulatory importance was classified according to the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) ranking criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), while substances not covered by these classifications were ranked based on their impact on the human intestinal microbiota. According to the results of residue violation grading by country and substance, when focusing on meat (excluding dairy products), the United States had the highest number of Grade 5 substances (seven), followed by Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Spain, Uruguay, and Chile, which each contained Grade 5 substances. In domestic livestock products, 14 substances—including cefazolin and amoxicillin—were classified as Grade 5 in beef, eight substances—including amoxicillin and cefquinome—as Grade 5 in pork, and bifenthrin as a Grade 5 substance in poultry. Based on MRL grading, phenylbutazone, norgestomet, and flumethasone were classified as Grade 5 in beef; phenylbutazone, altrenogest, and flumethasone in pork; and phenylbutazone and dexamethasone in poultry. For ADI-based grading, oleandomycin, cefadroxil, avilamycin, norgestomet, and dexamethasone were identified as Grade 5 substances. Withdrawal period grading indicated that gentamicin was categorized as Grade 5 across all livestock types, including cattle, swine, poultry, and milk. In terms of regulatory importance, danofloxacin, ceftiofur, spiramycin, erythromycin, and enrofloxacin were classified as Grade 5 substances. The risk-prioritization algorithm developed in this study identified five substances—ampicillin, closantel, phenylbutazone, ractopamine, and zeranol—as having the highest possible risk score (25 points) in imported beef. This algorithm enables risk-based prioritization using the results of national residue monitoring programs conducted by exporting countries, thereby allowing importers to establish inspection priorities tailored to their own contexts. Consequently, the developed algorithm can be effectively utilized to identify high-risk veterinary drugs by exporting country and livestock type, supporting the establishment of more efficient monitoring plans for imported livestock products.

본 연구는 1970년대에 발표된 조세희의 󰡔난장이가 쏘아올린 작은 공󰡕(이하 󰡔난·쏘·공󰡕)이 제기하는 사 회문제를 UN의 지속가능발전목표(SDGs) 관점에서 재해석하고자 한다. 󰡔난·쏘·공󰡕이 제기하는 당시 대한 민국의 사회 문제는 빈곤의 문제, 교육의 불공평 문제, 도시 개발과 철거민의 문제, 노동자의 권리 보장 문제, 환경 오염 문제, 부정부패의 문제 등이다. 󰡔난·쏘·공󰡕에서 도출된 문제를 SDGs 목표 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 16과 대응시켜 살펴본 결과, 1970년대 한국 산업화 시기의 경험이 오늘날 개발도상국이 직면한 보편적 과제와 깊이 연결되어 있음을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 󰡔난·쏘·공󰡕을 SDGs·ESD 교육과 시민 교육의 핵심 텍스트로 활용할 수 있는 가능성을 제시한다.

Energy laws play a pivotal role in shaping policies that ensure energy independence and strengthen national security. This research investigates how legal frameworks contribute to reducing energy dependence, enhance infrastructure resilience, and support the transition to renewable energy. A qualitative and comparative legal research design has been applied, incorporating an extensive literature review, examination of both domestic and international energy legislation, thematic coding, and a synthesis of findings. In this essay, applied publicly available materials, legislative acts, and scientific publications have been applied to draw general conclusions. Evidence shows that regulatory inconsistencies continue to hinder the use of renewable energy, and loopholes in the protection of infrastructure expose countries to security risks. Nations that successfully adopted and incorporated their legal procedures into the new circumstances are more successful in diversifying energy supply, abusing of geopolitical risks, and facilitating technological changes. Strengthening and harmonizing energy laws ensures resilience, independence, and stability in global energy governance systems.