This study was conducted to determine the effect of horse manure compost application on Italian ryegrass (IRG) yield and volcanic ash soil characteristics. Because the number of horses in Korea is growing, the amount of horse manure is growing. Jeju island, where about 55 % of the horses live, is composed of volcanic ash soil. This study was conducted for about 7 months. Sowing was conducted on October 2019. Harvesting was conducted at heading stage(2020.5.). Five treatments were established based on the horse manure compost composition. These were 100 % chemical fertilizer (CF), the combination of 50 % horse manure and 50 % chemical fertilizer (combination), horse manure with 50 % nitrogen (HM 50 %), horse manure with 100 % nitrogen (HM 100 %), and horse manure with 150 % nitrogen (HM 150 %). The plant height and dry matter yield were investigated to determine the forage yield and the soil characteristics of pH, total nitrogen, available phosphate, and organic matter were analyzed. The plant heights in the CF, combination, and HM 150 % treatments were 147.8 cm, 144.3 cm, and 147.1 cm respectively (Table 2). Dry matter yield in the CF treatment was about 23,807 kg/ha, which tended to be the highest dry matter yield. HM 150 % and the combination treatment were about 18,804 and 18,455 kg/ha, respectively, which tended to be the highest dry matter yield of the treatments amended with horse manure compost. The dry matter yield of the HM 100 % and HM 50 % treatments was about 15,801 kg/ha and 14,446 kg/ha, respectively (Table 2). The pH of the surface soil tended to increase after the experiment. The soil pH of the HM 150 % treatment was significantly higher than the soil pH of the other treatments. The pH was affected by the amount of horse manure compost, with a pH of 8.1. The available phosphate in the treatments in which horse manure compost was added was higher than the available phosphate in the CF treatment. And the available phosphate in the HM 150 % treatment was significantly higher than the available phosphate in the other treatments (p < 0.05)(Table 3). These results suggest that 50 % horse manure should be applied to IRG as the basal fertilizer and the remaining 50 % should be chemical fertilizer as the top fertilizer. This can provide the proper IRG dry matter yield with less effect on volcanic ash soil.

This study was conducted to figure out the productivity of Italian ryegrass(IRG) and leaching water characteristics based on horse manure compost level in Jeju. This study was conducted for about six months. Six treatments were established : non-fertilizer(NF), chemical fertilizer 100%(CF), horse manure compost 50% and chemical fertilizer 50% combination(Combination), horse manure compost with 50% of nitrogen (50%), 100% of nitrogen(100%), 150% of nitrogen(150%). The highest amount of dry matter yield of IRG was revealed in CF(11,965± 564 kg/ha), and both 150% and Combination were second(p<0.05). Nitrate leaching tended to increase until the third analysis and then decreased. There were not significantly differences among mean nitrate concentrations. The findings of the study suggest that horse manure compost with 50% of nitrogen be applied for IRG as basal fertilization and then 50% of chemical fertilizer be applied as top fertilization.

This study was conducted to evaluate the changes of pH, dry matter digestibility (DMD), NH3-N concentrate, gas production and volatile fatty acid (VFA) through in vitro fermentation by adding horse feces to various juice pomaces fermented with Bacillus, yeast and lactic acid bacteria. The pH range of fermented fluid with juice pomaces was 6.4-7.1, indicating that the digestion by microbial fermentation was normal. Juice pomaces adopted will be helpfully used to assist with digestion by microbes in intestines because approximately 109 CFU/㎖ microbes were grown after 48 hours in fermented fluid. DMD rate gradually increased from 12 hours. It was 39.19% in pomaces of apple, 38.22% in grape, 37.02% in carrot, 36.2% in citrus and 34.35% in mixture respectively after 48 hours. NH3-N concentrate was not changed significantly as it was maintained at 1.5 mg/100㎖ level in the entire treatment group from beginning of fermentation until 12 hours, but increased rapidly from 24 hours. Amount of gas produced was lowest in the mixture and increased rapidly after 12 hours. Total VFA increased from 24 hours and was highest at 48 hours. It was suggested that dry matter digestion was processed while fermented juice pomaces kept proper pH during in vitro digestion, and cellulose degrading microorganisms could act actively in the caecum and colon of horses.

In vitro fermentation was conducted to figure out alternative fiber sources for horse feed. For the development of value-added products as a horse feed resource, the pomaces from apple, carrot, grape, and citrus were fermented under solid-state conditions in the presence of 60% soybean meal with 40% of each fruit pomace at 60% of moisture content. Lactobacillus plantarum SK3873, Lactobacillus plantarum SK3893, Weissella cibaria SK3880, and Bacillus subtilis SK3889 were isolated from the fermented fruit pomace by inoculation of horse feces. For the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Lactobacillus plantarum, they were inoculated in 3-step order at 0, 12, and 24 h, respectively. The fruit pomace was fermented for 48 h at 35°C. The pH of the apple, carrot, grape, citrus and all mixed pomaces decreased from 5.45~6.25 to 4.40~4.77. Microbial growth was maintained at 108~109 cfu/g. After 12 and 24 h incubation, dry matter of carrot pomace were highest at 54.84 and 56.66%, respectively (P<0.05) and that of grape pomace was lower than others during fermentation (P<0.05). Dry matter was generally reduced by about 20%. NDF decreased gradually or maintained after 24 h, indicating the fiber degradation. Ash content tended to decrease during fermentation. After 48 hours fermentation, Bacillus, yeast and Lactobacillus showed an excellent growth by using juice by-products. These results suggest that fermented juice pomace has a potential as horse feedstuff with probiotics to maintain beneficial microflora in horse gut.

Spermatozoa viability can be assessed by microscopy, flow cytometry, and other methods using fluorescent stain. Flow cytometry can be used to examine the morphological and functional characteristics of spermatozoa in a short time. The purpose of this study was to compare the viability of cryopreserved spermatozoa in Jeju black cattle by two dual fluorescent stain methods. Semen of Jeju black cattle raised in Subtropical Livestock Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA were collected with artificial vaginal technique. Sperm was diluted with Triladyl®-egg yolk diluent and then was performed cryopreservation.There was no significant difference in viability of spermatozoa according to the two dual fluorescent stain methods. However, when the distribution of spermatozoa according to the staining method was compared, the spermatozoa group stained with 6-CFDA/PI was more clearly distinguished than the spermatozoa group stained with calcein AM/PI.

Presently, the first pregnancy age of dairy heifers attended National Dairy Herd Improvement Program (NDHI) in Korea has increased, and more research have been requested to evaluate the possibility of decreasing the first pregnancy age of dairy heifers. Accordingly, this study was investigated the effects of the month of age at the first service and pregnancy on the reproductive efficiency of Holstein heifers. For these, the reproductive performance of heifers was analyzed by evaluating the effects of first insemination service at 12-14 months of age (12 month old), 15-16 months of age (15 month old), 17-19 months of age (17 month old), and > 20 months of age (20 month old) in Holstein heifers. The service numbers per conception in the first insemination months were 1.85±1.22, 1.59±0.77, 1.58±0.72, and 1.76±0.97 times at 12, 15, 17 and 20 months of age, respectively. The conception rates in the first service were 51.2, 57.8, 54.8, and 52.9% at 12, 15, 17 and 20 months of age, respectively. The conception ages were 453.2±78.9, 512.1±75.9, 590.1±98.0, and 713.0±74.5 days in the heifers serviced firstly at 12, 15, 17 and 20 months of age, respectively. There was significantly difference in the conception age among groups (p<0.05). The cumulative conception rates in the heifers serviced firstly at 12, 15, 17 and 20 months of age were 51.21, 57.8, 54.8 and 53.0% by the first service, 29.8, 30.1, 32.3, 23.5% by the second service, and 19.0, 12.1, 12.9 and 23.5% by the third service, respectively. The service numbers per conception in the first pregnancy months were 1.31, 1.55, 2.0, 2.05 times at 12, 15, 17 and 20 months of the first service age, respectively. The service numbers per conception in the 12 and 15 months of age were significantly lower than those in the 17 and 20 months of age (p<0.05). The rates of repeat-breeder were 6.0, 11.3, 22.0, and 41.0% in the heifers serviced firstly at 12, 15, 17 and 20 months of age, respectively. These results demonstrate that first pregnancy of Holstein heifers should be conducted at 15 months of age, because the age at first pregnancy in heifers can be substantially influenced through implementation of reproductive management and performance.

‘다한’은 추위에 강해 충청지역에서도 월동이 가능하면서 수량이 많은 귀리 품종 개발을 목표로 2011년 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 육성되었다. 잡종은 1999년에 Sprinter/ 73625의 F1을 모본, 귀리26호를 부본으로 인공교배하여 작성되었으며, 집단 및 계통 선발에 의해 내한성이 강하고 초형이 우수한 ‘SO99027-GB-B-113-4-4-3’ 계통을 선발하였다. 이 계통은 2005년부터 2008년까지 4개년에 걸쳐 생산력검정시험을 실시하였으며, 내한성이 강하고 수량이 많아 ‘귀리75호’로 계통 이름을 부여하고 2009년부터 2011년까지 3년간 충남 예산, 전북 김제와 익산, 제주 등 4개 지역에서 지역적응시험을 실시하였다. 이 계통은 2011년 11월 신품종으로 선정되었으며, 그 특성은 다음과 같다. 귀리 신품종 ‘다한’은 중간 크기의 농록색 잎, 황백색 줄기, 황갈색의 종실을 가졌다. 출수기는 전국 평균 5월 13일로 표준품종인 ‘삼한’과 비슷하였으며, 내한성은 ‘삼한’과 대등하였고, 도복에 강하였다. 건물수량은 ha당 평균 15.6톤으로 14.1톤인 ‘삼한’에 비해 11% 많았다. ‘다한’의 조단백질 함량은 8.4 %로 ‘삼한’의 9.9 %에 비해 다소 낮았으나 TDN은 60.8 %, TDN 수량은 ha당 9.5톤으로 59.3 %와 8.4톤인 ‘삼한’보다 높았다. ‘다한’의 적응지역은 1월 최저평균기온이 －7℃ 이상인 지역이면 전국 어느 곳에서나 재배가 가능하다.

‘옥한’은 내한성이 있어 남부지역뿐만 아니라 충청지역에서도 월동이 가능하면서 숙기가 빨라 논에서 벼 앞그루로 재배할 수 있는 조숙 다수성 귀리 품종 개발을 목표로2011년 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 육성되었다. 잡종은 1995년에 출수가 빠르면서 종실이 대립인 ‘아리80’을모본으로 하고, 출수기가 중생 정도이고 대립종이며 초형이 좋은 ‘Maine PI-590’을 부본으로 온실에서 인공교배하여 작성되었으며, 집단 및 계통 선발에 의해 내한성이 강하고 초형이 우수한 ‘SO95027-B-45-16-10-6-2-Y7-10’ 계통을 선발하였다. 이 계통은 2005년부터 2008년까지 3개년에걸쳐 생산력검정시험을 실시하였으며, 숙기가 빠르고 수량이 많아 ‘귀리74호’로 계통명을 부여하고 2009년부터 2011년까지 3년간 충남 예산, 전북 김제와 익산, 제주 등 4개지역에서 지역적응시험을 실시하였다. 2011년 11월 신품종으로 선정되었으며, 그 특성은 다음과 같다. 귀리 신품종‘옥한’은 좁은 녹색 잎, 황갈색 줄기, 황갈색의 긴 종실을가졌다. 출수기가 전국 평균 5월 6일로 표준품종인 ‘삼한’보다 6일, 제주지역에서는 11일 빨랐다. ‘옥한’의 내한성은‘삼한’과 대등하였고, 도복에 강하였다. 건물수량은 ha당평균 15톤으로 14.1톤인 ‘삼한’에 비해 6 % 많았다. ‘옥한’은 ‘삼한’에 비해 조단백질 함량이 9.2 %, 가소화양분총량(TDN)이 58.5 %로 다소 낮았으나 TDN 수량은 ha당 8.7톤 으로 8.36톤인 ‘삼한’ 보다 340 kg 많았다. ‘옥한’의 적응지역은 1월 최저평균기온이 －7 ℃ 이상인 지역이면 전국 어느 곳에서나 재배가 가능하며, 특히 벼 이앙이 빨라 월동작물의 재배가 곤란한 지역에서도 답리작 재배를 통한 조사료 생산이 가능하다.

‘조성’은 국내에서 답리작 재배가 가능한 조숙성 트리티케일 품종 개발을 목표로 2010년에농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 육성되었다. 계통은 1992년에 국제밀 옥수수연구소(CIMMYT)에서 FAHAD_5와 RHINO1R.1D 5+10 5D'5B'의잡종에 FAHAD_5를 여교잡하여 작성되었으며,선발된 고세대 계통인 ‘CTSS92Y-A-4Y-0M-5Y0B’에 대해 2006년부터 2007년까지 2년간 생산력 검정시험을 실시하였다. 이 계통은 숙기가빠르고 건물수량이 많아 ‘익산26호’로 계통명을 부여하고 2008년부터 2010년까지 3년간에걸쳐 제주 익산 청원 예산 나주 대구 및진주 등 7개 지역에서 지역적응시험을 실시하여 2010년 11월 신품종으로 선정되었으며, 그특성은 다음과 같다. 트리티케일 신품종 ‘조성’은 농록색 잎, 황색 줄기, 황갈색의 큰 종실을가졌다. 출수기가 전국 평균 4월 24일로 표준품종인 ‘신영’보다 5일, 제주지역에서는 10일빨랐다. ‘조성’의 한해는 ‘신영’과 대등하였고,도복에 강하였으며, 습해 흰가루병 및 잎녹병등에 저항성이었다. 건물수량은 ha당 평균 14.5톤으로 16.5톤인 ‘신영’에 비해 12% 낮았다.‘조성’은 ‘신영’에 비해 조단백질 함량이 5.3%로 다소 낮았으나 NDF 및 ADF 함량(%)이 낮아 TDN 함량(%)이 64.0%로 ‘신영’에 비해2.1% 높았다. ‘조성’은 ‘신영’에 비해 천립중이46.6g, 중이 692g으로 무겁고, 종실수량이 ha당 5.1톤으로 ‘신영’보다 40% 많았다. 적응지역은 1월 최저평균기온이 10 이상인 지역이면 전국 어느 곳에서나 재배가 가능하며, 특히벼 이앙이 빨라 월동작물의 재배가 곤란한 지역에서도 답리작 재배를 통한 조사료 생산이가능하다.

A study was conducted to determine the effects of the cattle manure (CM) application on the botanical composition and micro-mineral contents (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) of grazing pasture at the experimental field of Livestock Division, Subtropical Animal Experiment Station, National Institute of Animal Science from year 2003 to 2005. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatment consisted of T1: 100% chemical fertilizer (CF 100%), T2: 50% CF +50% CM, T3: 25% CF +75% CM, T4: 100% cattle manure (CM 100%), T5: 100% CM (1st yr.)+ 100% CF (2nd yr.) + 100% CM (3rd yr.), T6: 100% CM (1st yr.)+ 100% CF (2nd yr.)+ 100% CF (3rd yr.). The botanical composition of grassland for grass, legumes, and weeds showed that the rate of legumes was increased in all treatments. The weeds rate in T4 was the highest in comparison to the other treatments. For micro-mineral contents T5 showed the highest average Fe contents of 262.08 ppm and T1 showed the lowest (199.20 ppm). Mn contents was the highest in T1 among the other treatments. Zn contents was the highest in T3 as compared with other treatments. Cu contents was the highest in T6 as compared with other treatments. The results of this experiments indicated that micro-mineral contents of change was effect of legumes increased than treatment

‘Jungmo2501’ (Avena sativa L.), a winter oat for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2010. The following is the characteristics of ‘Jungmo2501’ that is characterized as light green leaf, yellow brown culm and whitish yellow grain. The heading date of ‘Jungmo2501’ was about 3 days earlier than that of check cultivar ‘Samhan’(May 7 and May 10, respectively). Its plant height was 11 cm longer than 103 cm of the check, and the leaf blade ratio of aerial parts was 26 % higher than the check (11.8% and 9.4%, respectively). The cold tolerance, resistance to lodging and wet injury of ‘Jungmo2501’ were similar to those of the check. The average forage dry matter yield of ‘Jungmo2501’ harvested at milk-ripe stage was 5% higher than the check (15.5 ton ha -1 and 14.7 ton ha -1 , respectively). ‘Jungmo2501’ was higher than the check in terms of protein content (6.6% and 5.9%, respectively), neutral detergent fiber (58.5% and 57.6%, respectively), and acid detergent fiber (34.5% and 32.1%, respectively), while total digestible nutrients was lower than the check (61.6% and 63.6%, respectively), and TDN yield was 0.37 ton ha -1 more than that of the check (9.71 ton ha -1 and 9.34 ton ha -1 , respectively). The silage grade of ‘Jungmo2501’ estimated by Flig score showed level Ⅱ, meaning good quality. Fall sowing cropping of ‘Jun

’Dahan’ (Avena sativa L.), a winter oat for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2011. It was derived from an original cross between the F1 hybrid of ‘Sprinter’ and ‘73625’ and ‘Gwiri26’ (PA7507-37). Subsequent generations followed by the cross were handled in bulk and pedigree selection programs at Suwon. A line, ‘SO99027-GB-B-113-4-4-3’, was selected for cold tolerance and good agronomic characteristics and designated as a line name of ‘Gwiri75’. The line ‘Gwiri75’ was subsequently evaluated for cold tolerance, earliness, and forage yield in four different locations, Yesan, Iksan, Kimjae, and Jeju, from 2009 to 2011 and finally named as ‘Dahan’. Over 3 years, the average forage dry matter yield of ‘Dahan’ harvested at milk-ripe stage was 15.6 MT ha-1, compared with 14.1 MT ha-1 of check cultivar ‘Samhan’. Though similar in heading date to the check cultivar, ‘Dahan’ had tall plant length and lodging resistance. The feed value of ‘Dahan’ was superior to the check cultivar in percent total digestible nutrients (TDN) and TDN yield per ha. ‘Dahan’ is recommended primarily for winter planting use in the areas where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than -6 ℃ in January, and excluded in mountain area where frost damage is presumable.